阅读说明：本技术 无线通信设备及由其执行的方法、计算机可读介质 (Wireless communication device, method executed by same, and computer-readable medium ) 是由 仝菲 保罗·尼古拉斯·弗莱彻 于 2018-11-28 设计创作，主要内容包括：提供一种无线通信设备及由其执行的方法、计算机可读介质,所述无线通信设备被配置为：在多个空间流中选择空间流,所述多个空间流被包括在接收到的信号矢量中,所述接收到的信号矢量与符号星座相关联；计算多个距离值,每个距离值表示所选择的空间流与多个假设符号中的不同假设符号之间的距离,所述多个假设符号对应于所述符号星座；对所述多个空间流中的先前未选择的所有空间流重复所述选择和所述计算；以及基于针对所述多个空间流计算的所述多个距离值,确定所述多个空间流中的每个空间流的检测到的符号。(A wireless communication device and method, computer readable medium, performed thereby, the wireless communication device configured to: selecting a spatial stream among a plurality of spatial streams, the plurality of spatial streams included in a received signal vector, the received signal vector associated with a symbol constellation; calculating a plurality of distance values, each distance value representing a distance between the selected spatial stream and a different hypothetical symbol of a plurality of hypothetical symbols, the plurality of hypothetical symbols corresponding to the symbol constellation; repeating the selecting and the calculating for all spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams that were not previously selected; and determining a detected symbol for each of the plurality of spatial streams based on the plurality of distance values calculated for the plurality of spatial streams.)

1. A wireless communication device, comprising:

a memory storing computer readable instructions; and

at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to:

selecting a spatial stream of a plurality of spatial streams, the plurality of spatial streams included in a received signal vector, the received signal vector associated with a symbol constellation,

calculating a plurality of distance values, each distance value representing a distance between the selected spatial stream and a different hypothetical symbol of a plurality of hypothetical symbols, the plurality of hypothetical symbols corresponding to the symbol constellation,

repeating the selecting and the calculating for all previously unselected spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams, and

determining a detected symbol for each of the plurality of spatial streams based on the plurality of distance values calculated for the plurality of spatial streams.

2. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein:

the received signal vector is included in a multiple-input multiple-output spatial multiplexing transmission and received via an antenna array, an

The at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to:

decoding the detected symbols to obtain a message included in the received signal vector.

3. The wireless communication device of claim 2, wherein:

the plurality of hypothetical symbols comprises all symbols included in the symbol constellation; and

performing the calculation of the plurality of distance values for all of the plurality of hypothesized symbols such that each distance value of the plurality of distance values corresponds to a respective hypothesized symbol of the plurality of hypothesized symbols.

4. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein:

the plurality of hypothetical symbols does not include all symbols in the symbol constellation; and

performing the calculation of the plurality of distance values for all of the plurality of hypothesized symbols such that each distance value of the plurality of distance values corresponds to a respective hypothesized symbol of the plurality of hypothesized symbols.

5. The wireless communication device of claim 4, wherein:

the plurality of hypothesis symbols includes all hypothesis symbols included within a search radius defined relative to a search center defined based on a minimum mean square error, MMSE, detection result of the selected spatial stream, and the search radius is a determined fixed radius.

6. The wireless communication device of claim 4, wherein:

the plurality of hypothesis symbols includes all hypothesis symbols included within a search radius defined with respect to a search center defined based on MMSE detection results for the selected spatial stream, and the search radius is determined based on signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, of the selected spatial stream.

7. The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the search radius is determined based on the SNR of the selected spatial stream and a determined acceptable probability of detecting a symbol of the selected spatial stream.

8. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to:

determining a plurality of search radii including a search radius for each of the plurality of spatial streams;

determining an average search radius based on the plurality of search radii;

defining a first plurality of search spaces including a search space for each spatial stream of a first set of spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams having a search radius greater than the average search radius, the first set of spatial streams not including the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR;

defining a second plurality of search spaces including a search space for each spatial stream of a second set of spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams having a search radius less than or equal to the average search radius, the second set of spatial streams not including the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR; and

defining a search space for spatial streams associated with the lowest SNR, an

Wherein the plurality of hypothesized symbols comprises hypothesized symbols defined in a search space of the selected spatial stream among the first plurality of search spaces, the second plurality of search spaces, and the search space of the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR.

9. The wireless communication device of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to:

determining an order of the plurality of spatial streams based on the SNR associated with each of the plurality of spatial streams, the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR being ordered to the last, an

Wherein the first plurality of search spaces, the second plurality of search spaces, and the search space for the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR are defined according to the order.

10. The wireless communication device of claim 8, wherein the definition of the first plurality of search spaces comprises all hypothetical symbols of the symbol constellation included within the average search radius from a search center of each respective spatial stream of the first set of spatial streams, each search center defined based on MMSE detection results for the respective spatial stream of the first set of spatial streams.

11. The wireless communication device of claim 8, wherein the definition of the second plurality of search spaces comprises all hypothetical symbols of the symbol constellation included within a search radius of each respective spatial stream of the second set of spatial streams from a search center of the respective spatial stream of the second set of spatial streams, each search center defined based on MMSE detection results for the respective spatial stream of the second set of spatial streams.

12. The wireless communication device of claim 8, wherein the definition of the search space for the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR comprises:

determining a total number of hypothesized symbols comprised in the first plurality of search spaces and the second plurality of search spaces,

subtracting the total number of hypothetical symbols from the total number of searches available to obtain a number of candidate symbols,

determining a modified search radius for the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR as a radius sufficient to include the number of candidate symbols, an

Defining a search space for the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR to include all hypothesized symbols of the symbol constellation included within the modified search radius from a search center for the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR, the search center defined based on MMSE detection results for the spatial stream associated with the lowest SNR.

13. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein the total number of available searches is defined in accordance with resource constraints of the wireless communication device.

14. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to:

determining a plurality of search radii including a search radius for each of the plurality of spatial streams;

determining a sum of a total number of candidate symbols included in each search radius for each respective spatial stream of the plurality of spatial streams;

determining whether the sum is greater than a total number of available searches;

in response to determining that the sum is greater than the total number of available searches, determining an average search radius based on the plurality of search radii;

defining a first plurality of search spaces including a search space for each spatial stream of a first set of spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams having a search radius greater than the average search radius; and

defining a second plurality of search spaces including a search space for each spatial stream of a second set of spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams having a search radius less than or equal to the average search radius, an

Wherein the plurality of hypothesized symbols comprises hypothesized symbols defined in the search space of the selected spatial stream of the first and second plurality of search spaces.

15. The wireless communication device of claim 14, wherein the total number of available searches is defined according to resource constraints of the wireless communication device.

16. The wireless communication device of claim 15, wherein the definition of the first plurality of search spaces comprises:

determining a first modified number of candidate symbols for each respective spatial stream in the first set of spatial streams based on a total number of candidate symbols included in a search radius for the respective spatial stream in the first set of spatial streams and a total number of searches available;

determining a first modified search radius for a respective spatial stream of the first set of spatial streams as a radius sufficient to include the first modified number of candidate symbols; and

defining a search space for a respective spatial stream of the first set of spatial streams to include all hypothetical symbols of the symbol constellation included within the first modified search radius from a search center for the respective spatial stream of the first set of spatial streams, the search center defined based on MMSE detection results for the respective spatial stream of the first set of spatial streams.

17. The wireless communication device of claim 16, wherein the definition of the second plurality of search spaces comprises:

the number of reservation searches is determined as: a difference between a sum of a total number of candidate symbols included in each search radius for each respective spatial stream in the first set of spatial streams and a sum of a first modified number of candidate symbols for each respective spatial stream in the first set of spatial streams;

defining one or more search spaces of the second plurality of search spaces for one or more spatial streams of the second set of spatial streams by:

determining a second modified number of candidate symbols for each of the one or more spatial streams as a sum of a number of candidate symbols included within the search radius of the one or more spatial streams and at least a portion of the number of reserved searches,

determining a second modified search radius for the one or more spatial streams as a radius sufficient to include the second modified number of the candidate symbols, an

Defining a search space of the one or more spatial streams to include: all hypothetical symbols of the symbol constellation included within the second modified search radius from a search center of the one or more spatial streams, the search center defined based on MMSE detection results for the one or more spatial streams; and

defining a search space of the second plurality of search spaces of spatial streams of the second set of spatial streams other than the one or more search spaces of the second plurality of search spaces to include all hypothetical symbols of the symbol constellation included within the search radius of each respective spatial stream of the second set of spatial streams from a search center of the respective spatial stream of the second set of spatial streams, each search center being defined based on MMSE detection results of the respective spatial stream of the second set of spatial streams.

18. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the determining the detected symbols for each of the plurality of spatial streams comprises:

determining a plurality of combined distance values, each combined distance value corresponding to a different hypothesized symbol combination of the plurality of hypothesized symbols, each hypothesized symbol combination comprising hypothesized symbols for a corresponding hypothesized symbol of the plurality of spatial streams, the combined distance value representing a sum of the calculated distance values for each hypothesized symbol of the corresponding hypothesized symbol combinations of the plurality of distance values

Determining a lowest combined distance value of the plurality of combined distance values, an

Determining a hypothesized symbol combination corresponding to the lowest combined distance value as the detected symbols for the plurality of spatial streams.

19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the processor to:

selecting a spatial stream of a plurality of spatial streams, the plurality of spatial streams included in a received signal vector, the received signal vector associated with a symbol constellation;

calculating a plurality of distance values, each distance value representing a distance between the selected spatial stream and a different hypothetical symbol of a plurality of hypothetical symbols, the plurality of hypothetical symbols corresponding to the symbol constellation;

repeating the selecting and the calculating for all spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams that were not previously selected; and

determining a detected symbol for each of the plurality of spatial streams based on the plurality of distance values calculated for the plurality of spatial streams.

20. A method performed by a wireless communication device, the method comprising:

selecting a spatial stream of a plurality of spatial streams, the plurality of spatial streams included in a received signal vector, the received signal vector associated with a symbol constellation;

calculating a plurality of distance values, each distance value representing a distance between the selected spatial stream and a different hypothetical symbol of a plurality of hypothetical symbols, the plurality of hypothetical symbols corresponding to the symbol constellation;

repeating the selecting and the calculating for all spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams that were not previously selected; and

determining a detected symbol for each of the plurality of spatial streams based on the plurality of distance values calculated for the plurality of spatial streams.

Technical Field

Some example embodiments relate to detecting symbols encoded in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) spatially multiplexed transmissions.

Background

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) spatial multiplexing improves spectral efficiency depending on the number of antennas used for communication. A MIMO receiver detects symbols in a received MIMO spatial multiplexing transmission before decoding the symbols encoded in the transmission. For example, maximum likelihood solution is used to detect symbols encoded in MIMO spatial multiplexing transmission.

Finding the maximum likelihood solution involves searching the lattice in a multidimensional space. A point in the lattice corresponds to each possible symbol vector (also referred to herein as a "constellation") made up of each possible combination of symbols for a given coding scheme. Thus, the number of points in the lattice depends on the number of symbols in the symbol vector (also referred to herein as the number of "spatial streams") and the number of possible symbols in the coding scheme. Thus, assuming equal modulation orders on all spatial streams, the complexity of solving for the maximum likelihood solution is of the order of O (M)^L) Where M is the size of the constellation and L is the number of spatial streams.

Disclosure of Invention

According to some example embodiments, apparatus, computer readable media and methods are provided for converting a multi-dimensional search space to a plurality of single-dimensional search spaces for maximum likelihood symbol detection with reduced complexity.

According to some example embodiments, a wireless communication device is provided. The wireless communication device may include a memory storing computer-readable instructions, and at least one processor. The at least one processor is coupled to the memory and configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: selecting a spatial stream of a plurality of spatial streams, the plurality of spatial streams included in a received signal vector, the received signal vector associated with a symbol constellation. The at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to calculate a plurality of distance values, each distance value representing a distance between the selected spatial stream and a different hypothetical symbol of a plurality of hypothetical symbols, the plurality of hypothetical symbols corresponding to the symbol constellation. The at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to repeat the selecting and the calculating for all of the plurality of spatial streams not previously selected. The at least one processor is further configured to execute computer-readable instructions to determine a detected symbol for each of the plurality of spatial streams based on the plurality of distance values calculated for the plurality of spatial streams.

According to some example embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable medium may store instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the processor to select a spatial stream of a plurality of spatial streams included in a received signal vector, the received signal vector associated with a symbol constellation. The instructions, when executed by at least one processor, further cause the processor to calculate a plurality of distance values, each distance value representing a distance between the selected spatial stream and a different hypothetical symbol of a plurality of hypothetical symbols, the plurality of hypothetical symbols corresponding to the symbol constellation. The instructions, when executed by at least one processor, further cause the processor to repeat the selecting and the computing of all of the plurality of spatial streams not previously selected. The instructions, when executed by at least one processor, further cause the processor to determine a detected symbol for each of the plurality of spatial streams based on the plurality of distance values calculated for the plurality of spatial streams.

According to some example embodiments, a method performed by a wireless communication device is provided. The method includes selecting a spatial stream of a plurality of spatial streams included in a received signal vector associated with a symbol constellation. The method also includes calculating a plurality of distance values, each distance value representing a distance between the selected spatial stream and a different hypothetical symbol of a plurality of hypothetical symbols, the plurality of hypothetical symbols corresponding to the symbol constellation. The method also includes repeating the selecting and the calculating for all spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams not previously selected. Further, the method includes determining a detected symbol for each of the plurality of spatial streams based on the plurality of distance values calculated for the plurality of spatial streams.

Drawings

Some example embodiments will become more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

fig. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless communication device 100 according to some example embodiments.

Fig. 2 is a flow diagram of a method of detecting symbols in a MIMO spatial multiplexing transmission, according to some example embodiments.

Fig. 3 depicts the relationship between the number of searches performed using a full search to determine a symbol and the constellation size.

Fig. 4 depicts a comparison between the number of searches to detect symbols performed using a full search and the number of searches to detect symbols performed using a single-dimensional disjoint search.

Fig. 5 is a flow diagram of a method of detecting symbols in a MIMO spatial multiplexing transmission using a single-dimensional disjoint search, according to some example embodiments.

Fig. 6 is a flow diagram of a method of defining an adaptive search space by ordering spatial streams by post-equalization signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), according to some example embodiments.

Fig. 7 is a flowchart of a method of defining an adaptive search space by grouping spatial streams based on an average search radius, according to some example embodiments.

Detailed Description

Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless communication device 100 according to some example embodiments. The wireless communication device 100 may communicate with other wireless communication equipment using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) spatial multiplexing.

As non-limiting examples, the wireless communication system in which the wireless communication device 100 communicates with other wireless communication equipment may be a fifth generation wireless (5G) system, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, an LTE-advanced system, a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, a system for global system for mobile communications (GSM), a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system, or any other wireless communication system.

A wireless communication network of a wireless communication system may support communication between users by allowing sharing of available network resources. For example, via a wireless communication network, information may be transmitted in various multiple-access manners, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) FDMA (OFDM-FDMA), OFDM-TDMA, or OFDM-CDMA.

According to some example embodiments, the wireless communication device 100 may be a Base Station (BS) or a User Equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system. In general, a BS may refer to a fixed station that communicates with a UE and/or other BSs and may exchange data and control information with the UE and/or other BSs by communicating with the UE and/or other BSs. For example, a BS may be referred to as a node B, evolved node B (enb), sector, site, Base Transceiver System (BTS), Access Point (AP), relay node, Remote Radio Head (RRH), Radio Unit (RU), or small cell. According to some example embodiments, a BS or cell may refer to a function or area covered by an eNB or sector (site) in a Base Station Controller (BSC) in CDMA, an eNB or sector (site) in a node B, LTB in wideband CDMA (wcdma), may include a megacell, a macrocell, a microcell, a picocell, a femtocell, and/or various coverage areas (e.g., coverage of a relay node, RRH, RU, or small cell).

The UE may be in a fixed location or may be portable and may represent various devices capable of receiving and transmitting data and/or control information from and to the BS by communicating with the BS. For example, a UE may refer to a terminal equipment, a Mobile Station (MS), a Mobile Terminal (MT), a User Terminal (UT), a Subscriber Station (SS), a wireless device, or a handheld device.

Referring to fig. 1, a wireless communication device 100 may include a receiver 102, an antenna array 104, a processor 106, and a memory 108. Although fig. 1 depicts a single receiver, according to some example embodiments, the wireless communication device 100 includes multiple receivers 102. Also, although referred to herein as a receiver, the receiver 102 may be a transceiver. Additionally, according to some example embodiments, the number of antennas in the antenna array 104 may vary to the extent that the antenna array 104 is capable of receiving MIMO spatially multiplexed transmissions using the antenna array 104. According to some example embodiments, the operations described herein as being performed by the receiver 102 may be performed by at least one processor executing program code comprising instructions corresponding to the operations (e.g., the processor 106). The instructions may be stored in a memory (e.g., memory 108) of the wireless communication device 100. The term "processor," as used in this disclosure, may refer to a data processing apparatus, for example, a hardware implementation of circuitry physically configured to perform desired operations, including, for example, operations represented as code and/or instructions contained in a program. In at least some example embodiments, the hardware-implemented data processing apparatus described above may include, but is not limited to, microprocessors, Central Processing Units (CPUs), processor cores, multi-core processors, multiprocessors, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).

The receiver 102 may receive MIMO spatially multiplexed transmissions from the antenna array 104. After receiving a transmission, the receiver 102 uses a maximum likelihood solution to detect symbols in the transmission. According to some example embodiments, the transmission may be modulated using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). The detection of the symbols will be discussed further below. The receiver 102 may process the received transmission before and/or after the detected symbols, including one or more of amplification, filtering, mixing, shifting, or demodulation. After detecting the symbols in the spatially multiplexed transmission, the receiver 102 decodes the transmission to obtain the transmitted message.

Fig. 2 is a flow diagram of a method of detecting symbols in a MIMO spatial multiplexing transmission, according to some example embodiments. According to some example embodiments, the method of fig. 2 is performed by a receiver similar to or the same as the receiver 102 of fig. 1. Fig. 2 will be described with reference to fig. 3 to 4. Fig. 3 depicts the relationship between the number of searches performed to determine symbols using a multi-dimensional search (also referred to herein as a full search) and the constellation size. Fig. 4 depicts a comparison between the number of searches to detect symbols performed using a full search and the number of searches to detect symbols performed using a single-dimensional disjoint search.

Referring to fig. 2, in operation 202, the receiver 102 receives a MIMO spatial multiplexing transmission from the antenna array 104. According to some example embodiments, the transmission may comprise symbols modulated using QAM. The MIMO spatial multiplexing transmission includes a signal vector and is received over a channel via a plurality of subcarriers. The signal vector received on one subcarrier can be represented as:

in the case of the signal model, it is,

is a vector of the received signal or signals,is a noise vector in which each element has an independent, identical normal distribution.

Is a channel matrix, each element h of the matrix_i,jRepresenting the channel coefficients between the jth virtual TX antenna and the ith RX antenna.

For example, in a MIMO system with four transmitter antennas and four receiver antennas,

each symbol S in the signal vector S_nCorresponding to one of the plurality of symbols of the constellation alphabet corresponding to the transmission modulation. The examples provided below correspond to QAM modulation, but any modulation scheme compatible with MIMO transmission and the methods discussed below may be used.

According to some example embodiments, the channel matrix is an effective channelMatrix, and can be expressed as H ═ H_cX W, wherein

Is the actual channel matrix between the physical Transmitter (TX) and Receiver (RX) antenna arrays,

shows the effect of a spatial spreading matrix corresponding to beamforming, Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD), and the like. Column vector

Representing the channel vector from the ith virtual TX antenna to all RX antennas.

Column vectorIs a transmitted QAM symbol vector, each element s_iRepresents QAM symbols transmitted on the ith spatial stream and is taken from size N_iQAM set of

Each element x_kThe reference may be made by an index k. QAM modulation of order M involves mapping M bits represented by vector B (each element being the value "0" or "1") to QAM symbols taken from set X.

According to some example embodiments, a mapping function may be used to represent a Gray (Gray) mapping f: B → k. Since M bits may be referenced by the index M, gray mapping may be viewed as reordering the elements in QAM set X to create a new QAM set X'. X in the new set X_f(m)Can be compared with X in the original set X_mSimilar or identical. According to some example embodiments, another mapping function g: m → x may be used_f(m)To indicate that vector B (denoted by index m) is modulated into QAM symbol x_f(m). Based on the value "0" or "1" of the ith bit of vector B, the index set of all possible values of B can be divided into two index subsets I (B)_k0) and I (b)_k1). In the same modulationFollowing the process, the QAM set may be divided into subsets denoted X (b) corresponding to the two subsets of indices described above_k0) and X (b)_k1) to two subsets.

In operation 204, the receiver 102 performs maximum likelihood detection on each element of the signal vector S, respectively. The method of operation 204 will be further described in conjunction with fig. 5.

Referring to fig. 3, in the conventional method, a single maximum likelihood detection (also referred to herein as a "full search") is performed on the entire signal vector s (fs). The Max-Log-Map detector generates an approximation of the Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) for each bit carried on a QAM symbol. Here, we assume that the modulation order in each spatial stream is similar or identical and is denoted as M_sAnd QAM set is represented as X_s. Without loss of generality, the LLR for the kth bit in the first spatial stream is represented as:

to obtain a one-bit log-likelihood ratio (LLR), performing a one-bit log-likelihood ratio for all N_SS

An exhaustive search of the individual candidates results in a high computational complexity. Fig. 3 depicts the increase in the number of searches with constellation size (e.g., measured in bits per symbol) in terms of the order of spatial multiplexing. FIG. 3 depicts the number of searches performed using a full search to determine a symbol versus constellation size N_SSThe relationship between them.

This high computational complexity presents difficulties in view of the increasing popularity of MIMO. For example, MIMO spatial multiplexing is employed in WLAN standards 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11 ax. Both the 802.11ac and 802.11ax standards specify the support of up to 8 spatial streams. Thus, in the case of spatial multiplexing of 8 spatial streams, a MIMO application may involve 1024 QAMs. The conventional approach used in such applications would result in excessive demands on processing and power resources, as well as high symbol detection delays.

However, referring back to FIG. 2,in operation 204, the receiver 102 performs maximum likelihood detection (also referred to herein as a single-dimensional disjoint search) (SDDS) separately for each element of the signal vector S. In doing so, the receiver 102 converts the multi-dimensional search space represented by the signal vector S into a plurality of disjoint single-dimensional search spaces. This search dimension reduction technique orders of magnitude the complexity from O (M)^L) Reduced to O (L.M). Using SDDS, receiver 102 detects the symbols included in signal vector S.

Referring to fig. 4, a comparison between the number of searches to detect symbols performed using a full search and the number of searches to detect symbols performed using SDDS is depicted. As can be seen with reference to fig. 4, SDDS enables symbols to be detected using fewer searches. Thus, SDDS provides faster symbol detection and reduces the need for processing resources and power resources.

Referring back to fig. 2, in operation 206, the receiver 102 decodes the detected symbols to obtain the transmitted message. At this point, the method described in FIG. 2 may end or repeat.

Fig. 5 is a flow diagram of a method of detecting symbols in a MIMO spatial multiplexing transmission using a single-dimensional disjoint search, according to some example embodiments. According to some example embodiments, the method of fig. 5 is performed by a receiver similar to or the same as the receiver 102 of fig. 1. According to some example embodiments, the method of fig. 5 may correspond to further defining operation 204 of fig. 2 and/or operation 204 of fig. 2.

In operation 502, the receiver 102 selects one spatial stream of the plurality of spatial streams of the signal vector S. By individually selecting the spatial streams, the receiver 102 converts the multi-dimensional search space represented by the signal vector S into a plurality of disjoint single-dimensional search spaces. For example, the signal vector S includes a plurality of symbols (also referred to herein as "bit positions"), each symbol corresponding to a spatial stream. The receiver 102 assigns each spatial stream of signal vectors S as a separate search space. In doing so, each single-dimensional search space may be represented by the following linear system function.

Wherein

Is a column vectorWith the m-th row element fixed to the value s_m. This corresponds to the following linear system with dimensions reduced by one:

whereinIs obtained by removing the m-th column of H; and S_TIs composed of

Any linear method may be applied to find the solution, including linear methods using feedback such as successive interference cancellation

The solution of (1). According to some example embodiments, Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) or MMSE with Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) may be used to determine

Therefore, the shortest distance to search for the mth layer in the original function described in equation 3 may be limited to one dimension, as shown in equation 6.

According to some example embodiments, for all searches per dimension, a search of the shortest distance of all spatial streams and all bit positions is performed. According to some example embodiments, the candidate search spaces may be determined after performing a plurality of one-dimensional searches and before finding the shortest distance for each bit position of each spatial stream, as discussed further below.

According to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 selects each spatial stream in an order in the signal vector S. In operation 504, the receiver 102 selects a symbol from the symbol constellation as the hypothesized symbol. The symbol constellation may be associated with a transmission modulation scheme. According to some example embodiments, the constellation may correspond to QAM modulation. According to some example embodiments, the modulation scheme may be known to the receiver 102. According to some example embodiments, the modulation scheme may be determined by the receiver 102 using data included in the transmission and/or data provided in addition to the transmission. Although the selection of hypothetical symbols from the entire symbol constellation is described in connection with the discussion of fig. 5, in accordance with some example embodiments, the search space from which hypothetical symbols are selected may be a subset determined by the symbol constellation, as discussed further below.

In operation 506, the receiver 102 calculates a distance value of the hypothetical symbol using equation 6. In operation 508, the receiver 102 determines whether there are any remaining symbols in the constellation that were not previously selected. If the receiver 102 determines that there is at least one remaining symbol in the constellation that was not previously selected, the method returns to operation 504 where the receiver 102 selects a hypothetical symbol that was not previously selected. Otherwise, if the receiver 102 determines that all symbols in the constellation have been previously selected, then in operation 510, the receiver 102 determines whether there are any remaining spatial streams of the signal vector S that have not been previously selected. If the receiver 102 determines that there is at least one previously unselected remaining spatial stream of the signal vector S, the method returns to operation 502, where the receiver 102 selects the previously unselected spatial stream in operation 502. Otherwise, if the receiver 102 determines that all spatial streams of the signal vector S have been previously selected, the method proceeds to operation 512.

In operation 512, the receiver 102 determines hypothetical symbols for each spatial stream as detected symbols for the corresponding spatial stream based on the distance values calculated in operation 506. According to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 determines a combined distance value for each possible hypothesized symbol combination of the spatial stream of signal vectors S, the combined distance value representing the sum of the distance values determined in operation 506 for each hypothesized symbol of the hypothesized symbol combinations. For example, in determining each combined distance value, each spatial stream of signal vector S may be associated with a corresponding hypothetical symbol of the hypothetical symbol combination, and the combined distance value is the sum of the distance values of all hypothetical symbols of the hypothetical symbol combination. The receiver 102 determines the hypothesized symbol combination providing the lowest combined distance value as the detected symbols of the spatial stream of signal vectors S. After the symbols are detected for the spatial stream of signal vectors S in operation 512, the method ends.

According to some example embodiments, in operation 502, the receiver 102 may further reduce each of the plurality of disjoint single-dimensional search spaces to Ω for each spatial stream_lSmaller candidate set. Using this approach, the receiver 102 determines the distance value of the hypothetical symbol using equation 7 below instead of equation 6 in operation 506.

To reduce the search space to a smaller candidate set, the search radius is defined relative to the search center of each spatial stream of signal vectors S. For each spatial stream, search center q_mmseIs defined as the detection result of the MMSE for that spatial stream. According to some example embodiments, the search radius defined relative to the search center is a fixed radius. The fixed radius may be determined based on a trade-off between resource protection and detection performance. The candidate set for each spatial stream includes all candidate symbols of a constellation included within a search radius from the search center.

As described above, converting the multi-dimensional search space represented by signal vector S into a plurality of disjoint single-dimensional search spaces, orders of magnitude from O (M)^L) Reduced to O (L.M). In addition, by reducing the search space to a smaller candidate set, the magnitude of complexity can be further reduced to O (L · N); n is less than M, and N is less than M,where N is a parameter corresponding to the search space and reflects a tradeoff between complexity and performance loss.

According to some example embodiments, the search radius for each spatial stream may be adaptively determined based on post-equalization signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the spatial streams. For example, for a given post-equalization SNR, different search radii correspond to different probabilities of detecting symbols of the spatial streams, with larger radii corresponding to higher probabilities of detecting symbols. Although the discussion herein refers to a post-equalization SNR, according to some example embodiments, the SNR may be a SNR other than the post-equalization SNR. According to some example embodiments, the post-equalization SNR is determined based on a channel matrix and a noise vector of the transmission. According to some example embodiments, for a given application, an acceptable probability of detecting a symbol of a spatial stream is heuristically determined. The acceptable probability is then used for the spatial streams in combination with the determined post-equalization SNR to adaptively determine the search radius for the spatial streams. According to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 may generate or obtain a mapping table of search radius and post-equalization SNR according to an acceptable probability.

According to some example embodiments, reducing the search space to a smaller candidate set may include defining an adaptive search space for each spatial stream. By defining an adaptive search space for each spatial stream, the detection of each spatial stream based on the post-equalization SNR allocates limited resources for symbol detection. Further discussion regarding adaptive search space definition is provided below in conjunction with fig. 6 through 7.

Fig. 6 is a flow diagram of a method of defining an adaptive search space of spatial streams by ordering the spatial streams by post-equalization signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), according to some example embodiments. According to some example embodiments, the method of fig. 6 is performed by a receiver similar to or the same as the receiver 102 of fig. 1. The method of fig. 6 may correspond to operation 502 of fig. 5 and/or further define operation 502 of fig. 5, according to some example embodiments.

By defining an adaptive search space for each spatial stream, limited resources for symbol detection are allocated for detection of each spatial stream. Can be based on resourcesConstraints to define the total number of available searches_Ntot. For example,_Ntotmay be defined based on processing constraints, memory constraints, and/or energy resource constraints. According to some example embodiments, the total number of available searches may correspond to the total number of hypothetical symbols for which distance values were calculated over all spatial streams of the signal vector S. The total number of available searches may be distributed throughout the spatial stream of signal vectors S based on the following constraints:

wherein N is_o(q_mmse,l,R_o(γ_l) For SNR γ with post-equalization)_lThe actual number of candidate searches (also referred to herein as the number of "candidate symbols" or "hypothetical symbols") for the ith spatial stream, and R_oThe search radius for the ith spatial stream is indicated.

Referring to fig. 6, in operation 602, the receiver 102 determines an average search radius based on the search radius of each spatial stream in the signal vector S. The search radius may be determined as discussed above in connection with fig. 5. In operation 604, the receiver 102 determines an order of the spatial streams based on the post-equalization SNRs such that the first spatial stream corresponds to the highest post-equalization SNR and the last spatial stream corresponds to the lowest post-equalization SNR.

In operation 606, the receiver 102 selects a spatial stream. The receiver 102 may select the previously unselected highest ordered spatial stream determined in operation 604. In operation 608, the receiver 102 determines whether the selected spatial stream is the spatial stream that is the last in the order determined in operation 604. If the selected spatial stream is not the last spatial stream, the method proceeds to operation 610. If the selected spatial stream is the last spatial stream, the method proceeds to operation 616.

In operation 610, the receiver 102 determines whether the search radius of the selected spatial stream is greater than the average search radius. If the search radius of the selected spatial stream is greater than the average search radius, the receiver 102 defines the search space of the selected spatial stream as a set of candidate symbols included within the average search radius in operation 612. Otherwise, if the search radius of the selected spatial stream is less than or equal to the average search radius, the receiver 102 defines the search space of the selected spatial stream as a candidate symbol set included within the search radius of the selected spatial stream in operation 614. After the receiver 102 defines the search space for the selected spatial stream in operation 612 or 614, the method returns to operation 606 to select the next spatial stream in the order determined in operation 604.

In operation 616, the receiver 102 defines the search space of the last spatial stream by determining the remaining number of searches of the total number of available searches. According to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 determines a sum of the number of candidate symbols for each defined search space of the previously selected spatial streams and subtracts the sum from the total number of available searches. For example, the search space of the last spatial stream may be defined as:

wherein N is_o(M) defines the number of remaining searches or the number of candidate symbols in the search space of the final spatial stream. According to some example embodiments, the number of candidate symbols defines a modified search radius from the search center of the last spatial stream, the modified search radius corresponding to a radius of: the radius is sufficient to include the number of candidate symbols located within the radius. Thus, the receiver 102 defines the search space of the last spatial stream as a set of candidate symbols that are included within the following radii from the search center of the last spatial stream: the radius is sufficient to include the determined number of candidate symbols. After the receiver 102 defines the search space for the last spatial stream, the method ends.

As described above, for a given post-equalization SNR, different search radii correspond to different probabilities of detecting symbols of the spatial streams, with larger radii corresponding to higher probabilities of detecting symbols. However, assuming that different spatial streams may have different post-equalization SNRs, employing a fixed search radius for all spatial streams in the signal vector S will result in a low probability of symbol detection for spatial streams with low post-equalization SNRs and a high probability of symbol detection for spatial streams with high post-equalization SNRs. Thus, the above method defines an adaptive search space such that spatial streams with high post-equalization SNR have a smaller search radius and spatial streams with low post-equalization SNR have a larger search radius. In doing so, the above-described method defines the search space of the spatial streams such that each spatial stream has a similar probability of symbol detection, or has the same probability of symbol detection, consistent with the resources available for symbol detection represented by the total number of searches available.

Fig. 7 is a flowchart of a method of defining an adaptive search space for spatial streams by grouping spatial streams based on an average search radius, according to some example embodiments. According to some example embodiments, the method of fig. 7 is performed by a receiver similar to or the same as the receiver 102 of fig. 1. The method of fig. 7 may correspond to operation 502 of fig. 5 and/or further define operation 502 of fig. 5, according to some example embodiments.

Referring to fig. 7, in operation 702, the receiver 102 determines whether a sum of a number of candidate symbols included within each search radius of the spatial stream of signal vectors S is less than or equal to a total number of available searches (discussed in connection with fig. 6). The search radius may be determined as discussed above in connection with fig. 5. As described above, the candidate set for each spatial stream includes all candidate symbols of the constellation included within the search radius from the search center.

If the sum of the number of candidate symbols included within each search radius of the spatial stream is less than or equal to the total number of available searches, the receiver 102 may define the search space of the spatial stream as a set of candidate symbols included within the search radius of the corresponding spatial stream in operation 704. For example, the receiver 102 may determine the following:

according to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 increases the search space for the spatial stream with the lowest post-equalization SNR if the sum of the number of candidate symbols included within each search radius of the spatial stream is less than the total number of available searches. For example, the receiver 102 may increase the search space for the spatial stream with the lowest post-equalization SNR, or the search space for the two spatial streams with the lowest post-equalization SNR. The receiver 102 may increase the search space for the spatial stream with the lowest post-equalization SNR by the following value: including the difference between the sum of the number of candidate symbols within each search radius of the spatial stream and the total number of available searches. If the sum of the number of candidate symbols included within each search radius of the spatial stream is less than or equal to the total number of available searches, the method ends after the receiver 102 defines the search space for the spatial stream. Otherwise, if the sum of the number of candidate symbols included within each search radius of the spatial stream is greater than the total number of available searches, the method proceeds to operation 706. For example, if the receiver 102 determines the following:

the method proceeds to operation 706.

In operation 706, the receiver 102 determines an average search radius based on the search radius for each spatial stream in the signal vector S. Next, in operation 708, the receiver 102 divides the spatial streams into a first group and a second group. The first group includes spatial streams having a search radius greater than the average search radius. The second group includes spatial streams having a search radius less than or equal to the average search radius.

In operation 710, the receiver 102 defines a search space for each spatial stream in the first set according to equation 12 as follows:

wherein N is_aRepresenting the sum of the number of candidate symbols included within each search radius of the spatial stream, "N_o"meansA number of modified candidate symbols of a search space of the corresponding spatial stream is defined. The number of modified candidate symbols defines a search radius from the search center of the respective spatial stream, which corresponds to a radius: the radius is sufficient to include the modified number of candidate symbols that lie within the radius. Thus, the receiver 102 defines the search space for each spatial stream as a set of candidate symbols that are included within the following radii from the search center of the respective spatial stream: the radius is sufficient to include the modified number of candidate symbols. According to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 defines the search space for each spatial stream in the first group in descending order of post-equalization SNR. According to some example embodiments, the sum of the modified number of candidate symbols included within each search radius of the spatial streams in the first set is greater than the sum of the number of candidate symbols in each search space of the spatial streams in the first set defined by the receiver 102 in operation 708.

In operation 712, the receiver 102 defines a search space for each spatial stream in the second set. According to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 determines a number of reservation searches corresponding to the following values: a difference between a sum of a number of candidate symbols included within each search radius of the spatial streams in the first group and a sum of a number of modified candidate symbols in each search space of the spatial streams in the first group defined by the receiver 102 in operation 710.

Then, in operation 712, the receiver 102 allocates the number of reservation searches to one or more spatial streams in the second group to increase the search space of the one or more spatial streams. According to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 defines the search space for the one or more spatial streams in the second set by determining the number of searches for each of the one or more spatial streams as a sum of the number of candidate symbols included within the search radius of the respective spatial stream and at least a portion of the number of reserved searches. As mentioned above, the number of candidate symbols (also referred to herein as the number of searches) defines a search radius from the search center of the respective spatial stream that corresponds to the radius: the radius is sufficient to include the number of candidate symbols within the radius. Accordingly, the receiver 102 defines the search space for each of the one or more spatial streams as comprising a set of candidate symbols within a radius from the search center of the respective spatial stream sufficient to comprise the determined number of searches. The receiver 102 defines a search space of spatial streams in the second group other than the one or more spatial streams as a set of candidate symbols included within a search radius of the respective spatial stream.

According to some example embodiments, the receiver 102 defines the search spaces of the spatial streams in the second group other than the spatial stream with the lowest post-equalization SNR as the set of candidate symbols included within the search radius of the respective space. In this case, the receiver 102 may determine the number of searches for the spatial stream with the lowest post-equalization SNR as: the sum of the number of candidate symbols included within the search radius of the spatial stream with the lowest post-equalization SNR and the number of reservation searches. As mentioned above, the number of candidate symbols (also referred to herein as the number of searches) defines a search radius from the search center of the corresponding spatial stream that corresponds to the radius: the radius is sufficient to include the number of candidate symbols within the radius. Thus, the receiver 102 defines the search space for the spatial stream with the lowest post-equalization SNR as the set of candidate symbols included within the following radii from the search center for the spatial stream with the lowest post-equalization SNR: the radius is sufficient to include the determined number of searches. After the receiver 102 defines the search spaces for the spatial streams in the second group in operation 712, the method ends.

As discussed above in connection with fig. 6, for a given post-equalization SNR, different search radii correspond to different probabilities of detecting symbols of the spatial streams, with larger radii corresponding to higher probabilities of detecting symbols. However, assuming that different spatial streams may have different post-equalization SNRs, employing a fixed search radius for all spatial streams in the signal vector S will result in a low probability of symbol detection for spatial streams with low post-equalization SNRs and a high probability of symbol detection for spatial streams with high post-equalization SNRs. Thus, the above-described method defines an adaptive search space such that spatial streams with high post-equalization SNR have a smaller search radius and spatial streams with low post-equalization SNR have a larger search radius. In doing so, the above-described method defines the search space of the spatial streams such that each spatial stream has a similar symbol detection probability, or has the same symbol detection probability, consistent with the resources available for symbol detection represented by the total number of searches available.

The various operations of the above-described methods may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the operations, such as various types of hardware and/or software implemented in some form of hardware (e.g., processor, ASIC, etc.).

The software may comprise an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions, and may be embodied in any "processor-readable medium" for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a single-core or multi-core processor or processor-containing system.

The blocks or operations of the methods or algorithms and functions described in connection with the example embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium. A software module may reside in Random Access Memory (RAM), flash memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), electrically programmable ROM (eprom), electrically erasable programmable ROM (eeprom), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.

While certain exemplary embodiments have been particularly shown and described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope defined by the following claims.