阅读说明：本技术 用于稳定的高温二次电池的系统和方法 (System and method for stable high temperature secondary battery ) 是由 王宇凡 毛罗·帕斯塔 奥利维亚·里塞 陈建帆 于 2018-02-24 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种用于高温、高能量密度的二次电池的系统,该系统包括含有离子液体溶剂和电解质盐的电解质；金属阳极；与该电解质相容并包含活性材料和聚酰亚胺粘结剂的阴极；以及分隔该阴极和阳极的隔膜部件。(a system for a high temperature, high energy density secondary battery, the system comprising an electrolyte comprising an ionic liquid solvent and an electrolyte salt; a metal anode; a cathode compatible with the electrolyte and comprising an active material and a polyimide binder; and a separator member separating the cathode and the anode.)

1. A system for a high temperature, high energy density secondary battery, the system comprising:

An electrolyte comprising an ionic liquid solvent and an electrolyte salt;

A metal anode;

A cathode compatible with the electrolyte and comprising an active material and a polyimide binder; and

A separator member separating the cathode and the anode.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte salt is a lithium salt at a concentration greater than 10% by weight of the electrolyte.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the lithium salt is lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the ionic liquid solvent is a bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide based ionic liquid solvent.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide based ionic liquid solvent is 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide.

6. the system of claim 1, wherein the metal anode is a lithium metal anode.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the active material reversibly intercalates lithium ions; and wherein the cathode further comprises at least one carbon-based conductive additive.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the metal anode is a lithium magnesium alloy anode.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the membrane is a ceramic coated polypropylene membrane.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the membrane is a composite membrane having at least two membrane materials.

11. the system of claim 10, wherein the composite membrane comprises a polyimide layer adjacent the cathode and a ceramic coated polypropylene layer adjacent the anode.

12. The system of claim 1, further comprising a high temperature battery housing.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the high temperature battery case comprises a steel-based negative contact case having a positive contact post defined by a glass-to-metal seal.

14. the system of claim 1, further comprising an external housing formed in a battery structure selected from the group consisting of at least a button cell battery structure and a wound battery structure.

15. The system of claim 1, wherein the battery is capable of being charged and discharged at a temperature greater than 70 ℃.

16. The system of claim 1, wherein the battery is capable of being charged and discharged at a temperature between 25 ℃ and 160 ℃.

17. The system of claim 1, wherein the battery retains greater than 70% of its capacity over twenty charge-discharge cycles to a 100% state of charge and 100% depth of discharge at a temperature between 100 ℃ and 160 ℃.

18. The system of claim 1, wherein the battery comprises a discharge mode of operation; wherein in the discharge mode of operation, the cell provides at least 450Wh/L during one full discharge when operated in a temperature range of 70 ℃ -160 ℃.

19. The system of claim 18, further comprising a high temperature charging system; and wherein the system comprises a charging mode of operation; and in the charging mode of operation, the high temperature charging system is configured to set the temperature of the battery to at least 80 ℃.

20. The system of claim 1, wherein the cathode is a cathode selected from the group of metal oxide cathodes, metal fluoride cathodes, or metal phosphate cathodes.

21. A system for a high-temperature secondary battery, the system comprising:

An electrolyte comprising an ionic liquid solvent based on bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide and a lithium salt, wherein the lithium salt comprises at least lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide;

Lithium metal anodes;

A cathode compatible with the electrolyte, the cathode comprising a metal oxide-based active material, a polyimide binder and at least one carbon-based conductive additive;

A ceramic coated polypropylene part separating the cathode and anode; and

High temperature battery case.

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to the field of rechargeable batteries, and more particularly to a new and useful system and method for a stable high energy rechargeable battery.

background

Batteries are used in a variety of industries, such as consumer electronics, electric vehicles, measurement while drilling/logging, aerospace, medical devices, portable power devices, military, oil and gas, and the like. It is known that the battery achieves the best performance when operated at room temperature, but the battery becomes unstable and dangerous at high temperature and the charging and discharging efficiency is low. While challenging, battery operation in harsh environments is critical to various industries including automotive, oil and gas, military and medical equipment. Generally, commercially available rechargeable batteries cannot safely and reliably operate above 70 ℃. Furthermore, they do not provide the high energy density used in certain markets such as oil and gas drilling rigs.

Therefore, there is a need in the rechargeable battery field to create a new and useful system and method for a stable high energy rechargeable battery. The present invention provides such a new and useful system and method.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system as a wound-around cell (spiral-wound cell) battery;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary implementation of the system;

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a system as a button cell battery;

Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a system as a pouch-cell battery;

FIG. 5 is a graph comparing battery performance at variable salt concentrations at high temperatures;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an exemplary implementation of a system having a two-layer diaphragm;

FIG. 7 is a graph comparing cell performance of different binders at high temperature;

FIG. 8 is a detailed schematic of a high temperature battery case; and is

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of a battery charging system.

Detailed Description

The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention.

SUMMARY

As shown in fig. 1 and more generally in fig. 2, the system of a high temperature, high energy density secondary battery of a preferred embodiment may include an electrolyte 100 including an ionic liquid solvent 110, a lithium salt 120, and a stabilizing salt 130; a metal anode 200; a metal oxide cathode 300 compatible with the electrolyte; and at least one separator 400 separating the cathode and the anode. Preferably, the cathode comprises a polyimide binder 310. Herein, reference to a battery may describe the entire system or a device in which the system is a subcomponent. The system may additionally include a battery housing 500, a plurality of battery cells that function as cells within a multi-cell battery, and/or any suitable battery components. The system may additionally include a charger system 600. The charger system 600 in combination with the battery may provide a particular recharging capability for the battery. The system may additionally include integrated or coupled electrical devices, where the battery may be suitable for use in applications such as well or mining measurement and logging devices, drilling devices, a medical device, a plurality of medical devices (e.g., electrical medical device implants), aerospace, wearable devices, and/or other suitable applications.

The system preferably utilizes a set of compatible components that can be used to enable a non-volatile and non-combustible battery. Many of the components described herein provide high thermal stability (e.g., stability up to 250 ℃), and batteries using these components may be particularly useful where the batteries are used at high temperatures. High temperatures for the battery may be considered temperatures above 50 ℃, but many implementations may be applicable to temperatures above 100 ℃, 150 ℃, and even greater than 180 ℃. As a more specific description, the high performance of batteries can come from a wide electrochemical window that enables the use of high voltage (greater than 4V versus lithium in the fully charged state) cathode materials even at high temperatures combined with unique chemical characteristics that stabilize energy-dense metal anodes. In summary, the synergistic effect between carefully selected battery components and the electrolyte can result in a unique battery with the potential to safely deliver high energy density and specific energy at high temperatures, and in a rechargeable configuration as discovered by the applicant.

In one implementation, the system may enable the battery to operate at an average voltage of 3.7V up to a temperature of at least 160 ℃, providing 80Wh in a DD format cell (cell volume about 100 cubic centimeters). Additionally, such exemplary batteries may be substantially non-combustible and rechargeable. The battery may alternatively have other suitable operating characteristics.

As a potential benefit, the battery of the system may contain components that are stable and functional at high temperatures (up to and/or above 160 ℃). This can make the battery operable and safe in certain markets, such as oil and gas drilling equipment, where the battery must withstand extreme heat.

In addition to high temperature use, another potential benefit may be that the battery of the system may be stable and rechargeable at high temperatures. The battery can provide a unique combination of high temperature stability and rechargeable characteristics while providing energy characteristics comparable to or better than other technologies. These qualities may be of great benefit for military applications, drilling applications, and/or other suitable applications.

As another potential benefit, the battery of the system may be produced by non-combustible and generally safe components. Safety batteries may have particular application in private sector and medical applications where people or sensitive equipment are susceptible to battery problems. High energy medical devices that are at present too risky to be used for long periods of time or carried by a person for long periods of time may become safer due to such batteries. Similarly, using a rechargeable battery in situations where the battery failure threshold is low, like drilling downhole, may similarly become safer.

As another potential benefit, the batteries of the system may be produced using materials and methods that provide significant cost savings over other battery options currently used where other comparable batteries generally lack many of the features of the system (e.g., rechargeability, safety, stability, etc.). One example of a cost savings may be where the cost per discharge of an implementation of a battery in a DD form cell ranges from $ 10 to $ 20, where a comparable battery in a DD form cell (such as a lithium thionyl chloride battery or a lithium carbon monofluoride battery) may cost between $ 30 and $ 40 per discharge.

As another potential benefit, the system may provide low weight and volume distribution compared to other battery technologies. This may lead to the creation of new medical devices that were not feasible so far. Spinal cord neurostimulators and implanted defibrillators are examples of this type.

The system is particularly suited for use in highly instrumented and power consuming downhole rigs and probes. In such use cases, safety and stability are very important. Explosions caused by short circuits, electrical degradation, mechanical degradation, thermal degradation, and/or overheating may cause significant complications in such downhole operations. The system and method may provide applicability for electric vehicles where long-range travel is made difficult by range anxiety due to current battery lack of sufficient power and lack of portability. The system may also provide large market applicability in personal electronics where stability is a major factor. In addition, long term discharge of batteries with stability may be of particular interest for military use. The aerospace industry can also potentially benefit from temperature resistant, stable, and durable batteries.

The battery of the preferred embodiment includes an internal battery component and an external component. The internal battery components provide an electrochemical process, enabling recharging and discharging. The outer or housing component may be used to package and secure the internal battery components.

The internal components of the battery may include inert components (e.g., separator, foil, tabs, etc.) and active components (e.g., metal oxide cathode and metal anode). Preferably, the cell includes an anode subcomponent and a cathode subcomponent, wherein the anode subcomponent and cathode subcomponent are separated by a separator 400. The internal space of the battery, the porous space between the cathode and the anode and including the separator 400 and the cathode 300, is preferably filled with the electrolyte 100. The battery of the system will additionally include an anode terminal and a cathode terminal as part of the external components. The cathode and anode may be electrically connected to their respective terminals with metal shims or springs, but may also be connected with metal tabs. The battery internals are preferably encapsulated in a battery housing 500. The housing 500 may be a metal structure for packaging the internal components. In one implementation, the housing 500 may include an inner metal coating and a steel outer member. Various types of battery forms may be manufactured, such as button cells as shown in fig. 3, wound cells as shown in fig. 1, pouch cell batteries as shown in fig. 4, and/or any suitable form of battery. The shape of the cell may be, but is not limited to, cylindrical, solid prismatic, or any suitable shape.

The electronic device may be conductively coupled to the anode terminal and the cathode terminal to use the battery as an energy source, wherein the battery may operate in a discharge mode. The charging system 600 may also be conductively coupled to the anode terminal and the cathode terminal to facilitate charging a battery, wherein the battery operates in a charging mode.

Electrolyte

The electrolyte 100 of the preferred embodiment functions as an ionophore in the cell, thereby facilitating ion flow between the cathode and anode. The electrolyte 100 is preferably a blend of non-aqueous liquids from the family of ionic liquids with high thermal stability. More specifically, the electrolyte 100 for a lithium battery may comprise an electrolyte salt, a complementary non-aqueous ionic liquid solvent, and optionally additional salts and additives to stabilize the system. The complementary nature of the solvent allows the salt to dissolve under the preferred parameters of the system. The electrolyte 100 may facilitate the use of both a metal anode and a high voltage cathode, thereby providing a battery with high specific energy and/or energy density in a stable and/or rechargeable form. Preferred blends of electrolytes can be described as non-flammable, thereby forming a thermally stable electrolyte 100 for use in high energy rechargeable batteries. In some preferred variations, the solvent and/or additive may improve coulombic efficiency, reduce gassing, and/or reduce side reactions with the metal anode and/or high voltage cathode. In preferred examples, improved coulombic efficiency, reduced gassing, and/or reduced side reactions can occur at high temperatures. In some preferred variations, the additives may promote uniform lithium deposition, thereby improving battery reliability and/or cyclability. Cyclability may be associated with one of two potential metrics: power capability (i.e., how quickly the battery can cycle) and battery life (i.e., the number of cycles before end of life (EOL) is reached). The cyclability may be temperature dependent. End of life may be characterized by a time at which the retention rate is less than 80% of the initial capacity. A cycle may be characterized as a substantially complete cycle between a fully charged state and a particular depth of discharge. The cyclability may be temperature dependent. In one example, the battery can be discharged within <5h and subjected to 80 cycles at 110 ℃; the cell can be discharged in <10h and subjected to 12 cycles at 150 ℃.

In a preferred example, the non-volatile and non-flammable electrolyte 100 may be thermally stable up to 250 ℃ and above 250 ℃.

A preferred variation of the electrolyte 100 comprises an electrolyte salt, or more specifically a lithium salt 120. These salts dissolve into ions that conduct electrical charge in the liquid medium, thus making the wettability of the separator and cathode components an important factor in the performance of the battery. In a preferred embodiment, the lithium salt 120 is high in concentration. The electrolyte salt may be 10 to 30 percent of the total weight of the electrolyte 100. In one implementation, the high concentration of the lithium salt 120 is greater than 15% by weight. In one implementation, this may include a concentration of the lithium salt 120 of 18-22% by weight. At typical operating temperatures (i.e., room temperature), high lithium salt concentrations may cause high viscosity of the electrolyte 100, which is generally considered detrimental to battery performance. However, as applicants have discovered, high lithium salt concentrations and their application in commercial battery implementations for use cases (e.g., high temperatures) as described herein may have particular benefits. Some potential benefits associated with high salt concentrations may include improved uniformity of the lithium electroplating layer, increased ionic conductivity, higher oxidation stability, and/or other suitable benefits. For systems with preferred components, high lithium salt concentrations may enable the system to function better at higher temperatures, such as temperatures that are considered to be ineffective for typical rechargeable batteries (i.e., >70 ℃).

As shown in fig. 5, the concentration of the electrolyte salt may provide a significant improvement over more conventional concentration levels. In this exemplary graph, a battery with 22% by weight of salt retains about 80% of the capacity after 80 cycles, while a battery with 15% by weight of salt may lose 20% of the capacity after 25 cycles.

Examples of the lithium salt include: lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis (oxalate) borate, or lithium tetrafluoroborate. One preferred implementation of the lithium salt is lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI). In one implementation, LiTFSI comprises 27% by weight of the electrolyte.

The liquid solvent 110 is preferably a non-aqueous aprotic solvent that may contain an alkyl-substituted pyrrolidinium or piperidinium cation and an imide anion. The anion may comprise a sulfonyl group. One preferred example of an ionic liquid solvent is an ionic liquid solvent based on bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSI). A more preferred mode of implementation may be 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide. Alternative ionic liquid materials may include compounds that are molecularly related by: any of these or other suitable combinations may be used, for example, to replace pyrrolidinium with piperidinium, to replace butyl with alkyl of different lengths (e.g., methyl, ethyl, etc.), to replace methyl with alkyl of different lengths (e.g., butyl, ethyl, etc.), to replace bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSI) with bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (FSI). The ionic liquid solvent can serve as a medium for ion flow, increasing the thermal stability of the system, and even facilitating ion plating onto the anode.

The stabilizing salt and/or other additives 130 may function to adjust the physical and chemical properties of the electrolyte (e.g., viscosity, electrochemical stability, thermal stability, transport number, diffusivity, and conductivity). In preferred variations, the salts and additives stabilize the electrolyte 100 at high temperatures, which may increase battery life when cycled at high temperatures, increase wettability of various porous components (i.e., separator and cathode), and/or impart other desirable properties on the electrolyte 100. In some examples, the stabilizing salt 130 and additives may include sodium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, potassium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, cesium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, magnesium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, and/or zinc bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide. Other suitable salts and/or additives may be used.

Diaphragm

The separator 400 of the preferred embodiment acts as a physical barrier between the anode and cathode subcomponents and promotes the desired electrochemical interaction by promoting ion flow between the negative and positive electrodes. The separator 400 is positioned between the cathode and the anode to ensure that there is no electrical contact between the two. Separator 400 may be an electronically insulating film disposed between a negative electrode and a positive electrode, but may alternatively be any suitable type of separator structure. The separator 400 is preferably a porous structure that, while ionically permeable, is electrically non-conductive. In one implementation, the contact angle of the electrolyte 100 on the separator surface is less than or equal to 60 °, as measured 60 seconds after deposition. If the contact angle of the droplet on the material is less than 60 degrees, the interaction between the liquid and the material is favorable and the material can be considered wet. In one exemplary implementation, the membrane thickness is less than or equal to 35 microns. Depending on their composition, the separator 400 may have additional properties beyond those mentioned previously (e.g., a ceramic coating may increase the mechanical strength of the separator and increase the stability of the separator at high temperatures). Examples of possible membranes are: surfactant coated separator, ceramic coated polyethylene, non-coated polypropylene, non-coated polyethylene or polyimide (used alone or in combination with one of the other previous options). In a preferred implementation, the membrane 400 may be a ceramic coated polypropylene membrane. The ceramic coating may serve to provide additional thermal and mechanical stability to the separator 400. The polypropylene may have a favorable interaction with the electrolyte, which enhances wettability, which promotes ion transport and mitigates dendrite growth on the anode. In one exemplary implementation, a diaphragm may have: a pore size of <200 nm; a porosity of > 35%; a tensile strength of >90kfg/cm 2; an air permeability of >4sec/100 mL; a density of >6g/m 2; and/or a melting temperature of >110 ℃. In such an exemplary implementation, the shrinkage at 90 ℃ for 2 hours may be less than 3%, and the shrinkage at 105 ℃ for 1 hour may be less than 5%. The separator is compatible with the preferred electrolyte 100.

The diaphragm 400 may be a one-piece diaphragm as previously described. The diaphragm 400 may alternatively be a composite diaphragm made from multiple single-piece diaphragms, layers, and/or other materials. The composite separator may be a double layer separator having an anode-adjacent surface and/or a cathode-adjacent surface, as shown in fig. 6. In a preferred variant, the anode-adjacent separator comprises a ceramic-coated polypropylene layer (as described above) and the cathode-adjacent separator comprises a polyimide layer. In this implementation, the polyimide may serve to provide additional mechanical robustness to the diaphragm 400 to avoid degradation, deformation, or other forms of failure at high temperatures. In some implementations, such a septum 400 may be adapted to be up to at least 200 ℃.

Anode

The anode 200 or negatively charged electrode of the preferred embodiment is a metal anode, and more particularly a lithium metal anode. A lithium metal anode comprises a sheet of lithium metal that may be formed as a strip, plate, or foil of lithium metal. In some implementations, the lithium metal anode can have a thickness of about 5-150 microns. In some implementations, lithium metal is mounted on a copper foil current collector. Regardless of the exact composition of the lithium metal anode that can be transformed, the lithium purity level is preferably substantially high. Lithium metal has a high specific energy, typically an order of magnitude greater than the graphite anode of a publicly used rechargeable battery. Lithium-magnesium alloys are other preferred examples of metal anodes. In some examples, the lithium metal anode may be stabilized by the electrolyte 100. Stabilization of the lithium surface of a lithium metal anode may be achieved by forming a stable and robust Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI). In some implementations, stable SEI formation can be achieved by reaction of the electrolyte 100 with the lithium surface of the lithium metal anode. Preferred lithium-rich electrolytes can partially decompose when in contact with the negative electrode active material to form fluorine and sulfur-rich lithium species that enhance the life of the electrode by forming a non-reactive layer on the electrode that inhibits further electrolyte decomposition and dendrite formation. In such embodiments, the SEI structure, stability, and/or properties may depend on the chemical and physical properties of the electrolyte.

Cathode electrode

The cathode 300 or positively charged electrode of the preferred embodiment is typically in the form of a strip comprising an active material that can reversibly intercalate ions, at least one binder 310, and at least one conductive additive 320. The positive electrode has a thickness typically in the range of 50-120 micronsthickness and at least about 2.4g/cm³the density of (c). By weight, the active material comprises at least 93% of cathode 300, the binder comprises 0.5-5% of cathode 300, and the one or more conductive additives comprise about 0.1-4% of cathode 300.

The active material is typically composed of a metal oxide, a metal phosphate, a metal fluoride, or a combination thereof. The active material typically undergoes minimal structural changes or release of gaseous byproducts at temperatures of 160 ℃ or below 160 ℃. The active material may be a material composed of Li, Ni, Mn, Co, and oxygen. More preferably, the material may comprise a material selected from the group consisting of LiNi_xMn_yCo_zO₂a compound of (a) wherein x ranges from 0.3 to 0.9, y ranges from 0.05 to 0.3, and z ranges from 0.05 to 0.3. The active material secondary particle size ranges from 4 microns to 28 microns. In a preferred implementation, the ratio is 5:3:2 (i.e., LiNi)_0.5Mn_0.3Co_0.2O₂). In alternative embodiments, the metal oxide cathode 300 may include lithium iron phosphate or lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) oxide in other common ratios (e.g., 1:1:1, 6:2:2, or 8:1: 1). In a preferred variation, the cathode 300 composition may be specifically designed to remain stable at temperatures up to 160 ℃ and above 160 ℃.

The conductive additive 320 of the cathode 300 may include a conductive carbon-based material. In one variation, the conductive additive 320 may be conductive graphite and/or carbon black. Other alternatives may include other typical lithium ion carbon additives.

In addition to the active material, the cathode mixture includes a binder 310. The binder 310 functions to keep the active material combined with the carbon additive and the current collector. A preferred embodiment of the adhesive 310 is preferably polyimide. Polyimide is a preferred binder 310 due to its compatibility with the preferred electrolyte 100 and its particular mechanical and chemical properties. Polyimides are novel in the field of rechargeable batteries: it is easier to process as a thin cathode coating than Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is mechanically stable at high temperatures, has a glass transition temperature greater than 300 ℃, has a shrinkage of less than 0.5% after 60 minutes at 150 ℃, does not fail at high temperatures, and exhibits minimal expansion and softening upon contact with the electrolyte 100. Alternative binders may be selected such as polyamide-imide, polyvinylidene fluoride, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethylene- (propylene-diene monomer) copolymer, polyacrylate, styrene-butadiene rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, and any other binder that is also compatible with the desired electrolyte 100.

As shown in fig. 7, batteries such as those described herein using polyimide binders can achieve significant improvements in capacity retention compared to other more conventional binders like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). While polyimide binders may retain about 90% of capacity after 9 cycles, more conventional methods may lose about 30% of capacity after only 8 cycles.

Shell body

as discussed, the battery housing 500 may preferably function to provide a protective packaging to make the battery suitable for use. The external case may be formed into various battery structural form factors, such as a button cell battery structure, a wound-type battery structure, or a pouch cell battery. Particularly for high temperature use, the battery preferably includes a high temperature battery case.

The high temperature battery case serves to package the internal battery system for high temperature applications, which may include temperatures greater than 50 ℃, but the battery may otherwise remain operational at or below room temperature. As shown in fig. 8, the high temperature battery case may include a metal outer case enclosing the battery internal components. Some types of metal housings are based on steel material and serve as negative contacts, but other suitable materials may alternatively be used. The high temperature battery case may additionally include an electrical contact area that includes a positive contact post defined by a glass-to-metal seal, as shown in fig. 8. The positive contact post preferably extends outwardly from the surface of the battery housing. The negative contact is preferably a material elsewhere in the electrical contact area, such as the metal surface surrounding the glass-to-metal seal and the metal housing itself. The glass-to-metal seal is preferably a ring around the positive contact post. The glass-to-metal seal is preferably an electrical insulator. The glass-to-metal seal, at least for the desired operating temperature range, may additionally have thermal expansion characteristics that match the materials used in the battery case. The matched thermal expansion may serve to prevent cell leakage and other mechanical failures.

In some examples, button cell batteries may be manufactured to deliver 10mWh, as shown in fig. 3. In a preferred implementation, the anode 200 may be a lithium metal anode as described above. In a preferred implementation, the cathode may be a cathode as described above. In a preferred implementation, the septum 200 may be a septum system as described above. As shown, the button cell battery may include an aluminum separator, a stainless steel gasket, and a stainless steel spring.

In certain embodiments, a DD form cell battery of the wound type as shown in fig. 1 can produce a nominal voltage of about 3.7 volts, provide about 80Wh of energy, be non-flammable, operate at temperatures as high as 160 ℃ or higher, and be rechargeable. Alternative roll-up forms may alternatively be used.

in some embodiments, a pouch-cell battery may be formed by wetting and compressing the electrodes for good contact and low resistance, as shown in fig. 4. In various embodiments, the metal foil and the tab of the pouch-cell battery may be welded together. In certain embodiments, a pouch-cell battery may include stacked electrodes configured to be delivered from 40mWh in the form of 2 x 3cm to 8Wh in the form of 10 x 12 cm. In one embodiment, two to twenty electrodes of the pouch-shaped cell battery may be assembled and stacked in a Z-fold in a pouch laminate or a pre-formed pouch laminate. In certain embodiments, the electrolyte 100 may be injected into the pouch-cell battery prior to vacuum sealing the pouch.

As shown in the cross-sectional view of the exemplary cell in fig. 2, the cell may include a metal anode 200, a polymer separator 400, an ionic liquid electrolyte 100, and a metal oxide cathode 300. The components of the battery may be preferred components as described herein.

the system may additionally include a charger system 600 that functions to recharge the battery, as shown in fig. 9. The charger system 600 is preferably electrically coupled to the battery, and the battery is then operated in a charging mode to re-energize the battery for subsequent use in powering the electrical system. As found by the applicant, some of the variations experienced by the battery when charged at high charging temperatures enhance the rechargeability (recharge and/or recharge cycle number). In some variations, the charger system 600 is a high temperature charging system that may include a heater element that functions to charge the battery at high temperatures. The heater element may preferably be a regulated heating element that is controlled and configured to set and/or maintain the battery at a particular temperature in the charging mode. In one implementation, the high temperature charging system 600 is configured to set the temperature of the battery between 70-120 ℃. For example, the high temperature charging system 600 may charge a battery at a temperature of at least 80 ℃. The battery system may be configured to vary the charging temperature set by the heater element during a charging cycle. For example, the heater element may be configured to set a first temperature for one time period in a charging cycle and a second temperature for a second time period in the charging cycle. The charger system 600 may additionally be configured to apply charging cycles tuned to the particular component materials and chemistries used in the battery.

the battery is preferably operable in at least a charging mode of operation and a discharging mode (i.e. an active use mode). The battery may additionally have a standby mode in which the battery is not in active use. As discussed, the battery is preferably operable at high temperatures during the discharge mode of operation and the standby mode of operation. In other words, a battery that is not in active use may be exposed to high temperature conditions, and the same battery may be used under high temperature conditions. During the charging mode of operation, the high temperature system may be configured to heat or maintain the temperature of the battery at least 80 ℃.

The system may additionally include one or more electrical devices, wherein the electrical devices function to provide some electrical-based functionality that is at least partially powered by or for the rechargeable battery described herein. Example electrical devices may include harsh environment sensors or devices (e.g., wells and mining devices), medical devices (e.g., implantable medical devices powered by batteries and inductive chargers that charge batteries), wearable computing devices, and/or other suitable electrical devices. In one variation, the charger system 600 may be integrated into an electrical device such that the battery may be recharged by the electrical device.

As those skilled in the art will recognize from the foregoing detailed description and from the accompanying drawings and claims, modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.