阅读说明：本技术 一种有机铵盐、钙钛矿材料及其制备方法和应用 (Organic ammonium salt, perovskite material, preparation method and application thereof ) 是由 黄胜 黄鹏 钟海政 于 2018-09-03 设计创作，主要内容包括：本申请公开了一种有机铵盐,所述有机铵盐包括有机铵离子和卤族元素阴离子；所述有机铵盐的化学式如式A所示。以及一种钙钛矿材料,由所述有机铵盐制备得到。该材料稳定性好、紫外抗老化效果好、吸收系数高、成膜性好,其制备方法能够大规模制备及应用。(An organic ammonium salt comprising an organic ammonium ion and a halide anion; the chemical formula of the organic ammonium salt is shown as a formula A. And a perovskite material prepared from the organic ammonium salt. The material has good stability, good ultraviolet anti-aging effect, high absorption coefficient and good film forming property, and the preparation method can be used for large-scale preparation and application.)

1. An organic ammonium salt, wherein the organic ammonium salt comprises an organic ammonium ion and a halide anion;

the chemical formula of the organic ammonium salt is shown as a formula A;

wherein, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃、Y₁₄、Y₁₅Independently selected from at least one of H and halogen elements, and satisfies Y₁₄、Y₁₅At least one of them is halogen element;

X₁₁ ^-is selected from F^-、Cl^-、Br^-、I^-At least one of (1).

2. The organoammonium salt of claim 1, wherein Y is₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃At least one of them is halogen element;

preferably, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃At least two of the compounds are halogen elements;

preferably, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃All are halogen elements.

3. A perovskite material having a chemical formula as shown in formula I:

A_xM_yX_zformula I;

wherein A comprises at least one of organic ammonium ions; the organic ammonium ion is at least one selected from organic ammonium ions having a chemical formula shown in formula II:

wherein, Y₁、Y₂、Y₃、Y₄、Y₅Independently selected from at least one of H and halogen elements, and satisfies Y₄、Y₅At least one of them is halogen element;

m is at least one metal element cation selected from Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cu, Mn, Sr, In, Tl and Ag;

x is selected from at least one of halide anions; the halogen elements comprise F, Cl, Br and I.

4. The perovskite material of claim 3, wherein in formula I

x is 1, y is 1, z is 3; or

x is 2, y is 1, and z is 4; or

x is 4, y is 1, z is 6; or

x is n, y is n, z is 3n +1, and n is a positive integer.

5. The perovskite material of claim 3, wherein A in formula I further comprises Cs⁺、Rb⁺、Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、CH₃NH₃ ⁺、HN＝CHNH₃+、C(NH₂)₃ ⁺、RNH₃ ⁺At least one of;

wherein R is selected from C₁～C₁₈At least one of hydrocarbon groups.

6. A perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite material is characterized in that a perovskite material is dispersed in mesopores of the mesoporous oxide;

in the perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite material, the weight percentage of the perovskite material is as follows: 0.1-40 wt%;

the perovskite material is selected from at least one of the perovskite materials as defined in any one of claims 3 to 5.

7. The perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite material according to claim 6, wherein the mesoporous oxide is at least one of mesoporous silica, mesoporous titanium oxide, mesoporous zinc oxide, mesoporous tin oxide, mesoporous tungsten oxide, and mesoporous gadolinium oxide.

8. A composite membrane comprising a polymer and a perovskite material;

the perovskite material is selected from the perovskite materials of any one of claims 3 to 5;

in the composite membrane, the mass percentage content of the perovskite material is 0.1-40%.

9. The composite membrane of claim 8, wherein the polymer is selected from at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polycarbonate.

10. Use of the perovskite material as defined in any one of claims 3 to 5, the perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite material as defined in claim 6 or 7, the composite film as defined in claim 8 or 9 as a photovoltaic material.

Technical Field

The application relates to a perovskite material and a preparation method and application thereof, belonging to the field of materials and preparation thereof.

Background

Metal halide perovskite materials have received much attention in recent years due to their good optoelectronic properties. The perovskite material with high quality can be simply prepared from the solution at room temperature due to the characteristics of abundant synthetic raw materials,The fields of display illumination and photodetectors have been widely studied and applied. Among the perovskite materials currently being investigated for use, the most studied is ABX₃And A₄BX₆A perovskite-type material. For ABX at present₃And A₄BX₆The preparation method, the structure regulation and the application report of the perovskite material in various fields are various. However, the problem of poor stability of such perovskite materials is becoming an important factor limiting the applications in the display and photovoltaic fields.

Disclosure of Invention

According to one aspect of the application, an organic ammonium salt is provided, and the organic ammonium salt is simple in preparation method and suitable for industrial production. The perovskite material prepared from the organic ammonium salt has good stability, good ultraviolet anti-aging effect, high absorption coefficient and good film forming property, and the preparation method can be prepared and applied in a large scale.

The organic ammonium salt comprises organic ammonium ions and halide element anions;

the chemical formula of the organic ammonium salt is shown as a formula A;

wherein, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃、Y₁₄、Y₁₅Independently selected from at least one of H and halogen elements, and satisfies Y₁₄、Y₁₅At least one of them is halogen element;

X₁₁ ^-is selected from F^-、Cl^-、Br^-、I^-At least one of (1).

Alternatively, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃At least one of them is halogen element.

Alternatively, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃At least two of the halogen elements are halogen elements.

Alternatively, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃All the halogen elements are halogen elements.

Optionally, the organic ammonium salt is selected from CH₃NH₂Cl₂、CH₃NH₃Br₂、CH₃NH₂I₂、CH₃NHCl₃、CH₃NCl₄、CH₃NHF₃、CH₃NHF₃At least one of (1).

According to one aspect of the application, the perovskite material is good in stability, good in ultraviolet anti-aging effect, high in absorption coefficient and good in film forming property, and the preparation method of the perovskite material can be prepared and applied on a large scale.

The perovskite material has a chemical formula as shown in formula I:

A_xM_yX_zformula I;

wherein A comprises at least one of organic ammonium ions; the organic ammonium ion is at least one selected from organic ammonium ions having a chemical formula shown in formula II:

wherein, Y₁、Y₂、Y₃、Y₄、Y₅Independently selected from at least one of H and halogen elements, and satisfies Y₄、Y₅At least one of them is halogen element;

m is at least one of Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cu, Mn, Sr, In, Tl and Ag;

x is at least one selected from halogen elements; the halogen elements comprise F, Cl, Br and I.

Alternatively, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃At least one of them is halogen element.

Alternatively, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃At least two of the halogen elements are halogen elements.

Alternatively, Y₁₁、Y₁₂、Y₁₃All the halogen elements are halogen elements.

Alternatively, in formula I

x is 1, y is 1, z is 3; or

x is 2, y is 1, and z is 4; or

x is 4, y is 1, z is 6; or

x is n, y is n, z is 3n +1, and n is a positive integer.

Optionally, the perovskite material has an emission peak position of 300nm to 1000 nm.

Optionally, A in the formula I also comprises Cs⁺、Rb⁺、Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、CH₃NH₃ ⁺、HN＝CHNH₃+、C(NH₂)₃ ⁺、RNH₃ ⁺At least one of;

wherein R is selected from C₁～C₁₈At least one of hydrocarbon groups.

Optionally, A in the formula I comprises Cs and at least one of organic ammonium ions of the chemical formula shown in the formula II⁺、Rb⁺、Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、CH₃NH₃ ⁺、HN＝CHNH₃+、C(NH₂)₃ ⁺、RNH₃ ⁺At least one of;

wherein R is selected from C₁～C₁₈At least one of hydrocarbon groups. Thereby improving the binding capacity of the organic ammonium ions and the octahedral framework in the perovskite material and improving various performances of the perovskite material.

Alternatively, the a contains the organic ammonium ion (at least one of organic ammonium ions having a chemical formula shown in formula II) and at least one of ammonium salts and elements that are currently available.

Optionally, the A is selected from the group consisting of the organoammonium ion (at least one of the organoammonium ions having the formula shown in formula II), Cs⁺、Rb⁺、Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、CH₃NH₃ ⁺、HN＝CHNH₃+、C(NH₂)₃ ⁺、RNH₃ ⁺At least one of (1).

Optionally, in the formula I, besides the formula II alone, A can also be a formula II and Cs⁺、Rb⁺、Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、CH₃NH₃ ⁺、HN＝CHNH₃+、C(NH₂)₃ ⁺、RNH₃ ⁺At least one of mixing;

wherein R is selected from C₁～C₁₈At least one of hydrocarbon groups.

Alternatively, R is selected from C₁～C₁₀At least one of hydrocarbon groups.

Alternatively, R is selected from C₁～C₄At least one of hydrocarbon groups.

Alternatively, R is selected from C₆～C₁₀At least one of aryl groups.

Optionally, R is selected from a saturated straight-chain alkyl group or a saturated branched-chain alkyl group or an unsaturated straight-chain alkyl group or an unsaturated branched-chain alkyl group or an aromatic group with the chain carbon number of 1-18.

Optionally, the perovskite material comprises at least one of perovskite powder, perovskite quantum dots, perovskite single crystals, perovskite thin films, perovskite nanocrystals.

In another aspect of the present application, a method for preparing said perovskite material is provided, characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps:

s1) obtaining the organoammonium salt AX¹；

S2) reacting the organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²Reacting in a reaction system to obtain a solid, namely the perovskite material;

a comprises organic ammonium ions, and the organic ammonium ions are selected from at least one of organic ammonium ions with a chemical formula shown in a formula II;

m is at least one selected from group IIA metal elements, group IIIA metal elements, group IVA metal elements, group VA metal elements, group VIIB metal elements, group IB metal elements and group VIIB metal elements;

X¹、X²independently selected from halogenAt least one of group element anions.

Optionally, M is selected from at least one of Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cu, Mn, Sr, In, Tl, Ag.

Optionally, step S1) obtaining the organoammonium salt AX¹To prepare AX¹The preparation method comprises the following steps:

will contain NY⁴Y⁵H、CX¹Y¹Y²Y³Or heating the solution of the halogen simple substance at the temperature of 20-100 ℃, and obtaining the solid which is the organic ammonium salt AX¹；

Y¹，Y²，Y³Independently selected from H or halogen elements;

X¹at least one selected from halogen elements;

Y⁴，Y⁵independently selected from H or halogen elements, satisfying Y⁴、Y⁵At least one of them is a halogen element.

Optionally, the elemental halogen is selected from Br₂、Cl₂At least one of (1).

Optionally, said contains NY⁴Y⁵H and CX¹Y¹Y²Y³In solution of (2), NY⁴Y⁵H and CX¹Y¹Y²Y³The molar ratio of (A) to (B) is:

NY⁴Y⁵H：CX¹Y¹Y²Y³＝1：1～3。

alternatively, the NH₃And CX³Y¹Y²Y³The molar volume ratio of (1) to (1-50) L; the reaction time is 2-12 hours.

Optionally, said NY⁴Y⁵H and CX¹Y¹Y²Y³The molar volume ratio of (a) to (b) is 1:1 to 30 (mol/L).

Optionally, said contains NY⁴Y⁵H and CX¹Y¹Y²Y³By reacting CX with¹Y¹Y²Y³Is added toNY⁴Y⁵H is mixed in the alcoholic solution.

Optionally, said contains NY⁴Y⁵H and CX¹Y¹Y²Y³The solution is put at 50 to 70 ℃ for evaporation and drying to obtain solid, namely the organic ammonium salt AX¹。

Optionally, said contains NY⁴Y⁵H and CX¹Y¹Y²Y³The solution is put at 50 to 70 ℃ for rotary evaporation and drying to obtain solid, namely the organic ammonium salt AX¹。

Optionally, said evaporation drying is to contain NY⁴Y⁵H、CX¹Y¹Y²Y³The solution is placed in at least one reaction condition of stirring reaction condition, ultrasonic reaction condition, shaking reaction condition, heating reaction condition and decompression reaction condition for reaction.

Optionally, the reaction condition is that the mixture is stirred for 1 to 3 hours under the condition of ice-water bath at the temperature of 0 to 5 ℃; or the reaction condition is heating at 50-80 ℃ for 10-15 hours.

Optionally, the stirring reaction condition is at least one of magnetic stirring, mechanical stirring and high-speed dispersion; the stirring speed is 50-5000 r/min, and the reaction time is 1-120 h.

Optionally, the reaction time of the ultrasonic reaction condition is 3-120 min, the ultrasonic frequency is 20-40 kHz, and the power density is 0.1-1W/cm²。

Optionally, the oscillation reaction condition is constant-temperature water bath oscillation, wherein the reaction time is 1-120 h, the oscillation frequency is 100-300 times/min, and the amplitude is 20-30 mm.

Optionally, the heating reaction condition is that the reaction time is 1-120 h, and the reaction temperature is 20-2000 ℃.

Optionally, the reduced pressure reaction condition is 0-100 Kpa, and the reaction time is 1-120 h.

As a specific embodiment, the method for preparing the organic ammonium salt at least comprises the following steps:

1. reacting NH₃And CH₂Y₂、CHY₃、CY₄One or more of the halogen simple substance solution is mixed by 1 (1-50) mol/L, wherein Y is F^-、Cl^-、Br^-、I^-In the dihalogenated, trihalogenated and tetrahalogenated groups, the halogen may be the same element or a combination of different elements.

2. And (2) reacting the solution to be reacted obtained in the step (1) under one or more reaction conditions of stirring reaction conditions, ultrasonic reaction conditions, oscillation reaction conditions, heating reaction conditions and pressure reduction reaction conditions for 1-120 h to obtain a solid material, wherein the solid material is the ammonium salt obtained in the invention.

Alternatively, the organic ammonium salt AX in step S2)¹And metal salt MX²The molar ratio of (A) to (B) is:

AX¹：MX²＝1～10：1。

alternatively, the organic ammonium salt AX in step S2)¹And metal salt MX²The molar ratio of (A) to (B) is:

AX¹：MX²＝1～4：1。

alternatively, the organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²The ratio of the sum of the mole numbers of (A) to the solvent is 1.8 to 2.2: 0.9 to 1.1 (mol/L).

Optionally, said organic ammonium salt AX is contained¹And metal salt MX²The volume ratio of the molar sum of the metal halide and the organic ammonium salt in the solution to the solvent is 1.9-2.1: 1 (mol/L).

Optionally, said organic ammonium salt AX is contained¹And metal salt MX²The molar sum of the metal halide and the organic ammonium salt in the solution to the solvent is 2:1 (mol/L).

Optionally, the organic ammonium salt AX is treated as described in step S2)¹And metal salt MX²The reaction in the reaction system comprises:

containing organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²The solution is evaporated and dried at the temperature of 60-90 ℃, and the obtained solid is the perovskite material.

Alternatively, the organic ammonium salt AX in step S2)¹And metal salt MX²The reaction in the reaction system comprises:

containing organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²The solution is subjected to ultrasonic treatment and centrifugal separation to obtain a solid, namely the perovskite material.

Alternatively, the organic ammonium salt AX in step S2)¹And metal salt MX²The reaction in the reaction system comprises:

in the presence of an organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²In the stirring process of the solution, at least one of toluene, acetone and ethyl acetate is dripped, and then the solid obtained by centrifugal separation is the perovskite material.

Alternatively, the organic ammonium salt AX in step S2)¹And metal salt MX²The reaction in the reaction system comprises:

in the presence of an organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²In the stirring process of the solution, after toluene, acetone or ethyl acetate is dripped, the solid obtained by centrifugal separation is the perovskite material.

Optionally, said organic ammonium salt AX is contained¹And metal salt MX²The solution of (1) comprises at least one of N, N-dimethylformamide, toluene, N-octylamine, oleic acid, oleylamine, dodecylamine and acetone.

Optionally, the solution reaction containing the organic ammonium salt and the metal salt is at least one selected from a reaction of preparing perovskite powder, a reaction of preparing perovskite quantum dots, a reaction of preparing perovskite single crystals, a reaction of preparing perovskite thin films, and a reaction of preparing perovskite nanocrystals.

Optionally, the perovskite material is a perovskite quantum dot material.

Alternatively, the molar ratio of metal halide to organic ammonium salt in the reaction is 1: 1.

optionally, the reaction comprises at least the following steps: reacting the solution containing metal halide and organic ammonium salt for 4-8 hours at 60-100 ℃ to obtain a perovskite material; or

Adding a precipitation aid into a solution containing metal halide and organic ammonium salt, and centrifuging to obtain a perovskite material; or

Preparing a perovskite material from a solution containing metal halide and organic ammonium salt by an emulsion method; or

Preparing a perovskite quantum dot material from a solution containing metal halide and organic ammonium salt by a template method (preferably, polyvinylidene fluoride is added into the solution containing metal halide and organic ammonium salt to obtain the perovskite material); or

Adding mesoporous silicon dioxide into a solution containing metal halide and organic ammonium salt, and heating at 80-120 ℃ for 20-50 min to obtain a perovskite material; or

Adding octadecene, oleic acid and oleylamine into a solution containing metal halide and organic ammonium salt, performing ultrasonic treatment, keeping the temperature at 110-130 ℃ for 0.5-1.5 h, adding n-octylamine and oleic acid, and keeping the temperature at 150-170 ℃ for 8-12 min to obtain the perovskite material.

Alternatively, the organic ammonium salt AX in step S2)¹And metal salt MX²The reaction in the reaction system comprises the following steps: containing organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²Is placed in a container, the container is placed in a jar, then toluene is added, and the perovskite material is obtained after placement.

Optionally, the time of said resting is 2 weeks.

Alternatively, the organic ammonium salt AX in step S2)¹And metal salt MX²The reaction in the reaction system is growth by an anti-solvent method, which comprises the following steps: reacting an organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²Respectively weighing 1mmol of the perovskite material, dissolving the solution in 10ml of DMF, placing the solution in a 20ml glass bottle, then placing the glass bottle in a 500 ml wide-mouth bottle, adding 50ml of toluene solution into the bottle, and placing for 2 weeks to obtain the corresponding perovskite material single crystal.

In still another aspect of the present application, there is provided a perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite material, wherein a perovskite material is dispersed in mesopores of the mesoporous oxide;

in the perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite material, the weight percentage of the perovskite material is as follows: 0.1-40 wt%;

the perovskite material is selected from at least one of the perovskite materials and the perovskite materials prepared by the method.

Optionally, the mesoporous oxide is at least one of mesoporous silica, mesoporous titanium oxide, mesoporous zinc oxide, mesoporous tin oxide, mesoporous tungsten oxide, and mesoporous gadolinium oxide.

In still another aspect of the present application, there is provided a method for preparing the perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite, which is characterized by comprising the steps of:

containing organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²The mixture of the solution and the mesoporous oxide is heated at 80-120 ℃ for 20-50 min to obtain the perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite material.

In yet another aspect of the present application, a composite membrane is provided, comprising a polymer and a perovskite material;

the perovskite material is selected from at least one of the perovskite materials described above and perovskite materials prepared according to the above-described method;

in the composite membrane, the mass percentage content of the perovskite material is 0.1-40%.

Preferably, the polymer is selected from at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polystyrene (PS), Polycarbonate (PC).

In yet another aspect of the application, a method for preparing the composite membrane is provided, which comprises organic ammonium salt AX¹And metal salt MX²Dissolving the solution and the polymer in an organic solvent to obtain a mixture I, dripping the mixture I on a plane, and vacuum drying to form a film, thus obtaining the composite film.

Preferably, the perovskite material prepared by the method, the perovskite/mesoporous oxide composite material prepared by the method, the composite film and the application of the composite film prepared by the method as photoelectric materials.

In particular, the perovskite material has a general formula of AMX₃、(C)(A)_nM_nX_3n+1、AMX₄、A₂MX₄、A₄MX₆(ii) a Wherein A, C is CH₃NH₂Y⁺、CH₃NHY₂ ⁺、CH₃NY₃ ⁺One or more of the above (Y is selected from at least one of halogen elements), or A, C is the above-mentioned at least one organic ammonium ion and Cs⁺、Rb⁺、Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、CH₃NH₃ ⁺、NH＝CHNH₃ ⁺、C(NH₂)₃ ⁺、RNH₃ ⁺In at least one of the mixed, dihalogenated and trihalogenated groups, the halogen can be the same element or the combination of different elements, and R is a saturated straight-chain alkyl group or a saturated branched-chain alkyl group or an unsaturated straight-chain alkyl group or an unsaturated branched-chain alkyl group or an aromatic group with the chain carbon number of 1-18, so that the binding capacity of organic ammonium ions and an octahedral framework in the perovskite material can be improved, and various performances of the perovskite material can be improved. M is one or more of Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cu, Mn, Sr, In, Tl or Ag metal ions, and X is Cl^-、Br^-、I^-One or more of them are mixed. In the application, the organic ammonium ions can obtain the effects of high absorption coefficient, good stability and good ultraviolet anti-aging effect, and the high absorption efficiency is attributed to the fact that halogen in the organic ammonium ions increases the state density in a valence band; the stability is good because halogen in the organic ammonium ions and octahedron in the perovskite framework have certain coordination, and tolerance factors are changed; the good ultraviolet aging effect is attributed to the addition of halogen, so that the activity of lone pair electrons on N in organic ions is reduced, the decomposition of free radicals is not easy to generate, and the structure of the perovskite material is more stable due to the improvement of the performance.

The perovskite material provided in the application and/or the perovskite material prepared according to the method are used for preparing core-shell materials and polymer composite materials.

In particular, the perovskite material proposed herein may further comprise an organic ligand, which is R' NH₂R' is a saturated straight-chain alkyl group or a saturated branched-chain alkyl group or an unsaturated straight-chain alkyl group or an unsaturated branched-chain alkyl group or an aromatic group with the number of chain carbon atoms between 1 and 18; the existence of the organic ligand can ensure that the synthesized perovskite material dispersed in the solution can exist stably, and the occurrence of an agglomeration phenomenon is inhibited.

All conditions in this application that relate to a numerical range can be independently selected from any point within the numerical range.

In this application "C₁～C₁₈”、“C₁～C₁₀"and the like refer to the number of carbon atoms which a group contains.

In the present application, an "alkyl group" is a group formed by losing any one hydrogen atom on the molecule of an alkane compound.

In this application, a "hydrocarbyl group" is a group formed by the loss of one hydrogen atom on a carbon atom in a hydrocarbon molecule. The hydrocarbon is a carbohydrate, for example, the alkane, alkene, alkyne are all hydrocarbons.

In the present application, an "aryl group" is a group formed by losing any one of hydrogen atoms on an aromatic ring in an aromatic compound molecule.

The beneficial effects that this application can produce include:

1) the perovskite material provided by the application has the advantages of good stability, good ultraviolet anti-aging effect, high absorption coefficient and good film forming property.

2) The perovskite material provided by the application and the preparation method thereof can be prepared and applied on a large scale.

3) The perovskite material provided by the application has high purity.

4) The perovskite material provided by the application has high anisotropy and strong ferroelectricity, and is beneficial to being used as a luminescent material, a photovoltaic material and a photoelectric material.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows (CH) in example 1₃NH₂Cl)PbCl₃XRD pattern of perovskite material.

FIG. 2 shows (CH) in example 3₃NH₂Br)PbBr₃A TEM image of the perovskite material; wherein (a) the scale is 20 nm; (b) the scale is 10 nm.

Detailed Description

The present application will be described in detail with reference to examples, but the present application is not limited to these examples.

Unless otherwise specified, the raw materials and solvents in the examples of the present application were all purchased commercially.

The analysis method in the examples of the present application is as follows:

XRD measurements were performed using a Bruker/D8FOCUS X-ray diffractometer using a Cu Kr radiation source at a wavelength of 1.5405 angstroms and a sweep of 3 degrees per minute starting at 5 degrees to 60 degrees.

Fluorescence spectrum analysis was performed using an F-380 fluorescence spectrometer manufactured by Tianjin Gangdong scientific and technological development Co.

The resulting single crystals were tested at room temperature using a Bruker D8Venture single crystal diffractometer.

TEM tests were performed using JEOL-JEM 2100F.