阅读说明：本技术 一种钻杆起钻刮泥装置 (Drilling rod tripping and mud scraping device ) 是由 袁思洋 李海营 曹华 付清海 胡进 许军 张国涛 曹泽宇 李伟伟 刘云霞 于 2021-10-28 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种钻杆起钻刮泥装置,其包括悬挂架组件、托架组件、气动组件、刮泥器及电控箱,悬挂架组件包括支撑杆及吊杆,吊杆的顶部与支撑杆的顶部一端铰接；托架组件包括钢框及安装架,安装架两两成组分别固定在钢框两侧,安装架的上方固定滑轨,吊杆与钢框铰接,气动组件包括气缸、滑架及套筒,气缸固定在安装架上且受电控箱控制的电磁气阀控制,滑架滑动连接在滑轨上,套筒固定在滑架上,气缸的伸缩杆带动滑架滑动；刮泥器包括横挡块、导杆、上翻转组件、下翻转组件及刮泥板,导杆固定在横挡块的一侧,导杆滑动在套筒内,上翻转组件与下翻转组件铰接,刮泥板对应固定在下翻转组件的翻转板上,刮泥板与钻杆的外周抵接刮泥。(The invention discloses a drilling rod drilling and mud scraping device which comprises a suspension bracket assembly, a pneumatic assembly, a mud scraper and an electric cabinet, wherein the suspension bracket assembly comprises a supporting rod and a hanging rod, and the top of the hanging rod is hinged with one end of the top of the supporting rod; the pneumatic assembly comprises a cylinder, a sliding frame and a sleeve, the cylinder is fixed on the mounting frame and controlled by an electromagnetic air valve controlled by an electric control box, the sliding frame is connected on the sliding rail in a sliding manner, the sleeve is fixed on the sliding frame, and a telescopic rod of the cylinder drives the sliding frame to slide; the mud scraper comprises a transverse stop block, a guide rod, an upper overturning assembly, a lower overturning assembly and a mud scraper, wherein the guide rod is fixed on one side of the transverse stop block, the guide rod slides in the sleeve, the upper overturning assembly is hinged with the lower overturning assembly, the mud scraper is correspondingly fixed on the overturning plate of the lower overturning assembly, and the mud scraper is abutted against the periphery of the drill rod to scrape mud.)

1. The drilling rod drilling and mud scraping device is characterized by comprising a suspension frame assembly (1), a bracket assembly (2), a pneumatic assembly (3), a mud scraper (4) and an electric cabinet (5), wherein the suspension frame assembly (1) is divided into a plurality of groups, each group comprises a supporting rod (101) and a hanging rod (102), the supporting rod (101) is an inverted L-shaped structural rod, and the top of the hanging rod (102) is hinged with one end of the top of the supporting rod (101); the bracket component (2) comprises a steel frame (201) and mounting racks (202), the mounting racks (202) are grouped in pairs and fixedly connected to two sides of the steel frame (201) respectively, sliding rails (6) are fixed above the mounting rack (202), lifting lugs (7) are arranged on the periphery of the top of the steel frame (201), the bottom of the suspension rod (102) is hinged with a lifting lug, the pneumatic components (3) are grouped in pairs and respectively comprise a cylinder (301), a sliding frame (302) and a sleeve (303), the air cylinder (301) is fixed on the mounting rack (202) and is electrically connected with the electric control box (5), the sliding frame (302) is connected on the sliding rail (6) in a sliding way, the sleeve (303) is horizontally fixed on the sliding frame (302), a telescopic rod (3011) of the air cylinder (301) is fixedly connected with the sliding frame (302) to drive the sliding frame (302) to slide on a sliding rail;

the mud scrapers (4) are arranged in groups in a pairwise opposite mode and respectively comprise a transverse block (401), a guide rod (402), an upper overturning component (403), a lower overturning component (404) and a mud scraping plate (405), the guide rod (402) is fixed to one side of the transverse block (401), the guide rod (402) is connected into the sleeve (303) in a sliding mode, the upper overturning component (403) comprises an overturning block (4031) and a torsion spring (4032), the top of one side of the overturning block (4031) is hinged to the top of the other side of the transverse block (401) through a pin shaft (9), and the torsion spring (4032) is sleeved on the pin shaft and used for downward overturning and resetting of the overturning block; lower upset subassembly (404) include returning face plate (4041), one side bottom of returning face plate (4041) with the opposite side bottom of upset piece (4031) is equipped with the torsional spring that is used for returning face plate (4041) to make progress through the articulated department of round pin axle hinge and articulated, mud scraper (405) respectively one-to-one fix on returning face plate (4041), mud scraper (405) and the periphery butt scraper of drilling rod.

2. The drill rod pulling and mud scraping device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the top of the suspension rod (102) is fixedly connected with a fisheye bearing (8) and hinged with one end of the top of the support rod (101) through a pin shaft, the bottom of the suspension rod (102) is hinged with the lifting lug (7) through a pin shaft, and the pin shaft assembled at the top of the suspension rod (102) is perpendicular to the axis of the assembling pin shaft at the bottom of the suspension rod.

3. The drill rod pulling and mud scraping device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the guide rod (402) is a stepped rod, a spring (10) is sleeved on the outer periphery of a small section of the rod diameter, the spring (10) is located inside the sleeve (303), one end, far away from the transverse stop block (401), of the guide rod (402) is fixedly connected with a limit nut (11), and the limit nut (11) abuts against one end of the sleeve (303).

4. The drill rod pulling and mud scraping device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lateral stop block (401) and the overturning block (4031) are rectangular blocks, the other side of the lateral stop block (401) is abutted to one side of the overturning block (4031), an overturning lug plate (12) and a sleeve are fixed to two sides of the top of the abutment respectively, the overturning lug plate (12) is hinged to the sleeve through a pin shaft, a torsion spring is sleeved on the pin shaft (9), and two free ends of the torsion spring (4032) are abutted to the lateral stop block (401) and the overturning block respectively.

5. The drill rod pulling and mud scraping device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cylinders (301) are respectively fixed on the corresponding mounting frames (202) through fastening screws, the telescopic rods (3011) on the two cylinders in the group are arranged away from each other, a free end of each telescopic rod (3011) is fixed with a connecting rod (13), and the connecting rod (13) is fixedly connected with one end of the carriage (302) to drive the carriage to reciprocate.

6. The drill rod pulling and mud scraping device of claim 1, wherein the mud scraping plate (405) comprises a scraping plate (4051), a clamping plate (4052), a locking bolt (4053) and a locking steel wire (4054), the clamping plate (4052) fixes the scraping plate (4051) on the overturning plate (4041) through the locking bolt (4053), the locking steel wire (4054) is connected in a penetrating hole of a cap part of the locking bolt (4053), an overturning lug plate is fixed at the bottom of the overturning plate (4041) and is hinged to the overturning block (4031) through a pin shaft, a torsion spring is sleeved on the pin shaft, and two free ends of the torsion spring are respectively abutted to the overturning block (4031) and the overturning plate (4041).

7. The drill rod pulling and mud scraping device as claimed in claim 6, wherein a semicircular notch is formed in one side of each scraper (4051), the semicircular notch abuts against the outer wall of the drill rod, and the drill rod can be enclosed by the split of the two oppositely arranged scrapers.

8. The mud scraping device for the drill pipe tripping of claim 7, wherein the semicircular notches are provided with stepped grooves (14), and the stepped grooves on the two scrapers (4051) are arranged in a vertically staggered manner.

9. A drill rod pulling and mud scraping device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a flange (15) for stabilizing the support rod is fixedly connected to the bottom of the support rod (101).

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of petroleum drilling equipment, in particular to a drill rod pulling and mud scraping device.

Background

In the process of drilling or overhauling an oil well or a gas well, when a drill rod is lifted out of a rotary table, a layer of slurry is always adhered to the outer wall of the drill rod, if the slurry on the outer wall is removed by adopting an appropriate measure, the slurry can float and splash to a drilling platform and a platform operator, the slurry is wasted, the operation platform is wet and smooth, and the operation potential safety hazard is brought, so that the slurry adhered to the outer wall needs to be scraped manually or by a mud scraping device to be collected into a well mouth again when the drill rod is lifted out. However, when mud is scraped manually, it is not only difficult to scrape totally, still greatly increased extra work load, reduced work efficiency, though adopt the mode of lantern ring shape rubber mud scraper to scrape mud at present, nevertheless because drilling rod both ends coupling diameter abrupt change and outer wall often are pressed from both sides by calliper and hinder, lead to annular rubber mud scraper life very short, the problem of frequent change has increased well drilling work load and down time.

Therefore, the problem to be solved by those skilled in the art is how to provide a drill rod pulling mud scraping device with high mud scraping efficiency and long service life.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the invention provides a drilling rod pulling mud scraping device which is high in mud scraping efficiency, convenient to operate and long in service life.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a drilling rod drilling and mud scraping device comprises a suspension frame assembly, a bracket assembly, a pneumatic assembly, mud scrapers and an electric cabinet, wherein the suspension frame assembly comprises a plurality of groups, each group comprises a supporting rod and a hanging rod, the supporting rods are inverted L-shaped structural rods, and the tops of the hanging rods are hinged with one ends of the tops of the supporting rods; the pneumatic assembly comprises a cylinder, a sliding frame and a sleeve, the cylinder is fixed on the mounting frame and is electrically connected with an electric cabinet, the sliding frame is connected on the sliding rail in a sliding manner, the sleeve is horizontally fixed on the sliding frame, and a telescopic rod of the cylinder is fixedly connected with the sliding frame to drive the sliding frame to slide on the sliding rail;

the mud scrapers are oppositely arranged in groups in pairs and respectively comprise a transverse stop block, a guide rod, an upper overturning assembly, a lower overturning assembly and a mud scraping plate, the guide rod is fixed on one side of the transverse stop block, the guide rod is connected in the sleeve in a sliding manner, the upper overturning assembly comprises an overturning block and a torsion spring, the top of one side of the overturning block is hinged with the top of the other side of the transverse stop block through a pin shaft, and the torsion spring is sleeved on the pin shaft and used for downwards overturning and resetting the overturning block; the lower overturning assembly comprises an overturning plate, the bottom of one side of the overturning plate is hinged with the bottom of the other side of the overturning block through a pin shaft, a hinged part is provided with a torsional spring used for upwards resetting the overturning plate, the mud scraping plates are fixed on the overturning plate in a one-to-one correspondence mode respectively, and the mud scraping plates are abutted to the periphery of the drill rod for scraping mud.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: the hanging rod is hinged on the supporting rod, the hanging rod is hinged with the steel frame, mounting frames are fixed on two sides of the steel frame, a sliding rail is fixed above the mounting frames, an air cylinder is fixed on the mounting frames, a sliding frame is connected on the sliding rail in a sliding mode and fixed with the free end of an air cylinder telescopic rod, the sliding frame reciprocates on the sliding rail under the telescopic driving of the air cylinder telescopic rod, a sleeve is fixed on the sliding frame and used for being connected with a guide rod in a sliding mode, the guide rod is fixedly connected with a transverse baffle block, a turnover block of an upper turnover assembly is hinged with the top of the transverse baffle block, so that the turnover block can turn upwards, a turnover plate of a lower turnover assembly is hinged with the bottom of the turnover block, so that the turnover plate can turn downwards, a mud scraping plate is fixedly connected on the turnover plate, the mud scraping plate is abutted against the side wall of the drilling rod to scrape mud, when the drilling rod is lifted upwards collided by a coupling, the mud scraping plate, the turnover plate and the turnover block can turn upwards by a certain angle, the drilling rod falls and is downwards impacted by the coupling to downwards impact the mud scraping plate and can turn downwards by a certain angle, the torsional spring that sets up can be with returning face plate or upset piece automatic re-setting, has avoided the injury of drilling rod coupling to the mud scraper, increase of service life has reduced the number of times of changing the mud scraper.

Preferably, the top of the suspender is fixedly connected with the fisheye bearing and is hinged with one end of the top of the supporting rod through a pin shaft, the bottom of the suspender is hinged with the lifting lug through a pin shaft, and the pin shaft assembled at the top of the suspender is vertical to the axis of the assembling pin shaft at the bottom of the suspender.

Preferably, the guide rod is a ladder rod, a spring is sleeved on the periphery of a small section of the rod diameter of the guide rod, the spring is located inside the sleeve, one end, far away from the transverse stop block, of the guide rod is fixedly connected with a limit nut, and the limit nut is abutted to one end of the sleeve.

Preferably, the transverse stop block and the turnover block are rectangular blocks, the other side of the transverse stop block is abutted to one side of the turnover block, the turnover lug plate and the sleeve are fixed to two sides of the top of the abutment respectively, the turnover lug plate is hinged to the sleeve through a pin shaft, a torsion spring is sleeved on the pin shaft, and two free ends of the torsion spring are abutted to the transverse stop block and the turnover block respectively.

Preferably, the cylinder is fixed corresponding through fastening screw respectively on the mounting bracket, and on two cylinders in groups the telescopic link deviates from the setting mutually, the free end fixed connecting rod of telescopic link, the connecting rod with the one end fixed connection of balladeur train drives balladeur train reciprocating motion.

Preferably, the mud scraping plate comprises a scraping plate, a clamping plate, a locking bolt and an anti-loosening steel wire, the clamping plate is fixed on the turnover plate through the locking bolt, the anti-loosening steel wire is connected in a through hole of a cap part of the locking bolt in a penetrating manner, a turnover lug plate is fixed at the bottom of the turnover plate and hinged to the turnover block through a pin shaft, a torsion spring is sleeved on the pin shaft in a penetrating manner, and two free ends of the torsion spring are respectively abutted to the turnover block and the turnover plate.

Preferably, one side of each scraper is provided with a semicircular notch, the semicircular notches are abutted to the outer wall of the drill rod, and the drill rod can be enclosed by splicing the two oppositely arranged scrapers.

Preferably, the semicircular notches are provided with stepped grooves, and correspond to the two stepped grooves on the scraper plates, and the stepped grooves are arranged in a staggered manner from top to bottom.

Preferably, the bottom of the supporting rod is fixedly connected with a flange plate which is convenient for stabilizing the supporting rod.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic overall structure diagram of a drill pipe tripping mud scraping device;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a suspension bracket assembly and a bracket assembly of the drill pipe tripping mud scraping device;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a pneumatic assembly of the drill pipe tripping mud scraping device;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a scraper of the drill pipe tripping mud scraping device of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an upper overturning assembly of the drill rod tripping and mud scraping device;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a lower overturning assembly of the drill rod tripping and mud scraping device;

FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of a scraper of the drill pipe tripping mud scraping device of the invention;

fig. 8 is a schematic view of a mud scraper of the drill pipe tripping mud scraper of the invention.

1 suspension bracket assembly, 101 bracing pieces, 102 suspension rods, 2 bracket assemblies, 201 steel frames, 202 mounting racks, 3 pneumatic assemblies, 301 cylinders, 3011 telescopic rods, 302 sliding carriages, 303 sleeves, 4 scrapers, 401 transverse blocks, 402 guide rods, 403 upper overturning assemblies, 4031 overturning blocks, 4032 torsion springs, 404 lower overturning assemblies, 4041 overturning plates, 405 scraping plates, 4051 scrapers, 4052 clamping plates, 4053 locking bolts, 4054 locking steel wires, 5 electric cabinets, 6 sliding rails, 7 lifting lugs, 8 fisheye bearings, 9 pin shafts, 10 springs, 11 limit nuts, 12 overturning lug plates, 13 connecting rods, 14 stepped grooves and 15 flange plates.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Referring to fig. 1 to 8 of the invention, the drill rod tripping and mud scraping device according to the embodiment of the invention comprises a suspension bracket assembly 1, a bracket assembly 2, a pneumatic assembly 3, a mud scraper 4 and an electric cabinet 5, wherein the suspension bracket assembly 1 is divided into a plurality of groups, each group comprises a support rod 101 and a suspension rod 102, the support rod 101 is an inverted L-shaped structural rod, and the top of the suspension rod 102 is hinged with one end of the top of the support rod 101; the bracket assembly 2 comprises a steel frame 201 and a mounting frame 202, the mounting frame 202 is grouped two by two and fixedly connected to two sides of the steel frame 201 respectively, slide rails 6 are fixed above the mounting frame 202, lifting lugs 7 are arranged on the periphery of the top of the steel frame 201, the bottom of the lifting rod 102 is hinged with the lifting lugs, each pneumatic assembly 3 is grouped two by two and comprises a cylinder 301, a sliding frame 302 and a sleeve 303, the cylinder 301 is fixed on the mounting frame 202 and electrically connected with the electric cabinet 5, the sliding frame 302 is slidably connected to the slide rails 6, the sleeve 303 is horizontally fixed on the sliding frame 302, and an expansion rod 3011 of the cylinder 301 is fixedly connected with the sliding frame 302 to drive the sliding frame 302 to slide on the slide rails;

the mud scrapers 4 are arranged in pairs in a group in an opposite mode and respectively comprise a transverse block 401, a guide rod 402, an upper overturning component 403, a lower overturning component 404 and a mud scraping plate 405, the guide rod 402 is fixed on one side of the transverse block 401, the guide rod 402 is connected in the sleeve 303 in a sliding mode, the upper overturning component 403 comprises an overturning block 4031 and a torsion spring 4032, the top of one side of the overturning block 4031 is hinged with the top of the other side of the transverse block 401 through a pin shaft 9, and the torsion spring 4032 is sleeved on the pin shaft and used for downwards overturning and resetting of the overturning block; the lower overturning component 404 comprises an overturning plate 4041, the bottom of one side of the overturning plate 4041 is hinged with the bottom of the other side of the overturning block 4031 through a pin shaft, a hinge part is provided with a torsion spring for upward resetting of the overturning plate, the mud scraping plates 405 are respectively fixed on the overturning plate 4041 in a one-to-one correspondence manner, and the mud scraping plates 405 are abutted to the periphery of the drill rod for scraping mud. The surface mud is scraped off by lifting the drill pipe.

The electric cabinet controls the movement of the air cylinder by controlling the electromagnetic air valve, and further controls the clamping and loosening of the mud scraper.

In other embodiments, the top of the suspension rod 102 is fixedly connected with the fisheye bearing 8 and is hinged with one end of the top of the support rod 101 through a pin shaft, the bottom of the suspension rod 102 is hinged with the lifting lug 7 through a pin shaft, and the pin shaft assembled at the top of the suspension rod 102 is perpendicular to the axis of the assembling pin shaft at the bottom of the suspension rod. The boom is allowed to swing moderately within the wellhead casing in all directions along with the drill stem, together with the carriage assembly and the device carried thereon.

In other specific embodiments, the guide rod 402 is a stepped rod, the spring 10 is sleeved on the outer periphery of the smaller rod diameter section of the stepped rod, the spring 10 is located inside the sleeve 303, one end of the guide rod 402, which is far away from the transverse stop 401, is fixedly connected with the limit nut 11, one end of the spring is abutted to the shaft shoulder of the guide rod, the other end of the spring is located inside the sleeve and is abutted to the annular plate at one end of the sleeve, and the spring enables the limit nut 11 to be abutted to one end of the sleeve 303.

In other embodiments, the transverse baffle block 401 and the turning block 4031 are rectangular blocks, the other side of the transverse baffle block 401 is abutted to one side of the turning block 4031, turning ear plates 12 and sleeves are fixed to two sides of the abutted top respectively, the turning ear plates and the sleeves can be fixed to the top of the transverse baffle block and the turning block respectively in a selectable mode, the turning ear plates 12 are hinged to the sleeves through pin shafts, upward turning of the turning block relative to the transverse baffle block can be achieved, torsion springs are sleeved on the pin shafts 9, and two free ends of the torsion springs 4032 are abutted to the transverse baffle block 401 and the turning block respectively. A certain torque is provided, the overturning block can only overturn upwards under the connecting action of the overturning lug plate, the overturning block resets under the action of the torsion spring after overturning, overturns upwards for a certain angle after exceeding the torsion spring torque when being collided upwards by the coupling, and automatically returns after the coupling passes through; the torsional spring has certain moment of torsion, can not upwards overturn when scraping mud, nevertheless can overcome the moment of torsion and overturn certain angle when receiving the great impact force of coupling to automatic return after the coupling passes through.

Specifically, the cylinders 301 are fixed on the corresponding mounting frames 202 through fastening screws respectively, and the telescopic rods 3011 on the two grouped cylinders deviate from each other, the free end of the telescopic rod 3011 fixes the connecting rod 13, and the connecting rod 13 is fixedly connected with one end of the sliding frame 302 to drive the sliding frame to move back and forth.

More specifically, the scraper 405 includes scraper 4051, clamping plate 4052, locking bolt 4053 and locking steel wire 4054, clamping plate 4052 fixes scraper 4051 on flipping panel 4041 through locking bolt 4053, locking steel wire 4054 wears to link in the perforation of locking bolt 4053 cap portion, the bottom of flipping panel 4041 is fixed with the upset otic placode, and the upset otic placode is articulated with upset piece 4031 through the round pin axle, flipping panel 4041 realizes overturning downwards through the upset otic placode, wear the cover torsional spring on the round pin axle, the both free ends of torsional spring butt respectively on upset piece 4031 and flipping panel 4041, be convenient for the upwards reset of scraper.

In other embodiments, the scraper 4051 has a semicircular notch on one side, the semicircular notch is abutted against the outer wall of the drill rod, and the drill rod can be enclosed by the splicing of the two oppositely arranged scrapers.

Stepped grooves 14 are formed in the semicircular notches and are arranged in a vertically staggered mode corresponding to the stepped grooves in the two scrapers 4051.

The scraper is preferably but not limited to a thick rubber plate made of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber material, and the hardness of the thick rubber plate is HA: 85, the left and right blocks are same in shape, the arc diameter of the semicircular gap is determined according to the diameter of an actual drill rod, the stepped groove at the splicing opening of each scraper is half of the plate thickness, the width of the stepped groove is proper, the left and right blocks are turned upside down during clamping, so that the stepped groove is arranged on the upper side, the stepped groove is arranged on the lower side, the stepped groove and the protruding part are staggered with each other when the two sides are folded, and a horizontal expansion joint is arranged, so that the protruding part is prevented from being propped when the scrapers are clamped after being worn left and right, and the service life of the scrapers is prolonged; each clamping plate can fix the scraping plate on the turnover plate through a plurality of locking bolts with holes in the cap parts, and then the locking bolts of each clamping plate are threaded by the anti-loosening steel wires to prevent falling.

More specifically, the bottom of the support rod 101 is fixedly connected with a flange 15 for stabilizing the support rod. The flange plate positions the support rod on the disc surface of the mud blocking umbrella at the lower part of the rotary disc of the drilling machine.

The electric control box is controlled by a driller remote control PLC to control the electromagnetic air valve to push the air cylinder and drive the mud scraper to clamp when the driller starts the drilling or loosen when mud scraping is not needed.

The drilling rod mud scraping device is simple in structure and strong in adaptability, when the drilling rod is lifted, the turnover plate and the turnover block are turned upwards for a certain angle when the coupling impacts the scraper, the coupling is reset under the action of the torsion spring after passing through the turnover plate, mud scraping is continued, when the drilling rod falls, the scraper and the turnover plate can be turned downwards for a certain angle under the downward impact of the coupling, the clamping force of the mud scraping plate is automatically compensated by the spring, so that the mud scraping effect is good, the speed is high, the service life is long, and the frequency of replacing the mud scraping plate is greatly reduced.

For the device and the using method disclosed by the embodiment, the description is simple because the device and the using method correspond to the method disclosed by the embodiment, and the relevant points can be referred to the description of the method part.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.