阅读说明：本技术 新型半乳糖苷类半乳凝素抑制剂 (Novel galactoside galectin inhibitors ) 是由 F·塞特贝里 于 2019-01-09 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及化学通式(I)的化合物,其中吡喃糖环为α-D-吡喃半乳糖,R<Sup>1</Sup>选自由(II)组成的组,其中星号1*表示杂芳环的碳原子,其与化学式(I)的三唑基共价连接。化学式(I)的化合物适合用于治疗紊乱的方法,所述紊乱与半乳凝素(例如半乳凝素-1)与哺乳动物(例如人类)中的配体结合有关。<Image he="666" wi="450" file="DDA0002577545280000011.GIF" imgContent="drawing" imgFormat="GIF" orientation="portrait" inline="no"></Image>(The invention relates to compounds of general formula (I) wherein the pyranose ring is α -D-galactopyranose, R 1 Selected from the group consisting of (II), wherein asterisk 1 denotes a carbon atom of the heteroaromatic ring, which is covalently linked to the triazolyl group of formula (I). The compounds of formula (I) are suitable for use in methods of treating disorders associated with binding of a galectin, such as galectin-1, to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human.)

1. d-galactopyranose compound with chemical formula (1)

Wherein the pyranose ring is alpha-D-galactopyranose,

R¹selected from the group consisting of:

group of

Wherein the asterisk indicates the carbon atom of the heteroaromatic ring to which the triazole group of formula (1) is covalently attached;

wherein R is²Selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen;

R³selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen;

R⁴selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen;

R⁵selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen;

B¹selected from a) aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR²⁹R³⁰Wherein R is²⁹And R³⁰Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl; c_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with F; different from each otherPropyl, optionally substituted with F; OC_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; SC (Single chip computer)_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; o-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with F; o-isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; NR (nitrogen to noise ratio)³¹R³²Wherein R is³¹And R³²Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl and isopropyl; OH; and R³³-CONH-, wherein R³³Is selected from C_1-3Alkyl and cyclopropyl; b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR³⁵R³⁶Wherein R is³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl; c_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with F; isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; OC_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; o-cyclopropyl; optionally substituted with F; SC (Single chip computer)_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; o-isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; NR (nitrogen to noise ratio)³⁷R³⁸Wherein R is³⁷And R³⁸Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl and isopropyl; OH; and R³⁹-CONH-, wherein R³⁹Is selected from C_1-3Alkyl and cyclopropyl;

or

A pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹Selected from the group consisting of chemical formula 2, wherein R²Selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen; r³Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen.

3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R²Is OH, and R³Is H.

4. The compound of claim 2, wherein R²Is halogen, and R³Selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen.

5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹Selected from the group consisting of formula 3, wherein R⁴Selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen; r⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen.

6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R⁴Is OH, R⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen.

7. The compound of claim 5, wherein R⁴Is halogen, R⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen.

8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein B¹Selected from phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from halogen; SC (Single chip computer)_1-3Alkyl radical, the said SC_1-3Alkyl optionally substituted with F; c_1-6An alkyl group; CN; and-CONR³⁵R³⁶Is substituted in which R³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl.

9. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein B¹Selected from phenyl substituted by one, two or three substituents selected from Cl, F, Br, CF₃、SCF₃、CH₃、CON(CH₃)₂And CN.

10. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein B¹Selected from pyridyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of: halogen; -COOH; -CONR³⁵R³⁶Wherein R is³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl; isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; CN; and methyl, optionally substituted with F.

11. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein B¹Selected from pyridyl, substituted by one or two groups selected from Cl, Br, isopropyl, COOH, CONH₂、CN、CON(CH₃)₂And CF₃Group (d) of (a).

12. The compound according to any one of claims 1-11, selected from:

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-bromothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo 6-cyano-3-pyridinyl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3- [4- (2-chlorothiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-fluorothiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4-fluorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4, 5-difluorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4-hydroxythiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-cyano-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-2-cyano-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside

3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3,4, 5-trichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 5-dibromo-4-fluorophenyl-3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-bromo-4-cyanophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylthiophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-methylphenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-pyridinecarboxamide-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

2-carboxy-5-chloropyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4, 5-dichlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-isopropyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichloro-6-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

4-chloro-N, N' -dimethylbenzamide-2-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-N, N' -dimethyl-pyridinecarboxamide-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio- α -D-galactopyranoside; or

A pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate.

13. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 12 for use as a medicament.

14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of the preceding claims, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable additive, such as a carrier or excipient.

15. A compound according to any one of claims 1-12 for use in a method of treatment of a disorder associated with ligand binding of galectin-1 in a mammal, such as a human.

16. Use of a compound according to claim 15, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of: inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmic fibrosis, and skin and heart fibrosis; scars; scarring; scar formation abnormalities; scleroderma; hardening; surgical adhesion; septic shock; cancers, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastatic cancer; neovascularization associated with cancer; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; transplant rejection; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, such as neovascularization associated with cancer; and ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization, etc.; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases, such as diabetes; obesity; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases including hurmann-strake syndrome, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

17. A method of treating a disorder associated with ligand binding in galectin-1 and a mammal, such as a human, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1 to 12 is administered to a mammal in need of such treatment.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of: inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmic fibrosis, and skin and heart fibrosis; scars; scarring; scar formation abnormalities; scleroderma; hardening; surgical adhesion; septic shock; cancers, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastatic cancer; neovascularization associated with cancer; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; transplant rejection; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, such as neovascularization associated with cancer; and ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization, etc.; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases, such as diabetes; obesity; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases including hurmann-strake syndrome, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to novel compounds, to the use of said compounds as medicaments and for the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment of cancer; fiberizing; scars; scarring; scar formation abnormalities; surgical adhesion; pathological angiogenesis; eye diseases; HIV-1 disease; inflammation or transplant rejection in mammals. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the novel compounds.

Background

Galectins are proteins with a characteristic Carbohydrate Recognition Domain (CRD) (Leffler et al, 2004). This is a tightly folded β -sandwich of about 130 amino acids (about 15kDa) with two defined characteristic 1) β -galactose binding sites; and 2) sufficient similarity in a sequence motif of about 7 amino acids, wherein the majority (about six residues) make up the β -galactose binding site. However, sites adjacent to the β -galactose site are necessary for tight binding to the natural carbohydrate, and the different selection of these gives galectins different fine specificity for natural carbohydrates.

Recently completed human, mouse and rat genome sequences revealed about 15 galectin and galectin-like proteins in one mammalian genome, which differ little between species (Leffler et al, 2004).

The galectin subunit may include one or two CRDs in a single peptide chain. The first class, single CRD galectins, can occur in vertebrates as monomers or dimers (both). The galectins studied most extensively to date are dimeric galectin-1 and galectin-3, said galectin-3 being a monomer in solution but likely to aggregate and become multimeric when encountering ligands (Lepur et al, 2012). These are the earliest discovered galectins and are abundant in many tissues.

There are now many 5700 publications on galectins in PubMed, most of which, as mentioned above, refer to galectin-1 (> 1400) and galectin-3 (> 2800). There is strong evidence for a role for galectins in, for example, inflammation, cancer and progression (Blidner et al, 2015, Ebrahim et al, 2014).

Galectins are synthesized as cytoplasmic proteins without a signal peptide on free ribosomes. Their N-terminus is acetylated, a typical modification of cytoplasmic proteins, and their presence in the cytosol is long (secreted proteins are uncommon). From there they can be targeted for transport to the nucleus, specific cytoplasmic sites, or secreted (inducible or constitutive) via an atypical (non-ER-Golgi) pathway, such as galectin 1(Cooper and Barondes,1991) which is shown for the first time, the mechanism of which is currently unknown, but may be similar to the output of, for example, IL-1 (Leffler et al, 2004; Arthur et al, 2015). Galectins may also play a role in all these compartments; for galectin-1, conclusive evidence published in a well-respected journal supports the following effects: RNA splicing in the nucleus, H-RAS activation in the cytoplasm, accumulation around ruptured vesicles, and the effects of various extracellular effects on cell signaling and adhesion (eloa et al 2015, aids et al 2015, Blanchard et al 2016). Other galectins may also play a role in the cytosol by enhancing apoptosis and regulating the cell cycle and differentiation of certain cells. Most galectins also function extracellularly, possibly forming supramolecular ordered arrays (eloa et al, 2015) by cross-linking glycoproteins (e.g., laminin, integrins, and IgE receptors), potentially modulating cell adhesion and inducing intracellular signaling. In connection with this, it has been seen in recent years that the molecular mechanisms of these galectin functions have been studied, involving the formation of intramembranous domains (lattices) (Elola et al, 2015), which in turn affect the intracellular trafficking and cell surface presentation of glycoprotein receptors. This has been demonstrated in cell culture, in deletion mutant mice, and in animals treated with galectins or galectin inhibitors.

Galectin-1 was the first to be found and studied, and was expressed with a certain tendency in all tissues, but not exclusively on cells of mesenchymal origin, such as fibroblasts and lymphocytes. It is involved in the regulation of cell growth, adhesion, signaling, differentiation, progression, immune system and host-pathogen interactions (Blanchardet et al, 2016). The expression profile of galectin-1 at various stages of cancer progression, and its role in the tumor microenvironment, has been fully verified.

Galectin-1 is associated with a variety of phenomena, and therefore inhibitors may have a variety of uses. It is easily considered as lacking specificity or lacking scientific emphasis. Therefore, it is necessary to analogize it with aspirin and cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and II). COX produces a variety of precursors to prostaglandins and is therefore involved in a variety of biological mechanisms. Their inhibitors, aspirin and other NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), also have a wide and diverse range of effects. Nevertheless, these inhibitors are very useful medically, and they have several different specific uses.

Thus, if galectins (e.g. COX) are part of some basic biological regulatory mechanism (not yet known), they may be "naturally used" for different purposes in different environments. Like NSAIDs, galectin inhibitors do not destroy the entire system, but rather tilt the equilibrium slightly.

Galectin-1 is involved in immunity and inflammation

Galectin-1 has been found to have mainly immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects (Elola et al, 2015), although in some cases it may also be pro-inflammatory. Galectin-1 binds to specific glycosylation patterns on T helper cells to selectively induce apoptosis in activated Th1 and Th17 cells. (Perillo et al, 1995) (Toscano, m.a. et al, 2007). The immunosuppressive effects of galectin-1 suggest that galectin-1 itself may be a potential treatment for autoimmune and other inflammatory disorders. Conversely, it has been proposed as a therapeutic method for suppressing its immunosuppressive action, for example, in cancer, as described below.

Galectin-1 is in blood vessels

Like galectin-3, galectin-1 has been shown in some cases to promote angiogenesis by way of its carbohydrate binding activity (Hockl et al, 2016). Of particular interest, it might promote tumor angiogenesis by a pathway parallel to VEGF. Thus, inhibition of galectin-1 may have an anti-angiogenic effect when the anti-VEGF based inhibition fails. The discovery that the anti-angiogenic peptide angionex (and related compounds) binds to galectin-1 suggests another mechanism by which galectin-1 is involved in angiogenesis, but the details are not known; in some reports, angionex was described as inhibiting the activity of galectin-1, but in another report as enhancing the carbohydrate binding activity thereof.

Galectin-1 in fibrosis-related disorders

The idea that galectin-3 may play a role in fibrosis comes from studying macrophage differentiation both intracellularly and ex vivo (mackinon et al, 2008), and from studying macrophage differentiation and myofibroblast activation in vivo (mackinon et al, 2012). Briefly, this assumption is as follows: galectin-3 has been shown to prolong cell surface residence time, thereby enhancing the responsiveness of TGF- β receptors (Partridge et al, 2004), which in turn regulates the selective differentiation of macrophages to M2 macrophages and the activation of myofibroblasts. Galectin-1 is also thought to play a role in fibrosis, including through TGF- β related mechanisms, but evidence is less clear than galectin-3.

Thus, galectin-1 is also an endogenous enhancer of TGF- β signalling and myofibroblast activation (Kathiriya et al), and galectin-1 inhibitors may also contribute to the treatment of fibrosis and adverse tissue remodeling.

Galectin-1 in cancer

Numerous immunohistochemical studies have shown that the expression of certain galectins is altered in cancer (van break et al and bidin et al in leffler (edition), 2004b), for example, galectin 3 has now become a histochemical marker for thyroid cancer. Direct evidence for the role of galectin-3 in cancer comes from a mouse model, provided mainly by Raz et al, but there are also other models (leffler (editor),2004 b). In paired tumor cell lines with reduced or increased expression of galectin-3, the induction of galectin-3 produces more tumors and metastases, while the inhibition of galectin-3 produces fewer tumors and metastases. Galectin-3 has been proposed to enhance tumor growth by anti-apoptosis, promote angiogenesis or promote metastasis by affecting cell adhesion. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that galectin-3 plays a critical role in the tumor microenvironment-in view of the review by (Ruvolo, 2015). Galectin-3 is also thought to regulate the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells, such as T lymphocytes (T cells), and inhibition of galectin-3 has been shown to restore T cell activity (Demotte et al 2010, Kouo et al 2015, Melero et al 2015). As is evident from the above, galectin-3 inhibitors may have valuable anticancer effects. Indeed, carbohydrates that inhibit galectin 3 have been reported but not demonstrated to have an anticancer effect. In our own studies, the fragment of galectin-3 containing CRD inhibited breast cancer in a mouse model by acting as a dominant negative inhibitor (John et al, 2003). Recently, in cell assays, ex vivo assays (Lin et al, 2009) and in vivo (glisky et al, 2009), it has been demonstrated that inhibition of galectin-3 with small molecules can indeed significantly enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation and standard pro-apoptotic drugs.

Galectin-1 is also frequently overexpressed in poorly differentiated cancer cells, while galectin-9 or its close relatives galectin-4 and galectin-8 may be induced in specific cancer types (Huflejt and Leffler, 2004; Leffler (editor),2004 b). Galectin-1 induces apoptosis in activated T cells and has a significant immunosuppressive effect in vivo against autoimmune diseases (Rabinovich et al, and Pace et al in Leffler (editor),2004 b). Thus, overexpression of these galectins in cancer may contribute to T cell responses elicited by the tumor defense host.

Deletion mutant mice for galectin-1 and galectin-3 have been established for many years (Poirier, 2002). These are healthy and, obviously, can reproduce normally under animal housing conditions. However, recent studies have shown a subtle phenotype of galectin-3 deletion mutants in neutrophil and macrophage function (as described above) and bone formation, as well as a subtle phenotype of galectin-1 deletion mutants in nerve and muscle cell regeneration/differentiation (Leffleret et al, 2004; Poirier, 2002; Watt in Leffler (editor),2004 b). Galectin-7 and galectin-9 deletion mutant mice have recently been generated and are also very healthy under animal housing conditions, but have not been analyzed in detail. Differences in expression site, specificity and other characteristics make it impossible for different galectins to functionally substitute for each other. Observations in deletion mutant mice indicate that galectins are not essential for maintaining essential life functions, as observed under normal animal housing conditions. Rather, they may be an optimization of normal function, and/or an element under stress-free conditions of animal housing conditions. Galectin inhibitors lack strong potency in deletion mutant mice and may make them more suitable for use as pharmaceuticals. If galectin activity contributes to the above pathological conditions but has less effect on normal conditions, their inhibition will have fewer adverse side effects.

Therefore, drugs directed against galectin-1 activity in cancer, for example, suppressing immunity or promoting angiogenesis, may be useful anticancer therapies.

Known inhibitors

Natural ligands

Solid phase binding and inhibition assays a number of saccharides and glycoconjugates have been identified which have the ability to bind to galectins (reviewed by Leffler,2001, Leffler et al, 2004). All galectins are present at a K of about 0.1-1mM_dLactose is incorporated. The affinity of D-galactose is 50-100 times lower. N-acetylgalactosamine and related disaccharides bind lactose more or less, but for some galectins they bind either less or more than ten-fold more. Galactose (10mM) (Tejerer et al 2009) and lactose (190. mu.M) (van Hattum,2013) both have a lower affinity for galectin-1.

The above-mentioned natural saccharides identified as galectin-1 ligands are not suitable for use as active ingredients in pharmaceutical compositions, since they are susceptible to acidic hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation in the stomach. In addition, natural sugars are hydrophilic in nature and are not readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration.

Galectin specificity

Specific studies using the above-mentioned small molecule natural sugars to inhibit galectins have shown that all galectins bind lactose, LacNAc and related disaccharides, but that galectin-3 binds some longer sugars better (leffleared Barondes, 1986). These longer saccharides are characterized by having an additional sugar residue added to the C-3 position of galactose (e.g., in lactose or LacNAc) to bind the extended binding groove. The shape of the groove was different between different galectins, indicating that the same extensions were not equally bound by different galectins.

Synthetic inhibitors

A review of patents relating to galectin-1 inhibitors and their potential as therapeutic agents has recently been published. (Blanchard 2016). The small molecule monosaccharides referred to in this review are reported to have galectin-1 affinity, which at best resembles lactose. On the other hand, disaccharides, in particular dithiogalactosides (TDG), are reported to have high affinity for galectin-1. (T.Delaine,2016, ChemBioChem10.1002/cbic.201600285)

Coupling of carbohydrates to amino acids with anticancer activity was first identified as a natural compound in serum, but subsequently synthetic analogues were made (Glinsky et al, 1996). Among these, lactose or galactose coupled to amino acids inhibits galactin coagulation but only as efficiently as the corresponding underivatized sugars. Chloro-coupled lactose is reported to have high affinity (0.54 μ M) as determined in the Elisa assay. (Pandey et al.2002, in EP1256586 (A1)). Chemically modified forms of citrus pectin which inhibit galectin 3 (Platt and Raz, 1992) have anti-tumor activity in vivo (Pienta et al, 1995; Nangia-Makker et al, 2002). Cluster molecules with up to four lactose moieties show a strong multivalent effect when bound to galectin 3 but not to galectin 1 and 5 (Vrasidas et al, 2003). Cyclodextrin-based carbohydrate clusters with seven galactose, lactose or N-acetyllactosamine residues also show strong multivalent effects on galectin 3, but less multivalent effects on galectin-1 and-7 (Andre et al, 2004). The formation of multivalent star burst macromolecules in lactose residues (Andre et al, 1999) and glycopolymers (Pohl et al, 1999; David et al, 2004) have been described as galectin-3 inhibitors, which have slightly improved efficacy compared to lactose. Multivalent lactose derivatives have been shown to have a significant clustering effect on galectin-1 (Tejler et al, 2006). In addition, these compounds are selective for other galectins. Peptide-based compounds, such as angionex and non-peptide topomimetics (Dings et al 2012) are reported to be allosteric galectin-1 inhibitors. The above-identified synthetic compounds as galectin-1 ligands are not suitable for use as active ingredients in pharmaceutical compositions, since they are hydrophilic in nature and are not readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. In addition, the compounds have moderate affinity and selectivity.

The above natural oligosaccharides, sugar clusters, sugar dendrimers, peptides, non-peptide topomimetics and sugar copolymers are too polar and bulky to be absorbed and in some cases large enough to generate an immune response in a patient. In addition, they are sensitive to both acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis in the stomach. Therefore, small synthetic molecules are needed.

Thiosyceroside is a known synthetic, hydrolytically stable polar inhibitor with a potency comparable to N-acetyllactosamine (Leffler and Barondes, 1986). N-acetylgalactosamine derivatives bearing an aromatic amide or a substituted benzyl ether at the C-3' end have been shown to be highly potent inhibitors of galectin 3, the IC of which₅₀Values were unprecedentedly as low as 4.8. mu.M, which is a 20-fold increase compared to native N-acetyllactosamine disaccharide (

et al.,2002；et al, 2003b, 2005). These derivatives are generally less polar due to the presence of aromatic amide groups and are therefore more suitable as inhibitors of galectins in vivo. Furthermore, C3-triazolylgalactosides have been shown to be as potent inhibitors as the corresponding C3-amides of certain galectins. Thus, any structurally sound galactose C3 substituent may enhance galectin affinity.

However, due to the presence of glycosidic linkages in galactose and N-acetyllactosamine glycosyl, although they are effective small molecule inhibitors of galectin-3, C3-amido and C3-triazolyl derived compounds are still susceptible to hydrolytic degradation in vivo, but further improved affinity and stability are desirable. Thus, thiodilactoside-based 3,3 '-diamino or 3,3' -bistriazolyl derived inhibitors have been disclosed (Cumpstey et al, 2005 b; Cumpstey et al, 2008; Salameh et al, 2010; WO/2005/113569and US 2007185041; WO/2005/113568, US7,638,623B2; T.Delaine,2016, ChemBiochem10.1002/cbic.201600285) that lack O-glycoside hydrolysis and enzymatically labile bonds. These inhibitors also show good affinity for several galectins (low to Kd in the low nM range). However, despite the high affinity shown for galectins, 3' -derived thiodigalactosides still have the disadvantage in their multi-step synthesis that a double inversion reaction is required to reach the 3-N-derived galactose building block. Furthermore, cyclohexane substitution of one galactose ring in thiodigalactosides has been shown to mimic the galactose ring and thus may provide galectin-1 and-3 inhibitors with similar efficacy as diamido and bistriazolyl-thiodigalactoside derivatives (WO/2010/126435). Substitution of the D-galactopyranose units with substituted cyclohexanes decreases the polarity, most likely the metabolic sensitivity, and thus improves the drug-like properties.

Some of the earlier described compounds have the following general formula

As described in WO2005/113568 a1,

and the number of the first and second electrodes,

as described in WO/2005/113569, wherein R^IMay be D-galactose.

A recently published (T.Delaine,2016, ChemBiochem10.1002/cbic.201600285) publication discloses

TDG was substituted with a thiophenotriazole substituent at the C3 and C3' positions with high affinity (<10nM) for galectin-1.

In the recently published US20140099319, WO2014067986 and t.delaine,2016, chembiochem10.1002/cbic.201600285, a compound is disclosed,

it has fluorine (F) at the meta position relative to the two benzene rings of the triazole ring. The compound has proven to be a promising drug for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, in particular with a high selectivity for galectin-3 with high affinity.

A series of small C1 or C1 and C3 substituted galactopyranosides have been disclosed which show affinity for galectin-3 and galectin-1. It has been reported that the affinity range for beta-D-galactopyranoside is equal to or less than that of lactose, with a Kd of about 91. mu.M for galectin 3 and about 190. mu.M for galectin 1. (Giguere, D et al.2011,2008, 2006).

There is no disclosure or mention of the corresponding alpha-isomer having better affinity for galectin-1 or galectin-3 than lactose.

Disclosure of Invention

The compounds of the present invention are novel alpha-D-galactopyranose compounds which unexpectedly show high affinity for galectin-1, and some also have high affinity for galectin-3, and are considered as novel effective drug candidates. Some compounds have high affinity for galectin-1 and also have specificity for galectin-1.

In a broad sense, the present invention relates to a D-galactopyranose compound of formula (1):

wherein the pyranose ring is alpha-D-galactopyranose,

R¹selected from the group consisting of:

and

wherein the asterisk indicates the carbon atom of the heteroaromatic ring to which the triazole group of formula (1) is covalently attached;

wherein R is²Selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen, preferably F, Cl and Br;

R³selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen;

R⁴selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen, preferably F, Cl and Br;

R⁵selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen;

B¹selected from a) aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR²⁹R³⁰Wherein R is²⁹And R³⁰Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl; c_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with F; isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; OC_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; SC (Single chip computer)_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; o-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with F; o-isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; NR (nitrogen to noise ratio)³¹R³²Wherein R is³¹And R³²Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl and isopropyl; OH; r³³-CONH-, wherein R³³Is selected from C_1-3Alkyl and cyclopropylA group; b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR³⁵R³⁶Wherein R is³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl; c_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with F; isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; OC_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; SC (Single chip computer)_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; o-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with F; o-isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; NR (nitrogen to noise ratio)³⁷R³⁸Wherein R is³⁷And R³⁸Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl and isopropyl; OH; and R³⁹-CONH-, wherein R³⁹Is selected from C_1-3Alkyl and cyclopropyl; or

A pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In one embodiment, R¹Selected from the group consisting of chemical formula 2, wherein R²Selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen; r³Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen. In a preferred embodiment, R²Is OH, and R³Is H. Depending on e.g. acidic or basic conditions, the OH group may be in the form of oxotautomers (oxo tautomers). In another preferred embodiment, R²Is halogen, and R³Selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen.

Further, in one embodiment, R¹Selected from the group consisting of formula 3, wherein R⁴Selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen; r⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen. In a preferred embodiment, R⁴Is OH, and R⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen. In another preferred embodiment, R⁴Is halogen, and R⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen.

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from pyridyl substituted by one or two substituentsThe substituent is selected from Cl, Br, isopropyl, COOH and CONH₂CN and CF₃. Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from halogen, SC_1-3Alkyl (optionally substituted by F), C_1-6Alkyl and CN.

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from phenyl, substituted with one, two or three substituents selected from Cl, F, Br, CF₃、SCF₃、CH₃And CN.

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from phenyl, substituted with one, two or three substituents selected from Cl, F, Br, CF3, SCF₃、CH₃、CON(CH₃)₂And CN.

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from pyridyl, which is optionally substituted with one group selected from halogen; -COOH; -CONR³⁵R³⁶Wherein R is³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl; isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; CN; and methyl, optionally substituted with F.

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from pyridyl, substituted with one or two substituents selected from Cl, Br, isopropyl, COOH, CONH₂CN and CF₃。

Further, in embodiments, B¹Selected from pyridyl, substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, isopropyl, COOH, CONH₂、CN、CON(CH₃)₂And CF₃Group (d) of (a).

Further, in one embodiment, the compound of formula (1) is selected from any one of the following:

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-bromothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo 6-cyano-3-pyridinyl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3- [4- (2-chlorothiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-fluorothiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4-fluorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4, 5-difluorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4-hydroxythiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-cyano-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-2-cyano-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside

3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3,4, 5-trichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 5-dibromo-4-fluorophenyl-3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-bromo-4-cyanophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylthiophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-methylphenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-pyridinecarboxamide-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

2-carboxy-5-chloropyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4, 5-dichlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-isopropyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichloro-6-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

4-chloro-N, N' -dimethylbenzamide-2-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-N, N' -dimethyl-pyridinecarboxamide-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio- α -D-galactopyranoside; or

A pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula (1) for use as a medicament.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any of the preceding claims, and optionally pharmaceutically acceptable additives, such as carriers and/or excipients.

Further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of formula (1) of the present invention for use in a method for treating a disorder associated with ligand binding of galectin-1 in a mammal (e.g., a human). Further, in one embodiment, the disorder is selected from the group consisting of: inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmic fibrosis, and skin and heart fibrosis; scars; scarring; scar formation abnormalities; scleroderma; hardening; surgical adhesion; septic shock; cancers, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastatic cancer; neovascularization associated with cancer; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; transplant rejection; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, such as neovascularization associated with cancer; and ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization, etc.; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases, such as diabetes; obesity; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases including herlmasky-prodrag syndrome, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Still further, one aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating a ligand binding-related disorder of galectin-1 in a mammal (e.g., a human being), wherein a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula (1) is administered to a mammal in need of such treatment. Further, in one embodiment, the disorder is selected from the group consisting of: inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmic fibrosis, and skin and heart fibrosis; scars; scarring; scar formation abnormalities; scleroderma; hardening; surgical adhesion; septic shock; cancers, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastatic cancer; neovascularization associated with cancer; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; transplant rejection; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, such as neovascularization associated with cancer; and ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization, etc.; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases, such as diabetes; obesity; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases including hurmann-strake syndrome, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Another aspect of the invention relates to combination therapy involving administration of a compound of formula (1) of the invention together with a therapeutically active compound other than a compound of formula (1) (interchangeable with "different therapeutically active compound"). In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a combination of a compound of formula (1) and different therapeutically active compounds for the treatment of disorders related to the ligand binding of galectin-1 to mammals. Such disorders are disclosed below.

In one embodiment of the invention, at least one therapeutically effective amount of formula (1) of the present invention is administered to a mammal in need thereof in combination with different therapeutically active compounds. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (1) is administered in combination with different therapeutically active compounds to a mammal suffering from a disorder selected from the group consisting of: inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmic fibrosis, and skin and heart fibrosis; scars; scarring; scar formation abnormalities; scleroderma; hardening; surgical adhesion; septic shock; cancers, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastatic cancer; neovascularization associated with cancer; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; transplant rejection; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, such as neovascularization associated with cancer; and ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization, etc.; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases, such as diabetes; obesity; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases including hurmann-strake syndrome, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Non-limiting cancer groups given as examples of cancer that can be treated, managed and/or prevented by administration of a compound of formula (1) in combination with different therapeutically active compounds are selected from: colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliocytoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioleiomyosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, bladder carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, liver carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma (bil duct carcinoma), bile duct carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma), choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonic carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical carcinoma, testicular tumor, lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, epithelial cancer, glioblastoma, neuroma, craniopharyngioma, schwannoma, glioma, Astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, leukemia and lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelocytic polycythemia, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and heavy chain disease, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, rectal cancer, urinary cancer, uterine cancer, oral cancer, skin cancer, gastric cancer, brain tumor, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, breast tumor, childhood Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), thymic ALL, B-cell ALL, acute myelocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, acute myeloblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, Acute megakaryocytic leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, and T-cell leukemia, large and small cell non-small cell lung cancer, acute myelocytic leukemia, germ cell tumors, endometrial cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, chronic lymphatic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and thyroid cancer.

In some aspects of the invention, administration of at least one compound of formula (1) of the invention and at least one other therapeutic agent exhibits therapeutic synergy. In some aspects of the methods of the invention, the measured value for the therapeutic response observed after administration of at least one compound of formula (1) of the invention and an additional therapeutic agent is improved compared to the same measured value for the therapeutic response observed after administration of at least one compound of formula (1) of the invention or the additional therapeutic agent alone.

Further, one aspect of the present invention relates to combination therapy which involves administering a compound of formula (1) of the present invention, together with an anti-fibrotic compound other than a compound of formula (1), to a mammal in need thereof. Further, in one embodiment, such anti-fibrotic compounds may be selected from the following non-limiting group of anti-fibrotic compounds: pirfenidone, nintedanib, octatuzumab (GS-6624, AB0024), BG00011(STX100), PRM-151, PRM-167, PEG-FGF21, BMS-986020, FG-3019, MN-001, IW001, SAR156597, GSK2126458, and PBI-4050.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a combination therapy comprising administering the compound of formula (1) in combination with an additional conventional cancer therapy (e.g., chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or therapy with an immunostimulant, gene therapy, antibodies, vaccines, and cell therapy (including therapies such as dendritic cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and adoptive T cell transfer)) for a mammal in need thereof.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (1) is administered with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from anti-tumor chemotherapeutic agents. Further, in one embodiment, the anti-tumor chemotherapeutic is selected from: all-trans retinoic acid, actinomycin, azacitidine, azathioprine, bleomycin, carboplatin, capecitabine, cisplatin, benzyl chlorobutyrate, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxifradine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, fludarabine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, irinotecan, lenalidomide, interleukins, alachlor, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, remamet, temozolomide, teniposide, thioguanine, valsartan, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine. In one embodiment, the chemotherapeutic agent used in the combination of agents of the invention may itself be a combination of different chemotherapeutic agents. Suitable combinations include FOLFOX and IFL. FOLFOX is a combination comprising 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), folinic acid and oxaliplatin. IFL treatment includes irinotecan, 5-FU and folinic acid.

Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, further conventional cancer treatment comprises radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the radiation therapy comprises local radiation therapy delivered to the tumor. In some embodiments, the radiation therapy comprises whole body radiation.

In other embodiments of the invention, the further cancer treatment is selected from the group consisting of immunostimulatory substances, such as cytokines and antibodies. Such cytokines may be selected from, but are not limited to, the group consisting of: GM-CSF, type I interferon, interleukin 21, interleukin 2, interleukin 12 and interleukin 15. Preferably, the antibody is an immunostimulatory antibody, such as an anti-CD 40 or anti-CTLA-4 antibody. The immunostimulatory substance may also be a substance capable of eliminating immunosuppressive cells (e.g. regulatory T cells) or factors, which may, for example, be E3 ubiquitin ligase. E3 ubiquitin ligases (HECT, RING and U-box proteins) have become key molecular regulators of immune cell function, and each protein may be involved in the regulation of immune responses during infection by proteolytic destruction by targeting specific inhibitory molecules. Several HECT and RING E3 proteins have been linked to the induction and maintenance of immune self-tolerance: c-Cbl, Cbl-b, GRAIL, Itch, and Nedd4 each negatively regulate T cell growth factor production and proliferation.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of formula (1) is administered with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the class of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In some embodiments of the invention, the checkpoint inhibitor acts on a set of one or more of the following non-limiting targets: CEACAM1, galectin-9, TIM3, CD80, CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, HVEM, BTLA, CD160, VISTA, B7-H4, B7-2, CD155, CD226, TIGIIT, CD96, LAG3, GITF, OX40, CD137, CD40, IDO and TDO. These are known targets, some of which are described in Melero et al Naturereviews Cancer (2015).

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of formula (1) is administered with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from inhibitors of indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO).

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of formula (1) is administered with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from one or more inhibitors of the CTLA4 pathway. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of the CTLA4 pathway is selected from one or more antibodies against CTLA 4.

In some embodiments of the invention, the compound of formula (1) is administered with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from one or more inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L pathway. In some embodiments, the one or more inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L pathway are selected from one or more antibodies against PD-1, PD-L1, and/or PD-L2.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, comprising step a1, wherein B¹And R¹As defined above in chemical formula 1;

a1) the compound of formula I is reacted with the compound of formula II using a base, such as diisopropylethylamine, in an inert solvent such as DMF or acetonitrile, catalyzed by CuI, to give the compound of formula III.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, comprising step a1, wherein X, B¹And R⁵As defined in chemical formula 1 above;

a2) reacting a compound of formula IV with a compound of formula HOC (═ S) NH in the presence of silver triflate in an inert solvent such as ethyl acetate₂To give the compound of formula V.

Still further, one aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula IX, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein B¹As defined in chemical formula 1 above, comprising steps a3 and a 4;

a3) in Lewis acids, e.g. BF₃Et₂Reaction of Compound VI with a chlorinating agent (e.g. dichloromethyl methyl ether or PCl) in the presence of O in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane or chloroform₅) And reacting to obtain the compound of formula VII.

a4) Reacting a compound of formula VII with a nucleophile, such as VIII, in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydride, in an inert solvent, such as DMF, provides a compound of formula IX.

Still further, one aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula XII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein X is defined as sulfur, and B is¹Defined as chemical formula 1, comprising steps a5 and a 6;

a5) the compound of formula X is reacted with a sulfur nucleophile, such as potassium thioacetate, in an inert solvent, such as DMF, to provide compound XI.

a6) Reacting a compound of formula XI with a compound of formula B using a base such as dimethylamine in an inert solvent such as DMF¹Reaction of a compound of formula (II) with (III) and (III) wherein L is defined as a leaving group, e.g. fluorine, chlorine or bromine, to give a compound of formula (II)A compound (I) is provided.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula VIII, comprising steps a7-a8, wherein B¹As defined above under formula (1);

a7) the compound of formula XIII, after treatment with sodium nitrite, can form the corresponding diazonium compound. The compound can be further reacted with a sulfur source, such as potassium ethyl xanthate, to form the compound of formula XIV.

a8) The compound of formula XIV is reacted with a base, such as potassium hydroxide, to give the compound of formula VIII.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula VIII, comprising step a9, wherein B1 is as defined above under formula (1);

a9) a compound of formula XV with Na₂S·10H₂Reaction of O in the presence of a base, such as NaOH, in an inert solvent, such as DMF, affords the compound of formula VIII.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula XI, the process comprising steps a10-a12, wherein B¹As defined above under formula (1);

a10) the compound of formula XVI is reacted with an activated thioamide, such as dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, using a base, such as sodium hydride, in an inert solvent, such as DMF, to give the compound of formula XVII.

a11) Heating a compound of formula XVII at an elevated temperature to form compound XVIII.

a12) The compound of formula XVIII is reacted with a base, such as potassium hydroxide, to give the compound of formula VIII.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a method for preparing a compound of formula II, comprising step a13, wherein R¹As defined above under formula (1):

a12) reaction with trimethylsilane-acetylene in an inert solvent such as Tetrahydrofuran (THF) using a palladium catalyst, e.g., bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium- (II) -chloride, cuprous iodide, and a base such as diisopropylethylamine, affords compounds of formula II, a compound of formula XIX (e.g., chlorine or bromine) where L is defined as a leaving group.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula IV, comprising steps a14-a16, wherein B¹And R⁴As defined above under formula (1).

a14) Reacting a compound of formula I with a compound of formula R using CuI in an inert solvent such as DMF or acetonitrile with a base such as diisopropylethylamine⁴-CH₂The CHOH-CC-H compound reacts to obtain the compound with the chemical formula XX.

a15) The compound of formula XX is reacted with an oxidant such as Dess-Martin periodinane in an inert solvent such as DCM to give the compound of formula XXI.

a16) Bromine is introduced by first reacting a compound of formula XXI with TBSOTf in the presence of a base, such as TEA, in an inert solvent, such as DCM, to give an intermediate which is further reacted with NBS in an inert solvent, such as THF, to give a compound of formula IV.

Still further an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula XXIII, which process comprises steps a 17;

a17) reacting a compound of formula XXII (wherein B is¹As defined above, and L is a leaving group, e.g. bromine) with CuCN, optionally at elevated temperature, to give a compound of formula XXIII.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a method of preparing a compound of formula XXV, comprising steps a 18;

a18) reacting with a compound of formula XXIV (wherein B¹As defined above, and L is a leaving group such as iodine), with KF and CuI, optionally at elevated temperature, to give an intermediate, which is further reacted with trimethyl (trifluoromethyl) silane to give an intermediate, which is dissolved in an inert solvent such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and 3, 5-dichloro-2-iodopyridine is added to give the compound of formula XXV.

Still further an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula XXVII, comprising steps a 19;

a20) a compound of formula XXVI (wherein R is¹As defined above) with isoamyl nitrite and then with CuL, where L is defined as halogen such as chlorine or bromine, to give compounds of formula XXVII.

Still further an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula XXXII, comprising the steps of a 20;

a20) reacting a compound of formula XXVIII with water or a protected hydroxy group, such as a benzyloxy group, in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydride, gives a compound of formula XXIX.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula XXXIV, comprising the steps of a 21;

a21) reacting a compound of formula XXXIII (wherein R is¹As defined above) with halogenated compounds, e.g. of the formula POL₃(wherein L is defined as halogen, e.g. fluorine, chlorine or bromine (e.g. POCl)₃) To give a compound of formula XXXI.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula XXXIV, comprising steps a22-a 23;

a22) reaction of a compound of formula XXXII with a reagent, such as Lawessons reagent, provides a compound of formula XXXIII.

a23) Reacting a compound of formula XXXIII with, for example, R in an inert solvent, for example DCM, in the presence of a base, for example sodium bicarbonate³A reagent of CHClC (═ O) Cl to give the compound of formula XXXIV.

Still further, a reverse aspect of the invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula XXXV, wherein X¹Is halogen, e.g. Cl, Br, F, and B¹And R⁵As defined above under formula (1), comprising step a 24;

a24) reacting a compound of formula V withHalogenated compounds, e.g. POCl₃，POBr₃Yarovenkos reagent or DAST reaction to give the compound of formula XXXV.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula XXXVII, wherein X²Is halogen, e.g. Cl, Br, F, and B¹And R³As defined above under formula (1), comprising step a 25;

a25) reacting a compound of formula XXXVI with a halogenated compound such as POCl₃、POBr₃Yarovenkos reagent or DAST to give the compound of formula XXXVII.

Detailed Description

The compound of formula (1) of the present invention is different from the compounds of the prior art in particular in that the pyranose ring is α -D-galactopyranose. It is important to emphasize that the alpha and beta isomers are very different isomers and that it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art that the two isomers have the same or similar activity. Thus, the α and β anomers generally do not have the same activity, which is common knowledge of the skilled person. The compounds of the present invention are novel alpha-D-galactopyranose compounds which unexpectedly show very high affinity and specificity for galectin-1 and are considered as novel potent drug candidates. Some novel alpha-D-galactopyranose compounds have affinity for galectin-1 and galectin-3 and thus have a wider therapeutic range of diseases than selective galectin-1 inhibitors.

In a broad aspect, the present invention relates to a compound of the above formula (1), wherein R¹And B¹As defined above. Further embodiments are described below.

In one embodiment, R¹Is composed of

Wherein the asterisk indicates the carbon atom of the heteroaromatic ring to which the triazolyl group of formula (1) is covalently attached;

wherein R is²Selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen; and

R³selected from hydrogen (H), C_1-6Alkyl and halogen.

In one embodiment, R²Selected from the group consisting of OH, chlorine, bromine and fluorine. In a preferred embodiment, R²Is OH. In another preferred embodiment, R²Is Cl. Further, in a preferred embodiment, R²Is Br. Still further, in a preferred embodiment, R²Is F.

Further, in one embodiment, R³Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen.

In another embodiment, R²Is OH, and R³Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen. When R is²Is OH and R³In the case of H, the OH group may be in the form of an oxotautomer, depending on the conditions, for example acidic or basic.

Further, in one embodiment, R²Is halogen, and R³Selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen. In general, R²Is halogen, and R³Is H. Further, in one embodiment, R²And R³Are all halogens, such as Cl or F.

R is as defined above¹Is a compound of chemical formula 2, has high affinity for both galectin-1 and galectin-3.

Further, in one embodiment, R¹Is composed of

Wherein the asterisk indicates the carbon atom of the heteroaromatic ring to which the triazolyl group of formula (1) is covalently attached;

wherein R is⁴Selected from the group consisting of OH and halogen, preferably F, Cl and Br; r⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen. In a preferred embodiment, R⁴Is OH.

In one embodiment, R⁴Is OH, and R⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen. When in the compound of formula (1) (wherein R is¹In 3), R⁴When OH, the data indicate that such compounds have galectin-1 selectivity, particularly when R is⁴Is OH and R⁵And when the H is the substituent, the compound is a high-selectivity galectin-1 inhibitor.

Further, in one embodiment, R⁴Is halogen, and R⁵Selected from hydrogen, C_1-6Alkyl and halogen. In general, R⁴Selected from Cl and F. Further, in one embodiment, R⁴Selected from Cl and F, and R⁵Is H.

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from phenyl, optionally substituted by a group selected from halogen, SC_1-3Alkyl, optionally substituted with F; c_1-6Alkyl and CN substitution.

Still further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from phenyl, substituted with one, two or three substituents selected from Cl, F, Br, CF₃、SCF₃、CH₃And CN. Typically, the phenyl group is substituted with at least 2 Cl, for example 3 Cl or 2 Cl and one F. Further, in one embodiment, phenyl is substituted with one Cl and one F. Further, in one embodiment, the phenyl group is substituted with at least one Br, such as two Br and one F, or one Br and one CN. Further, in one embodiment, the phenyl group is substituted with one halogen, e.g., Cl, and one substituent selected from CF₃、SCF₃And CH₃。

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from halogenand-CONR³⁵R³⁶Wherein R is³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl. In one embodiment, B¹Selected from phenyl, substituted with a group selected from halogen, for example 1,2 or 3 halogens, for example Cl and F, for example 2 Cl and one F or 1 Cl and 2F. Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from phenyl, substituted with a group selected from halogen, e.g. Cl, and-CONR³⁵R³⁶Wherein R is³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H and C_1-3Alkyl groups, such as methyl. Thus, in one example, B¹Selected from phenyl, substituted by one halogen, e.g. Cl, and one-CONR³⁵R³⁶Is substituted in which R³⁵And R³⁶Are all methyl.

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from pyridyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of halogen; -COOH; -CONR³⁵R³⁶Group of (I) wherein R³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H, C_1-3Alkyl, cyclopropyl and isopropyl; isopropyl, optionally substituted with F; CN; and methyl (which is optionally substituted with F).

Still further, in yet another embodiment, B¹Selected from pyridyl, said pyridyl being substituted with two substituents selected from Cl, Br, COOH, CONH₂Isopropyl, CN and CF₃. Typically, in various embodiments, the substituents are Br and CF₃Or Br and CN, or Cl and CF₃. In other separate embodiments, the substituents are Cl and CONH₂Cl and COOH, Br and isopropyl.

Further, in one embodiment, B¹Selected from pyridyl substituted with a group selected from halogen, e.g. Cl, and-CONR³⁵R³⁶Wherein R is³⁵And R³⁶Independently selected from H and C_1-3Alkyl groups, such as methyl. Thus, in one example, B¹Selected from pyridyl, which is substituted by one halogenElements, e.g. Cl, and one-CONR³⁵R³⁶Is substituted in which R³⁵And R³⁶Are all methyl.

Further, in one embodiment, the compound of formula (1) is selected from any one of the following compounds:

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-bromothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo 6-cyano-3-pyridinyl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3- [4- (2-chlorothiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-fluorothiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4-fluorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4, 5-difluorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4-hydroxythiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 4-dichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-cyano-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-cyano-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-2-cyano-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside

3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3,4, 5-trichlorophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3, 5-dibromo-4-fluorophenyl-3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-bromo-4-cyanophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-3-pyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thioxo-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylthiophenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

3-chloro-4-methylphenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-pyridinecarboxamide-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

2-carboxy-5-chloropyridyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (4, 5-dichlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-bromo-2-isopropyl-pyridin-3-yl 3- [4- (4-chlorothiazol-2-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -3-deoxy-1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside.

In another embodiment, the compound of formula (1) is selected from any one of:

3, 4-dichloro-6-fluoro-phenyl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

4-chloro-N, N' -dimethylbenzamide-2-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,

5-chloro-N, N' -dimethyl-pyridinecarboxamide-3-yl 3-deoxy-3- [4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl) -1H-1,2, 3-triazol-1-yl ] -1-thio-alpha-D-galactopyranoside.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the order of the steps in methods a1 through a23 may need to be adjusted or changed, and that such changes in order are encompassed by the various aspects of the methods in the reaction schemes described above, as well as the accompanying description of the process steps.

Furthermore, the skilled person will appreciate that the functional groups of the above described methods as well as the intermediate compounds below may need to be protected by protecting groups.

Functional groups to be protected include hydroxyl, amino and carboxylic acid. Suitable protecting groups for hydroxy include optionally substituted and/or unsaturated alkyl (e.g. methyl, allyl, benzyl or tert-butyl), trialkyleneAlkylsilyl or diarylalkylsilyl (e.g. tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldibenzoylsilyl or trimethylsilyl), AcO (acetoxy), TBS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl), TMS (trimethylsilyl), PMB (p-methoxybenzyl), and tetrahydropyranyl. Suitable protecting groups for carboxylic acids include (C)_1-6) -alkyl or benzyl esters. Suitable protecting groups for amino groups include t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl) -ethoxy-methyl or 2-trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl (Teoc). Suitable protecting groups for S include S-C (═ N) NH₂、TIPS。

The protection and deprotection of the functional group may be performed before or after any of the reactions in the above-described methods.

Furthermore, the skilled artisan will appreciate that in order to obtain the compounds of the invention in alternative, and in some cases more convenient, manners of performing each of the process steps set forth above may be performed in a different order, and/or various reactions may be performed at different stages throughout the route (i.e., substituents may be added to, and/or chemical transformations performed on, different ones of the above-mentioned intermediates in conjunction with a particular reaction). This may negate or necessitate protecting groups.

Still further, in one embodiment, compound (1) is in free form. As used herein, "free form" refers to the compound of formula (1), either in acid or base form, or as a neutral compound, depending on the substituent. The free form does not additionally contain any acid or base salts. In one embodiment, the free form is an anhydrous compound. In another embodiment, the free form is a solvate, e.g., a hydrate.

Further, in one embodiment, the compound of formula (1) is in a crystalline form. The skilled artisan can perform tests to find polymorphs, and such polymorphs are intended to be encompassed by the term "crystalline form" as used herein.

When the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are used in the above-described treatments, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound is administered to a mammal in need of such treatment.

The term "C" as used herein_1-xAlkyl "means an alkyl group containing 1 to x carbon atoms, e.g. C_1-5Or C_1-6For example methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl.

As used herein, the term "branched C_3-6Alkyl "means a branched alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, such as isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2-dimethylbutyl, 2, 3-dimethylbutyl.

As used herein, the term "C_3-7Cycloalkyl "means a cyclic alkyl group containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and 1-methylcyclopropyl.

As used herein, the term "C_5-7Cycloalkyl "means a cyclic alkyl group containing 5 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.

As used herein, the term "oxo" refers to an oxygen atom with a double bond, also denoted as ═ O.

As used herein, the term "CN" refers to a nitrile.

The term "five-or six-membered heteroaromatic ring" as used herein refers to one five-membered heteroaromatic ring or one six-membered heteroaromatic ring. The five-membered heteroaromatic ring contains 5 ring atoms, one to four of which are heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. A six membered heteroaromatic ring contains 6 ring atoms of which one to five are heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples include thiophene, furan, pyran, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine. When such heteroaromatic rings are substituents, they are referred to as thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyridazinyl. Also included are oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl and pyridonyl groups.

As used herein, the term "heterocycle, e.g., heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl" refers to a heterocycle consisting of one or more 3-7 membered ring systems including one or more heteroatoms, wherein such ring systems are optionally aromatic. As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system containing one or more heteroatoms, e.g., 1-10 (e.g., 1-6), selected from O, S and N, including but not limited to oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thienyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridonyl, pyrimidonyl, quinolyl, azaquinolyl, isoquinolyl, azaisoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, azabenzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, azabenzoxazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, or azabenzothiadiazolyl. The term "heterocycloalkyl" as used herein refers to a mono-or bicyclic 3-7 membered chain heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms, e.g., 1-7 (e.g., 1-5), selected from O, S and N, including, but not limited to piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, or piperidinyl.

As used herein, the terms "treatment" and "treating" refer to the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a disease or disorder, or the like. The term is intended to include the full range of treatments for a given condition suffered by a patient, such as administration of an active compound, to alleviate symptoms and complications, to delay progression of the disease, disorder or condition, to alleviate or alleviate symptoms and complications, and/or to cure or eliminate the disease, disorder or condition, and to prevent the condition, where prevention is understood to be the management and care of the patient for the purpose of combating the disease, symptom or disorder, including administration of an active compound to prevent the onset of symptoms or complications. The treatment may be performed in an acute or chronic manner. The patient to be treated is preferably a mammal; particularly humans, but may also include animals such as dogs, cats, cattle, sheep and pigs.

As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound of formula (1) refers to an amount sufficient to cure, alleviate or partially arrest the clinical manifestations of a given disease and its complications. An amount sufficient to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective amount". An effective amount for each purpose will depend on the severity of the disease or injury, as well as the weight and general condition of the subject. It will be appreciated that the appropriate dosage may be determined using routine experimentation by constructing a matrix of values and testing different points in the matrix, all within the ordinary skill of a trained physician or veterinarian.

Still further, an aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (1) and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable additive, such as a carrier or excipient.

As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable additives" are intended to include, but are not limited to, carriers, excipients, diluents, adjuvants, colorants, fragrances, preservatives, and the like, which one of skill in the art would consider to use in formulating the compounds of the present invention in order to prepare a pharmaceutical composition.

Adjuvants, diluents, excipients and/or carriers which may be used in the compositions of the invention must be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the compound of formula (1) and the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition, and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Preferably, the composition should not include any substances that may cause adverse reactions (e.g., allergic reactions). Adjuvants, diluents, excipients and carriers that can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are well known to those skilled in the art.

As mentioned above, the compositions, especially pharmaceutical compositions, disclosed herein may comprise, in addition to the compounds disclosed herein, at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 1 to 99% by weight of at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient, and/or carrier, and 1 to 99% by weight of a compound disclosed herein. The total content of active ingredient and pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, diluents, excipients and/or carriers cannot exceed 100% by weight of the composition, in particular of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, only one compound disclosed herein is used for the above purpose.

In some embodiments, two or more compounds disclosed herein are used in combination for the purposes discussed above.

The compositions, particularly pharmaceutical compositions, comprising a compound as described herein may be adapted for oral, intravenous, topical, intraperitoneal, nasal, buccal, sublingual or subcutaneous administration, or via the respiratory tract, in the form of: such as an aerosol or an air-suspended fine powder. Thus, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, powder, nanoparticle, crystalline form, amorphous material, solution, transdermal patch, or suppository.

Other embodiments of the method are described in the experimental section herein, and each individual method, as well as each starting material composition, may form an embodiment of a portion of an embodiment.

The above examples should be considered as relating to any one of the aspects described herein (e.g. 'method of treatment', 'pharmaceutical composition', 'compound for use as a medicament' or 'compound for use in a method') as well as any one of the examples described herein, unless the specified examples relate to certain aspects of the invention.

All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

All headings and sub-headings are used herein for convenience only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.

Any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

The use of the terms "a" and "an" and "the" in the context of describing the invention are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Unless otherwise indicated, all exact values provided herein are representative of corresponding approximate values (e.g., it is contemplated that all exact exemplary values provided for a particular factor or measurement may also provide a corresponding approximate measurement and are modified by the term "about" where appropriate).

All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention unless explicitly described as such.

The citation and incorporation of patent documents herein is done for convenience only and does not reflect any view of the validity, patentability, and/or enforceability of such patent documents.

The description herein of any aspect or embodiment of the invention, using, for example, "comprising," "having," "including," or "containing," with reference to one or more elements is intended to provide support for a similar aspect or embodiment of the invention that is "consisting of," "consisting essentially of, or" consisting essentially of the particular element or elements, unless otherwise indicated or clearly contradicted by context (e.g., a composition described herein as comprising the particular element should be understood as also describing a composition consisting of the element, unless otherwise indicated or clearly contradicted by context). This invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the aspects presented herein or of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which, however, should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection. The features disclosed in the foregoing description, as well as in the following examples, may be used separately or in any combination thereof to advantage in different forms of the invention.

Experimental procedure (evaluation of Kd value)

The affinity of examples 1-33 for galectins was determined by a fluorescence anisotropy assay, in which the compounds were used as inhibitors of the interaction between galectins and fluorescein-labeled sugar probes, as inP.,Kahl-Knutsson,B.,Huflejt,M.,Nilsson,U.J.,and Leffler H.(2004)Fluorescencepolarization as an analytical tool to evaluate galectin-ligandinteractions.Anal.Biochem.334:36-47,(et al, 2004), and by Salomonsson, Emma; larumbe, Amaia; tejler, Johan; tullberg, Erik; rydberg, Hanna; sundin, Anders; khabut, Areej; frejd, Torbjorn; lobsanov, Yuri d.; rini, James m.; et al, as described in Biochemistry (2010),49(44),9518-9532, (monoventinterfaces of Galectin-1, published by Salomonson et al, 2010).