Preparation method of condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects

文档序号:557274 发布日期:2021-05-18 浏览:26次 中文

阅读说明:本技术 一种具有抗菌消炎作用的避孕套用制备方法 (Preparation method of condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects ) 是由 杨继雲 于 2021-01-18 设计创作,主要内容包括:本发明公开了一种具有抗菌消炎作用的避孕套制备方法,涉及装饰材料领域;一种具有抗菌消炎作用的避孕套用制备方法,包括以下重量配比的原料制成:基质200份、乙醇30-40份、桃胶28-36份、羧甲基壳聚糖12-20份、乳链菌肽8-14份、艾草提取液3-11份、苦参碱1.5-2.5份、PH调节剂1.8-2.8份和引发剂1-2份,包括水乳制备、匀质成坯、熟制成型、硫化润滑以及杀菌成品五个步骤。该具有抗菌消炎作用的避孕套用制备方法,将避孕套各种原料按其物理化学性质分成乳相和水相进行处理,并根据原料具体的要求对加工条件进行调整,相较于普通制备方法,减轻了对原料中有效成分造成的破坏,为实际制备出的避孕套质量效用提供保障。(The invention discloses a method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, and relates to the field of decorative materials; a preparation method of a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects comprises the following raw materials by weight: 200 parts of matrix, 30-40 parts of ethanol, 28-36 parts of peach gum, 12-20 parts of carboxymethyl chitosan, 8-14 parts of nisin, 3-11 parts of wormwood extract, 1.5-2.5 parts of matrine, 1.8-2.8 parts of pH regulator and 1-2 parts of initiator, and the method comprises five steps of water emulsion preparation, homogenization and blank forming, curing and molding, vulcanization and lubrication and sterilization of finished products. According to the preparation method of the condom with the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, various raw materials of the condom are divided into an emulsion phase and a water phase according to the physical and chemical properties of the raw materials for treatment, and the processing conditions are adjusted according to the specific requirements of the raw materials.)

1. A method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects is characterized in that: the feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200 parts of matrix, 30-40 parts of ethanol, 28-36 parts of peach gum, 12-20 parts of carboxymethyl chitosan, 8-14 parts of nisin, 3-11 parts of wormwood extracting solution, 1.5-2.5 parts of matrine, 1.8-2.8 parts of pH regulator and 1-2 parts of initiator.

2. The method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the base material is concentrated natural latex with the solid content of 61-67%.

3. The method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the concentration of the ethanol is 75-85%.

4. The method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the pH regulator is any one of citric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or sodium hydroxide.

5. The method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:

s1, preparing water emulsion: putting ethanol, nisin and wormwood extracting solution in corresponding parts into a water phase pot, pouring deionized water which is 1-1.2 times of the sum of the parts of the raw materials into the water phase pot, starting heating and stirring the raw materials, mixing for 20-30min to obtain a water phase, pouring the matrix and peach gum in corresponding parts into a latex phase pot for heating and stirring while preparing the water phase, controlling the temperature in the latex phase pot to be reduced to 48-60 ℃ after the peach gum is completely melted, then putting carboxymethyl chitosan and matrine in corresponding parts into the latex phase pot, increasing the stirring speed to 300rpm, and continuously mixing for 15-25min to obtain the latex phase.

S2, homogenizing and forming: pouring the water phase and the emulsion phase obtained in the step S1 into a homogenizer together, adding the initiator with the corresponding parts into the homogenizer, controlling the homogenizer to homogenize the raw materials, wherein the rotation speed of the homogenizer is 1050-.

S3, cooking and forming: and (4) pouring the condom blank obtained in the step (S2) into a liquid tank for heating and heat preservation, dipping the condom blank by using a prefabricated mold, draining the blank on the mold after dipping, curling the blank, immersing the curled blank into prefabricated swelling water after curling, draining after soaking for 5min, and stripping the blank from the mold after draining to obtain the condom primary blank.

S4, vulcanization lubrication: and (4) delivering the condom primary blank obtained in the step (S3) into a vulcanizing machine for vulcanizing, wherein the vulcanizing temperature is 60-78 ℃, the pressure in the vulcanizing machine is controlled to be 1100-1300psi, cooling after vulcanizing, immersing the outer wall of the cooled condom primary blank into a prefabricated lubricating liquid for 1-3 times, and the immersing time is 2 min.

S5, sterilizing the finished product: and (4) sending the condom primary blank processed by the S4 into an irradiation sterilization machine for sterilization, and packaging the sterilized condom in a rolling way to obtain the condom with the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

6. The method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the S1, the rotation speed of the stirring part in the water phase pot is 180-210rpm, the heating temperature is 45-55 ℃, the rotation speed of the stirring part in the emulsion phase pot is 240rpm, and the heating temperature is 80-90 ℃.

7. The method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the pH value of the homogenized condom blank in the S2 is 6.8 +/-2.0.

8. The method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the preformed bentonite in S3 comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 13-16% of triethanolamine, 8-10% of aloe extract, 3-5% of nano bentonite and the balance of deionized water.

9. The method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the lubricating liquid prepared in the S4 comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 33-37% of water-soluble dimethyl silicone oil, 4-8% of mint extracting solution, 2-5% of non-ionic penetrant and the balance of deionized water.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of decorative materials, in particular to a preparation method of a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Background

Most condoms on the market at present lack antibiotic anti-inflammatory effect, when with human direct contact, bacterial growing and cross infection's the condition easily appear, bring the threat to user's healthy, and this type of condom has adopted a large amount of chemicals to make, can bring uncomfortable sense for the user after using for a long time, still can cause the problem of erythra when serious, the in-service use experience is relatively poor, in the aspect of preparing, most mills are for pursuing production efficiency, can be with various raw materials, additive and rubber direct mixing handle, can cause the destruction to the nature of some materials among them, and it is low to process the degree of refining, the condom quality that prepares is relatively poor and the discrepancy, can cause adverse effect to the in-service effect, be unfavorable for popularization and use.

Disclosure of Invention

Technical problem to be solved

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of a condom with good quality and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

(II) technical scheme

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

a method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects comprises the following raw materials by weight: 200 parts of matrix, 30-40 parts of ethanol, 28-36 parts of peach gum, 12-20 parts of carboxymethyl chitosan, 8-14 parts of nisin, 3-11 parts of wormwood extracting solution, 1.5-2.5 parts of matrine, 1.8-2.8 parts of pH regulator and 1-2 parts of initiator; the peach gum is used as a medium for emulsifying and thickening, so that the use of toxic chemical substances is reduced, the threat to the body health of a user is reduced, and the condom can be attached to the skin of a human body by matching with the use of the aloe extract and the pH regulator.

Preferably, the base material is a concentrated natural latex with a solid content of 61-67%.

Preferably, the concentration of the ethanol is 75-85%.

Preferably, the PH regulator is any one of citric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, and sodium hydroxide.

Preferably, the method comprises the following steps:

s1, preparing water emulsion: adding ethanol, nisin and folium Artemisiae Argyi extract into water phase pot, adding deionized water 1-1.2 times of the above materials into the water phase pot, heating and stirring the materials, mixing for 20-30min to obtain water phase, preparing water phase, pouring the corresponding parts of the matrix and the peach gum into a latex phase pot, heating and stirring, after the peach gum is completely melted, controlling the temperature in the emulsion pot to be reduced to 48-60 ℃, then putting the corresponding parts of carboxymethyl chitosan and matrine into the emulsion pot together, increasing the stirring speed to 300rpm, continuing to mix for 15-25min, obtaining an emulsion phase, dividing various raw materials of the condom into the emulsion phase and a water phase according to the physical and chemical properties of the raw materials for processing, and the processing conditions are adjusted according to the specific requirements of the raw materials, so that compared with the common preparation method, the damage to the effective components in the raw materials is reduced.

S2, homogenizing and forming: pouring the water phase and the emulsion phase obtained in the step S1 into a homogenizer together, adding the initiator with the corresponding parts into the homogenizer, controlling the homogenizer to homogenize the raw materials, wherein the rotation speed of the homogenizer is 1050-.

S3, cooking and forming: and (4) pouring the condom blank obtained in the step (S2) into a liquid tank for heating and heat preservation, dipping the condom blank by using a prefabricated mold, draining the blank on the mold after dipping, curling the blank, immersing the curled blank into prefabricated swelling water after curling, draining after soaking for 5min, and stripping the blank from the mold after draining to obtain the condom primary blank.

S4, vulcanization lubrication: and (4) delivering the condom primary blank obtained in the step (S3) into a vulcanizing machine for vulcanizing, wherein the vulcanizing temperature is 60-78 ℃, the pressure in the vulcanizing machine is controlled to be 1100-1300psi, cooling after vulcanizing, immersing the outer wall of the cooled condom primary blank into a prefabricated lubricating liquid for 1-3 times, and the immersing time is 2 min.

S5, sterilizing the finished product: and (4) sending the condom primary blank processed by the S4 into an irradiation sterilization machine for sterilization, and packaging the sterilized condom in a rolling way to obtain the condom with the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Preferably, in the step S1, the rotation speed of the stirring part in the water phase pan is 180-210rpm, the heating temperature is 45-55 ℃, the rotation speed of the stirring part in the emulsion phase pan is 240rpm, and the heating temperature is 80-90 ℃.

Preferably, the pH value of the homogenized condom blank in the S2 is 6.8 +/-2.0, so that the condom blank is more fit for the human body and reduces irritation.

Preferably, the swelling water prepared in the step S3 comprises the following raw materials in proportion: 13-16% of triethanolamine, 8-10% of aloe extract, 3-5% of nano bentonite and the balance of deionized water.

Preferably, the lubricating fluid prepared in the step S4 comprises the following raw materials in proportion: 33-37% of water-soluble dimethyl silicone oil, 4-8% of mint extracting solution, 2-5% of non-ionic penetrant and the balance of deionized water.

(III) advantageous effects

Compared with the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, which has the following beneficial effects:

1. according to the preparation method of the condom with the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, various raw materials of the condom are divided into the emulsion phase and the water phase according to the physical and chemical properties of the raw materials for treatment, and the processing conditions are adjusted according to the specific requirements of the raw materials.

2. This condom with antibiotic anti-inflammatory effect uses preparation method, adopt carboxymethyl chitosan, nisin and chinese mugwort grass extract such pure natural substance as the raw materials, make this condom have antibiotic anti-inflammatory effect, the bacterial infection that probably appears in the use has been suppressed, ensure user's safety and health, reduce the morbidity of venereal disease, be fit for promoting and using, use peach gum as the medium of emulsification thickening in the raw materials simultaneously, the use of toxic chemical substance has been reduced, reduce the threat that causes user's health, the use of cooperation aloe extract and PH regulator, make this condom can laminate human skin, it is mild not amazing, reduce the possibility of the problem such as the red rash of appearing, promote the in-service use experience.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The first embodiment is as follows:

a method for preparing a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects comprises the following raw materials by weight: 200 parts of matrix, 30 parts of ethanol, 28 parts of peach gum, 12 parts of carboxymethyl chitosan, 8 parts of nisin, 3 parts of wormwood extract, 1.5 parts of matrine, 2.8 parts of pH regulator and 1 part of initiator; the base material is concentrated natural latex with solid content of 61%, the concentration of ethanol is 75%, and the pH regulator is citric acid.

The method comprises the following steps:

step one, preparing water emulsion: putting ethanol, nisin and a wormwood extracting solution in corresponding parts into a water phase pot, pouring deionized water which is 1 time of the sum of the parts of the raw materials into the water phase pot, starting heating and stirring the raw materials, mixing for 20min to obtain a water phase, preparing the water phase, pouring a matrix and peach gum in corresponding parts into a latex phase pot for heating and stirring, after the peach gum is completely melted, controlling the temperature in the latex phase pot to be reduced to 48 ℃, putting carboxymethyl chitosan and matrine in corresponding parts into the latex phase pot, increasing the stirring speed to 300rpm, continuously mixing for 15min to obtain a latex phase, wherein the rotating speed of a stirring part in the water phase pot is 180rpm, the heating temperature is 45 ℃, the rotating speed of a stirring part in the latex phase pot is 240rpm, and the heating temperature is 80 ℃.

Step two, homogenizing and forming a blank: pouring the water phase and the emulsion phase obtained in the step one into a homogenizer, adding the initiator with the corresponding parts into the homogenizer, controlling the homogenizer to homogenize the raw materials, controlling the rotation speed of the homogenizer to 1050rpm and the homogenization pressure to 3400psi, pouring the pH regulator with the corresponding parts into the homogenizer after homogenizing for 15min, controlling the pressure of the homogenizer to be reduced to 520psi, keeping the rotation speed inconvenient, continuously homogenizing for 10min to obtain a condom blank, and controlling the pH value of the homogenized condom blank to be 4.8.

Step three, cooking and forming: pouring the condom blank obtained in the step two into a liquid tank for heating and heat preservation, dipping the condom blank by using a prefabricated die, draining the blank on the die after dipping, curling the blank, and immersing the curled blank into prefabricated swelling water after curling, wherein the swelling water comprises the following raw materials in proportion: soaking 13% of triethanolamine, 8% of aloe extract, 3% of nano bentonite and the balance of deionized water for 5min, draining, and peeling from a mold to obtain a condom primary blank.

Step four, vulcanizing and lubricating: and (2) conveying the condom primary blank obtained in the third step into a vulcanizing machine for vulcanizing, wherein the vulcanizing temperature is 60 ℃, the pressure in the vulcanizing machine is controlled to be 1100psi, cooling is carried out after vulcanizing, and the outer wall of the condom primary blank is immersed into a prefabricated lubricating liquid after cooling, wherein the lubricating liquid comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: soaking 33% of water-soluble dimethyl silicone oil, 4% of mint extracting solution, 2% of non-ionic penetrant and the balance of deionized water for 1 time, wherein the soaking time is 2 min.

Step five, sterilizing a finished product: and (4) sending the condom primary blank processed in the fourth step into an irradiation sterilization machine for sterilization, and packaging the sterilized condom in a roll manner to obtain the condom with the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Example two:

a preparation method of a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects comprises the following raw materials by weight: 200 parts of matrix, 35 parts of ethanol, 32 parts of peach gum, 16 parts of carboxymethyl chitosan, 11 parts of nisin, 7 parts of wormwood extract, 2 parts of matrine, 2.3 parts of pH regulator and 1.5 parts of initiator; the base material is concentrated natural latex with solid content of 64%, the concentration of ethanol is 80%, and the pH regulator is any one of citric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or sodium hydroxide.

The method comprises the following steps:

step one, preparing water emulsion: putting ethanol, nisin and a wormwood extracting solution in corresponding parts into a water phase pot, pouring deionized water which is 1.1 times of the total parts of the raw materials into the water phase pot, starting heating and stirring the raw materials, mixing for 25min to obtain a water phase, preparing the water phase, pouring a matrix and peach gum in corresponding parts into a cream phase pot for heating and stirring, after the peach gum is completely melted, controlling the temperature in the cream phase pot to be reduced to 54 ℃, putting carboxymethyl chitosan and matrine in corresponding parts into the cream phase pot, increasing the stirring speed to 300rpm, continuously mixing for 15-25min to obtain a cream phase, wherein the rotating speed of a stirring part in the water phase pot is 195rpm, the heating temperature is 45-55 ℃, the rotating speed of a stirring part in the cream phase pot is 240rpm, and the heating temperature is 85 ℃.

Step two, homogenizing and forming a blank: pouring the water phase and the emulsion phase obtained in the step one into a homogenizer, adding the initiator in corresponding parts, controlling the homogenizer to homogenize the raw materials, controlling the rotation speed of the homogenizer to be 1200rpm, the homogenization pressure to be 3550psi, pouring the pH regulator in corresponding parts into the homogenizer after homogenizing for 15min, controlling the pressure of the homogenizer to be reduced to 560psi, keeping the rotation speed inconvenient, and continuing homogenizing for 10min to obtain a condom blank, wherein the pH value of the homogenized condom blank is 6.8.

Step three, cooking and forming: pouring the condom blank obtained in the step two into a liquid tank for heating and heat preservation, dipping the condom blank by using a prefabricated die, draining the blank on the die after dipping, curling the blank, and immersing the curled blank into prefabricated swelling water after curling, wherein the swelling water comprises the following raw materials in proportion: and (3) soaking 14.5% of triethanolamine, 9% of aloe extract, 4% of nano bentonite and the balance of deionized water for 5min, draining, and stripping from a mold to obtain a condom primary blank.

Step four, vulcanizing and lubricating: and (2) conveying the condom primary blank obtained in the third step into a vulcanizing machine for vulcanizing, wherein the vulcanizing temperature is 69 ℃, the pressure in the vulcanizing machine is controlled to be 1200psi, cooling is carried out after vulcanizing, and the outer wall of the condom primary blank is immersed into a prefabricated lubricating liquid after cooling, wherein the lubricating liquid comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35% of water-soluble dimethyl silicone oil, 6% of mint extracting solution, 3.5% of non-ionic penetrant and the balance of deionized water, and soaking for 2 times, wherein the soaking time is 2 min.

Step five, sterilizing a finished product: and (4) sending the condom primary blank processed in the fourth step into an irradiation sterilization machine for sterilization, and packaging the sterilized condom in a roll manner to obtain the condom with the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Example three:

a preparation method of a condom with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects comprises the following raw materials by weight: 200 parts of matrix, 40 parts of ethanol, 36 parts of peach gum, 20 parts of carboxymethyl chitosan, 14 parts of nisin, 11 parts of wormwood extract, 2.5 parts of matrine, 1.8 parts of pH regulator and 2 parts of initiator; the base material is concentrated natural latex with the solid content of 67 percent, the concentration of ethanol is 85 percent, and the PH regulator is any one of citric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or sodium hydroxide.

The method comprises the following steps:

step one, preparing water emulsion: putting ethanol, nisin and a wormwood extracting solution in corresponding parts into a water phase pot, pouring deionized water which is 1.2 times of the total parts of the raw materials into the water phase pot, starting heating and stirring the raw materials, mixing for 30min to obtain a water phase, pouring a matrix and peach gum in corresponding parts into a latex phase pot for heating and stirring while preparing the water phase, controlling the temperature in the latex phase pot to be reduced to 60 ℃ after the peach gum is completely melted, putting carboxymethyl chitosan and matrine in corresponding parts into the latex phase pot, increasing the stirring speed to 300rpm, continuously mixing for 25min to obtain a latex phase, wherein the rotating speed of a stirring part in the water phase pot is 210rpm, the heating temperature is 55 ℃, the rotating speed of a stirring part in the latex phase pot is 240rpm, and the heating temperature is 90 ℃.

Step two, homogenizing and forming a blank: pouring the water phase and the emulsion phase obtained in the step one into a homogenizer, adding the initiator with the corresponding parts into the homogenizer, controlling the homogenizer to homogenize the raw materials, controlling the rotation speed of the homogenizer to 1350rpm and the homogenization pressure to 3700psi, pouring the pH regulator with the corresponding parts into the homogenizer after homogenizing for 15min, controlling the pressure of the homogenizer to be reduced to 600psi, keeping the rotation speed inconvenient, and continuing homogenizing for 10min to obtain a condom blank, wherein the pH value of the homogenized condom blank is 8.8.

Step three, cooking and forming: pouring the condom blank obtained in the step two into a liquid tank for heating and heat preservation, dipping the condom blank by using a prefabricated die, draining the blank on the die after dipping, curling the blank, and immersing the curled blank into prefabricated swelling water after curling, wherein the swelling water comprises the following raw materials in proportion: soaking triethanolamine 16%, Aloe extractive solution 10%, nanometer bentonite 5% and the balance deionized water for 5min, draining, and stripping from the mold to obtain condom primary blank.

Step four, vulcanizing and lubricating: and (2) feeding the condom primary blank obtained in the third step into a vulcanizing machine for vulcanizing, wherein the vulcanizing temperature is 78 ℃, the pressure in the vulcanizing machine is controlled to be 1300psi, cooling is carried out after vulcanizing, and the outer wall of the condom primary blank is immersed into a prefabricated lubricating liquid after cooling, wherein the lubricating liquid comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: soaking 37% of water-soluble dimethyl silicone oil, 8% of mint extracting solution, 5% of non-ionic penetrant and the balance of deionized water for 3 times, wherein the soaking time is 2 min.

Step five, sterilizing a finished product: and (4) sending the condom primary blank processed in the fourth step into an irradiation sterilization machine for sterilization, and packaging the sterilized condom in a roll manner to obtain the condom with the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

The samples obtained in examples 1 to 3 were subjected to the relevant performance tests in the following manner,

(1) and uniformity detection: and respectively taking 100 groups of three samples with the same specification obtained in the first embodiment and the second embodiment and 100 groups of samples sold in the market, respectively measuring the thicknesses of the samples, subtracting the maximum value from the minimum value, calculating errors, and obtaining experimental data shown in the following table.

Example one Example two EXAMPLE III Is commercially available
Error of the measurement 0.012mm 0.014mm 0.015mm 0.024mm

The thickness errors of the condoms prepared in the first, second and third examples are lower than those of the commercially available samples, which shows that the raw materials and the preparation method provided by the invention have an important effect on the quality of the condoms.

(2) And detecting biocompatibility and microbial pollution: experimental tests were performed according to ISO 40742014.

It can be seen from this that: most condoms on the market at present lack antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, bacteria breeding and cross infection are easy to occur, and the condoms are made of a large amount of chemical substances and can bring discomfort to users after long-time use, the condoms adopt pure natural substances such as carboxymethyl chitosan, nisin and wormwood extract as raw materials, so that the condoms have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, bacterial infection possibly occurring in the using process is inhibited, the safety and health of the users are guaranteed, meanwhile, peach gum is used as a medium for emulsification and thickening in the raw materials, the use of toxic chemical substances is reduced, the threat to the body health of the users is reduced, most factories pursue production efficiency, various raw materials, additives and rubber are directly mixed and processed when the condoms are prepared, and the properties of partial materials in the condoms can be damaged, the method adopts a two-stage homogenization method to mix the water phase and the emulsion phase, so that the refinement degree of the raw materials is improved, the excellent and uniform quality of the prepared condom is further ensured, the situation that the condom is cracked due to different thicknesses is prevented, and the quality is improved.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

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