阅读说明：本技术 热化学可再生能源储存系统和操作 (Thermochemical renewable energy storage system and operation ) 是由 J·F·克劳斯纳 J·彼得拉施 K·兰迪尔 N·拉马提安 于 2020-01-07 设计创作，主要内容包括：提供了一种用于能量存储和能量回收的系统和方法。一种电-电储能系统(80)包括热化学储能装置(10)、鼓风机(82)、压缩机(86)、涡轮机(88)和发电机(90)。TCES装置(10)包括容器(14)、多孔床(11)和加热器(16、16’)。多孔床(11)设置在容器(14)的内部容积(36)的内部。多孔床(11)包括反应材料(12)。反应材料(12)被设定为在被加热到还原温度时释放氧气,并在暴露于氧气时产生热量。加热器(16、16’)与反应材料(12)热接触。鼓风机(82)被设定为从内部容积(36)去除氧气。压缩机(86)构造成使氧气流入内部容积(36)。涡轮机(88)构造成从内部容积(36)接收加热的、贫氧的气体。发电机(90)被设定为由涡轮机(88)提供动力以发电。(A system and method for energy storage and energy recovery is provided. An electro-electric energy storage system (80) includes a thermochemical energy storage device (10), a blower (82), a compressor (86), a turbine (88), and a generator (90). The TCES device (10) includes a vessel (14), a porous bed (11), and heaters (16, 16'). The porous bed (11) is disposed inside an interior volume (36) of the vessel (14). The porous bed (11) comprises a reactive material (12). The reactive material (12) is configured to release oxygen when heated to a reduction temperature and to generate heat when exposed to oxygen. The heater (16, 16') is in thermal contact with the reactive material (12). The blower (82) is configured to remove oxygen from the interior volume (36). The compressor (86) is configured to flow oxygen into the interior volume (36). The turbine (88) is configured to receive heated, oxygen-depleted gas from the interior volume (36). The generator (90) is configured to be powered by the turbine (88) to generate electricity.)

1. A thermochemical energy storage device, comprising:

a container defining an interior volume, the container including a first opening and a second opening;

a porous bed disposed inside the interior volume and in fluid communication with the first opening and the second opening, the porous bed comprising a reactive material configured to release oxygen when heated to a reduction temperature and to generate heat when exposed to oxygen; and

a heater configured to heat the reactive material.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reactive material comprises a metal oxide.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the metal oxide comprises a magnesium-manganese oxide.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the porous bed comprises a plurality of particles comprising the reactive material, the plurality of particles defining an average size in a range of about 100 μ ι η to 8 mm.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the porous bed comprises less than or equal to about 70% total porosity.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an insulator disposed between the porous bed and the outer shell of the vessel, the insulator in thermal communication with the porous bed.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the thermal insulation layer comprises a first thermal insulation layer disposed between the housing and the second thermal insulation layer and a second thermal insulation layer disposed between the first thermal insulation layer and the porous bed.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first thermal insulation layer comprises a plurality of refractory bricks comprising aluminum, calcium aluminate, zirconia, magnesium aluminate, a sub-combination thereof, or a combination thereof.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the second thermal insulation layer comprises microporous alumina, microporous silica, alumina, fibrous zirconia, microporous zirconia, a subcombination thereof, or a combination thereof.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a cooling system in thermal communication with the porous bed, the cooling system configured to circulate a heat transfer fluid between the porous bed and the shell of the vessel.

11. The apparatus of claim 1,

the heater comprises a first pair of ceramic electrodes and a second pair of ceramic electrodes, the porous bed is arranged between the first pair of ceramic electrodes, and the first pair of ceramic electrodes and the porous bed are arranged between the second pair of ceramic electrodes; and

the heater is configured for bulk resistive heating of the porous bed.

12. The apparatus of claim 11,

the first pair of ceramic electrodes comprises La_1-xA_xCrO₃Wherein a is selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or combinations thereof; x ranges from 0 to 0.1; and

the second pair of ceramic electrodes comprises a material of the formula B_1-yC_yDO₃Wherein B is selected from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Al, Sc, Ti, Y, Zr, Hf, or combinations thereof; c is selected from Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof; d is selected from Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, or combinations thereof; y ranges from about 0.3 to about 0.6.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first ceramic material comprises LaCrO₃And the second ceramic material comprises La_0.7Sr_0.3CoO₃。

14. An electro-electric energy storage system, characterized in that,

a thermochemical energy storage device comprising a vessel defining an interior volume, a metal oxide redox material disposed within the interior volume, and a heater configured to receive electrical power and heat the metal oxide redox material; and

a blower configured to remove a first gas from the interior volume;

a compressor configured to provide a second gas to the interior volume;

a turbine configured to receive a third gas from the interior volume; and

a generator configured to be powered by the turbine to generate electricity.

15. The system of claim 14, further comprising a bypass line having a variable control valve disposed thereon, the bypass line fluidly connected to a first junction between the compressor and the thermochemical energy storage device and a second junction between the thermochemical energy storage device and the turbine.

16. A method of storing electrical power and recovering electrical power, the method comprising:

storing power by:

(a) supplying power to a heater configured to heat a reactive material disposed within a container, the reactive material configured to release oxygen; and

(b) removing at least a portion of the oxygen from the vessel; and

recovering power by:

(c) providing oxygen to the vessel, the oxygen chemically reacting with the reactive material to produce a heated oxygen-depleted fluid;

(d) removing the heated oxygen-depleted gas from the vessel;

(e) providing the heated oxygen-depleted gas to a turbine; and

(f) and driving a generator to generate electricity by using the turbine.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein said removing is performed at an oxygen partial pressure in the range of about 0.01 to 0.1 bar.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein said (c) providing oxygen comprises providing air to said container.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein providing air comprises providing air at a pressure in a range of about 20-25bar and a temperature in a range of about 200-400 ℃.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the recovering power further comprises forming a mixture after (d) and before (e) by mixing a bypass gas with the heated oxygen-depleted gas, and wherein the (e) providing the heated oxygen-depleted gas to the turbine comprises providing the mixture to the turbine.

Background and summary

The present disclosure relates to thermochemical renewable energy storage, and more particularly, to thermochemical energy storage devices, and electric-to-electric energy storage systems and methods.

Energy storage is commonly used to accommodate daily and seasonal imbalances in energy consumption and production. Power generation from renewable energy sources, such as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), solar Photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines, is variable in nature. Thus, renewable energy sources are preferably used in conjunction with energy storage systems to store energy when production exceeds demand and to release energy when demand exceeds production.

Some renewable energy systems, such as solar Photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, use batteries to store electrical energy. Other storage systems include pumped-storage, compressed air andflywheels, and the like. Other renewable energy systems, such as CSP, include Thermal Energy Storage (TES). CSP plants typically use materials such as molten salts, oil, sand, rock or other particulate materials in conjunction with sensible heat storage. The energy density of the fused salt energy storage ranges from 500 to 780MJm^-3. TES systems typically operate at temperatures below 600 ℃, limiting the radioactive energy (energy) and thus the thermoelectric conversion efficiency.

Some renewable energy systems include thermochemical energy storage (TCES); however, many TCES systems have poor reaction stability (i.e., can be reused for thousands of cycles with negligible performance degradation), moderate volumetric energy density, and/or low energy discharge temperatures.

The invention provides a TCES device. The TCES device includes a vessel, a porous bed, and a heater. The container defines an interior volume and includes a first opening and a second opening. The porous bed is disposed within the interior volume and is in fluid communication with the first and second openings. The porous bed comprises a reactive material. The reactive material is configured to release oxygen when heated to a reduction temperature, and is exposed to air or any oxygen-bearing gas and generates heat when reacted with oxygen. The heater is configured to heat the reactive material. Another aspect provides an electro-electric energy storage system. The electro-electric energy storage system includes a TCES device, a blower, a compressor, a turbine, and a generator. The blower is configured to remove oxygen from the internal volume of the TCES device when heating the reactive material. The compressor is configured to provide air or any oxygen-containing gas to the internal volume of the TCES device. The turbine is configured to receive heated, oxygen-depleted gas from an interior volume of the TCES device. The generator is configured to power the turbine to generate electricity. Another aspect provides a method of storing energy and releasing energy using an electro-electric energy storage system.

An advantage of the TCES device of the present invention is that it operates at elevated temperatures, for example, at least about 1000 ℃ in a preferred embodiment. In addition, the reactive material has a high reaction stability and a high volumetric energy density, for example in a preferred embodiment at leastAbout 1600, 1600MJm^-3. The reaction materials are inexpensive, abundant and tolerant of impurities, making them useful for large scale operations. In a preferred embodiment, the reactive material comprises magnesium-manganese oxide. The TCES devices may be sized and shaped according to standard shipping container dimensions to facilitate shipping. The electric-electric energy storage system comprises the TCES device. The system may include multiple TCES devices to achieve the required capacity.