阅读说明：本技术 一种测量古建筑木结构大小头圆柱倾斜的方法 (Method for measuring inclination of large and small-head cylinder of historic building timber structure ) 是由 杨伟 张禄滨 吴铭昊 张羽 吴晓静 庄后铭 于 2021-07-07 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供一种测量古建筑木结构大小头圆柱倾斜的方法,步骤如下：待测木柱两个为一组,沿建筑物横纵轴方向选取,在工程现场架设全站仪,将全站仪站点一设置为观测原点；并利用反光片布设转点,转点数目2个；使用全站仪对待测木柱进行测量,测量分为两个截面高度,下水平截面靠近木柱底部,上水平截面靠近木柱顶部；依次进行两个水平截面的n个点空间坐标的测量；根据所测得的各站点的空间坐标依次计算各水平截面的圆心坐标；以两根木柱连线方向为Y方向,垂直于连线方向为X方向建立右手法则坐标系,依次计算两根木柱在X、Y方向的倾斜分量和倾斜率。本发明可以方便地计算出倾斜分量,提高了测量的准确性和可靠性。(The invention provides a method for measuring the inclination of a large-small-head cylinder of a wood structure of an ancient building, which comprises the following steps: two wood columns to be measured are taken as a group, the two wood columns are selected along the transverse and longitudinal axis directions of the building, a total station is erected on the engineering site, and a station I of the total station is set as an observation origin; and the reflecting sheets are used for distributing turning points, and the number of the turning points is 2; measuring a wood column to be measured by using a total station, wherein the measurement is divided into two section heights, the lower horizontal section is close to the bottom of the wood column, and the upper horizontal section is close to the top of the wood column; sequentially measuring n point space coordinates of two horizontal sections; sequentially calculating the circle center coordinates of each horizontal section according to the measured space coordinates of each station; and establishing a right-hand rule coordinate system by taking the connecting line direction of the two wood columns as the Y direction and the direction perpendicular to the connecting line direction as the X direction, and sequentially calculating the inclination components and the inclination rates of the two wood columns in the X, Y direction. The invention can conveniently calculate the inclination component and improve the accuracy and the reliability of measurement.)

1. A method for measuring the inclination of a large-small-head cylinder of a wooden structure of an ancient building is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:

step 1, two wood columns to be measured are combined into a group, the two wood columns are selected along the transverse and longitudinal axis directions of a building, a total station is erected on an engineering site, and a station I of the total station is set as an observation origin; and the reflecting sheets are used for distributing turning points, and the number of the turning points is 2;

step 2, measuring the wood column to be measured by using a total station, wherein the measurement is divided into two section heights, the lower horizontal section is close to the bottom of the wood column, and the upper horizontal section is close to the top of the wood column; sequentially measuring n point space coordinates of two horizontal sections;

step 3, sequentially calculating the circle center coordinates of each horizontal section according to the measured space coordinates of each station;

and 4, establishing a right-hand rule coordinate system by taking the connecting line direction of the two wood columns as the Y direction and the direction perpendicular to the connecting line direction as the X direction, and sequentially calculating the inclination components and the inclination rates of the two wood columns in the X, Y direction.

2. The method for measuring the inclination of the large-small-head cylinder of the historic building wood structure according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step 2, performing total station transfer by using 2 transfer points, sequentially observing the transfer points at the first station, and recording the coordinates of the transfer points; observing the turning points in sequence at the second station, and recording coordinates of the turning points; calculating the difference value of the vertical z coordinates of the two stations;

sequentially measuring the remaining circumference points at the same horizontal height at the station II; if the transfer point is still needed, the transfer is performed according to the steps.

3. The method for measuring the inclination of the large-small-head cylinder of the historic building wood structure according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step 2, the central angle subtended by the circumference where the n points are located is as large as possible.

4. The method for measuring the inclination of the large-small-head cylinder of the historic building wood structure according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and establishing a total station coordinate system according to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the building, and calculating an inclination component along the axial direction of the building.

5. The method for measuring the inclination of the large-small-head cylinder of the historic building wood structure according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

according to n points of the upper and lower horizontal sections to be measured in a single wood column, the z coordinate can be ignored and converted into a plane coordinate for calculation because the n points are positioned on the same horizontal section; respectively fitting the plane coordinates of n points in two horizontal sections into a circle by using a least square method, and sequentially solving the circle center A of the upper horizontal section₁Coordinate (x)₁,y₁) Circle center A of horizontal section₂Coordinate (x)₂,y₂) (ii) a In the same way, the center B of the horizontal section on the other wood column is obtained₁Coordinate (x)₃,y₃) Circle center B of horizontal section₂Coordinate (x)₄,y₄)。

6. The method for measuring the inclination of the large-small-head cylinder of the historic building wood structure according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: calculating the inclination rate of the wood column to be measured according to the following formula: the specific calculation is as follows: the coordinates of the circle centers of the upper horizontal section and the lower horizontal section of the first wood column are respectively A₁、A₂(ii) a The circle center coordinates of the upper and lower horizontal sections of the second wood column are respectively B₁、B₂，

(Vector)

(Vector)

(Vector)

In the local coordinate system of two wood columns, the direction along the connecting line of the wood columns is set as Y direction, the direction vertical to the connecting line of the wood columns is set as X direction, according with the principle of right-hand coordinate system, the direction vector of Y isThe direction vector of X is

The tilt component of the first wood column in the X direction is:

the inclination rate is:

similarly, the inclination component of the first wood column in the Y direction is obtained as follows:

the inclination rate is:

the inclination component of the second wood column in the X direction is as follows:

the inclination rate is:

the inclined component of the second wood column in the Y direction is as follows:

the inclination rate is:

wherein z is₁、z₂Vertical coordinates of the circle centers of the upper and lower sections of the first wood column are respectively; z is a radical of₃、z₄Vertical coordinates of the circle centers of the upper and lower sections of the second wood column are respectively.

[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device

The invention relates to the technical field of civil engineering health monitoring and engineering measurement, in particular to a method for measuring the inclination of a large-small-head cylinder of a wood structure of an ancient building.

[ background of the invention ]

Ancient buildings are inclined due to factors such as long-term overhaul, foundation settlement and the like. The inclination measurement problem of the wood column in the wood structure mainly has two difficulties: firstly, the wood has a big end and a small end naturally, and the wood has processing deviation in the processing process, so that the section centroid is difficult to measure; the second is that the cylinder has any inclination direction, and the project is often positioned by the building axis, so the calculation of the inclination component is complex. For a circular section column, a commonly used method at present is to use an azimuth angle method or a total station instrument to measure three-point coordinates to fit a circle, so as to calculate the center coordinates of upper and lower sections to solve the inclination rate of the column.

In the above-mentioned existing measurement methods, the three-point method fitting circle often has a large error, and the azimuth method is not easy to operate in practical engineering.

Based on the method, the invention provides a method for measuring the inclination of the wooden structure cylinder of the historic building, and the measurement reliability is improved.

[ summary of the invention ]

The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a method for measuring the inclination of a large-small-head cylinder of a wood structure of an ancient building, which can conveniently calculate the inclination component and improve the accuracy and reliability of measurement.

The invention is realized by the following steps:

a method for measuring the inclination of a large-small-head cylinder of a wooden structure of an ancient building comprises the following steps:

step 1, two wood columns to be measured are combined into a group, the two wood columns are selected along the transverse and longitudinal axis directions of a building, a total station is erected on an engineering site, and a station I of the total station is set as an observation origin; and the reflecting sheets are used for distributing turning points, and the number of the turning points is 2;

step 2, measuring the wood column to be measured by using a total station, wherein the measurement is divided into two section heights, the lower horizontal section is close to the bottom of the wood column, and the upper horizontal section is close to the top of the wood column; sequentially measuring n point space coordinates of two horizontal sections;

step 3, sequentially calculating the circle center coordinates of each horizontal section according to the measured space coordinates of each station;

and 4, establishing a right-hand rule coordinate system by taking the connecting line direction of the two wood columns as the direction and taking the direction perpendicular to the connecting line direction as the X direction, and sequentially calculating the inclination components and the inclination rates of the two wood columns in the X, Y direction.

Further, in the step 2, performing total station transfer by using 2 transfer points, sequentially observing the transfer points at the first station, and recording the coordinates of the transfer points; observing the turning points in sequence at the second station, and recording coordinates of the turning points; calculating the difference value of the vertical z coordinates of the two stations;

sequentially measuring the remaining circumference points at the same horizontal height at the station II; if the transfer point is still needed, the transfer is performed according to the steps.

Further, in step 2, the central angle subtended by the circumference where the n points are located is as large as possible.

Further, a total station coordinate system is established according to the longitudinal axis and the transverse axis of the building, and an inclination component along the axial direction of the building is calculated.

Furthermore, according to n points of the upper horizontal section and the lower horizontal section which are measured in a single wood column, the z coordinate can be ignored and converted into a plane coordinate for calculation because the n points are positioned on the same horizontal section; respectively fitting the plane coordinates of n points in two horizontal sections into a circle by using a least square method, and sequentially solving the circle center A of the upper horizontal section₁Coordinate (x)₁,y₁) Circle center A of horizontal section₂Coordinate (x)₂,y₂) (ii) a In the same way, the center B of the horizontal section on the other wood column is obtained₁Coordinate (x)₃,y₃) Circle center B of horizontal section₂Coordinate (x)₄,y₄)。

Further, calculating the inclination rate of the wood column to be measured according to the following formula: the specific calculation is as follows: the coordinates of the circle centers of two horizontal sections of the wood column are respectively A₁、A₂(ii) a The coordinates of the circle centers of two horizontal sections of the wood column are respectively B₁、B₂，

(Vector)

(Vector)

(Vector)

In the local coordinate system of two wood columns, the direction along the connecting line of the wood columns is set as Y direction, the direction vertical to the connecting line of the wood columns is set as X direction, according with the principle of right-hand coordinate system, the direction vector of Y isThe direction vector of X is

The tilt component of the first wood column in the X direction is:

the inclination rate is:

similarly, the inclination component of the first wood column in the Y direction is obtained as follows:

the inclination rate is:

the inclination component of the second wood column in the X direction is as follows:

the inclination rate is:

the inclined component of the second wood column in the Y direction is as follows:

the inclination rate is:

wherein z is₁、z₂Vertical coordinates of the circle centers of the upper and lower sections of the first wood column are respectively; z is a radical of₃、z₄Vertical coordinates of the circle centers of the upper and lower sections of the second wood column are respectively.

The invention has the following advantages:

in the method for measuring the inclination of the column with the historic building timber structure, a total station is used for measuring the upper section and the lower section of the column respectively, the circle center coordinate is calculated through a fitting circle formula of a least square method in a plane, a local coordinate system between the columns is established according to the obtained circle center coordinate, the inclination direction of the column is projected into the local coordinate system, and the inclination rate is calculated. The inclination of the wood structure cylinder is measured by the method, the inclination component can be conveniently calculated, and the accuracy and the reliability of measurement are improved.

[ description of the drawings ]

The invention will be further described with reference to the following examples with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for measuring the inclination rate of a cylinder of an ancient building according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a first schematic diagram illustrating the principle of the method for measuring the inclination rate of the cylinder of the ancient building according to the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the method for measuring the inclination rate of the cylinder of the ancient building according to the embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a third schematic diagram illustrating the principle of the method for measuring the inclination rate of the cylinder of the ancient building according to the embodiment of the present invention.

[ detailed description ] embodiments

The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings 1-4 and the detailed description. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The invention relates to a method for measuring the inclination of a large-small-head cylinder of a wood structure of an ancient building, which comprises the following steps:

step 1, grouping wood columns in a building in pairs along an axis direction, selecting 2 wood columns, erecting a total station 1, and performing three-dimensional coordinate measurement by using a built-in coordinate system of the total station 1, wherein an origin of the coordinate system is arranged on a station; selecting 2 turning points at proper positions, and pasting a reflective sheet;

step 2, using the total station 1 to respectively measure an upper horizontal section and a lower horizontal section of the to-be-measured wooden column (the lower horizontal section is a section close to the bottom of the wooden column, and the upper horizontal section is a section close to the top of the wooden column), setting a turning point to measure around the circumference of the wooden column, and respectively obtaining n spatial coordinates of the upper horizontal section and the lower horizontal section; in order to make the measurement result as accurate as possible, the measurement is needed to be performed around the wood column for one circle, and the measuring point should include as many circles as practical conditions do not allow;

step 3, particularly, because the measurement is limited to the same horizontal height, the space coordinates of the n points can be converted into plane coordinates by neglecting the height coordinates, and the circle center coordinates of each horizontal section are calculated according to the measured plane coordinates of the n points of each horizontal section;

step 4, according to the measuring result, using the circle center coordinates of the upper and lower horizontal sections of the two wood columns to establish a coordinate system;

and 5, calculating the inclination component and the inclination rate of each cylinder under the local coordinate system according to the calculated center coordinates of each horizontal section.

Preferably, in step 3, the step of calculating the center coordinates of the horizontal cross section according to the plane coordinates of the n points may include:

and substituting the plane coordinates of the n points according to a circle formula, and calculating according to a least square method to obtain the coordinates of the circle center.

The least square fitting circle formula is as follows:

the circle center coordinate of the horizontal section 21 on the first wood column 2 is (x)₁,y₁) Then, the equation of a circle in the two-dimensional plane can be expressed as:

(x-x₁)²+(y-y₁)²＝r²；

if the fitting error is E, then

Wherein, B is-2 y₁,A＝-2x₁,C＝x₁ ²+y₁ ²-r²；

The circle center coordinate (x) of the horizontal section 22 under the first 2 of the wood column can be obtained by the same method₂,y₂) And the center coordinate (x) of the horizontal section 31 on the second 3 of the wood column₃,y₃) Center coordinates (x) of horizontal section 32₄,y₄)；

Step 4, according to the calculation result, establishing a right-hand coordinate system by taking the connecting line of the first wood column 2 and the second wood column 3 as an axis, taking the circle center of the horizontal section 22 of the first wood column 2 as an origin and taking the direction perpendicular to the connecting line of the first wood column 2 and the second wood column 3 as an X axis;

and 5, calculating the direction vector of the local coordinate system, and calculating the inclination component and the inclination rate of each column in the local coordinate system.

Calculating the inclination rate of the wood column to be measured according to the following formula: the specific calculation is as follows: the coordinates of the circle centers of the upper horizontal section and the lower horizontal section of the first wood column are respectively A₁、A₂(ii) a The circle center coordinates of the upper and lower horizontal sections of the second wood column are respectively B₁、B₂，

(Vector)

(Vector)

(Vector)

In the local coordinate system of two wood columns, the direction along the connecting line of the wood columns is set as Y direction, the direction vertical to the connecting line of the wood columns is set as X direction, according with the principle of right-hand coordinate system, the direction vector of Y isThe direction vector of X is

The tilt component of the first wood column in the X direction is:

the inclination rate is:

similarly, the inclination component of the first wood column in the Y direction is obtained as follows:

the inclination rate is:

the inclination component of the second wood column in the X direction is as follows:

the inclination rate is:

the inclined component of the second wood column in the Y direction is as follows:

the inclination rate is:

wherein z is₁、z₂Vertical coordinates of the circle centers of the upper and lower sections of the first wood column are respectively; z is a radical of₃、z₄Vertical coordinates of the circle centers of the upper and lower sections of the second wood column are respectively.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method for measuring the inclination of the large and small cylinders of the timber structure of the ancient building comprises the following steps:

step 1, erecting a total station 1 at a proper position of an engineering site, wherein the position is a station I and is an observation origin, and setting the coordinates of the station I as (0,0, 0); setting two turning points by using a reflecting lens;

step 2, measuring three-dimensional coordinates of an upper horizontal section and a lower horizontal section of the wood column by using the total station 1, measuring circumferential coordinates of the horizontal sections as much as possible in order to improve the precision, and performing station transfer measurement through a transfer point;

step 3, coordinate conversion is carried out on the coordinates measured by different sites, and the coordinates are unified into a coordinate system of the site one; calculating and solving the central coordinate of the horizontal section according to the converted coordinate; calculating other horizontal sections according to the method;

because the wooden structure column of the wooden building can be approximately regarded as a cylinder, in the actual engineering, the inclination rate of the column is not large, and the section of the column after inclination (namely the upper horizontal section and the lower horizontal section of the wooden column) can be regarded as a circle, so the center of the horizontal section is the circle center;

step 4, establishing a local coordinate system according to the circle center coordinates calculated in the step 3; in the embodiment, two wooden columns are selected to construct a local coordinate system, the center of a lower horizontal section of one wooden column is selected as an origin, a connecting line with the center of a lower horizontal section of the other wooden column is set as a Y axis, and a right-hand coordinate system is established;

and 5, decomposing the inclination directions of the two wood columns in a local coordinate system respectively, and solving the inclination component and the inclination rate.

Through the steps 1-5, the inclination rate of the cylinder to be measured can be obtained.

In addition, in the technical solution of the present invention, the above step 2, step 3 and step 5 may be implemented using various technical solutions. The following describes the technical solution of the present invention in detail by taking one specific implementation manner as an example.

In a specific embodiment of the present invention, said total station 1 transfer measurement may include the following steps:

sequentially measuring the upper horizontal section and the lower horizontal section of the column at the station I; after the measurement is finished, the total station 1 is rotated to aim at the cross wire in the reflection sheet of the turning point, and two fixed-point three-dimensional coordinates are measured respectively; erecting the total station 1 at a station II, and sequentially measuring three-dimensional coordinates of turning points; in order to make the horizontal section elevations of the wood columns measured by the total station 1 in the two stations consistent, firstly, the height difference conversion of the two stations is carried out; and measuring the horizontal section elevation of the wood column measured by the second station by using the converted elevation, and ensuring that the two measurements are at the same elevation.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coordinate transformation may be performed by:

the measurement is carried out at the same elevation in the process of measuring the upper and lower horizontal sections of the wood column, so that the calculation can be carried out without considering the z coordinate in data processing, and the coordinate system of the first station is xoy, the coordinate system of the second station is x 'o' y ', and the coordinate of o' in xoy is (x is x 'o' y)₅,y₅) The rotation angle of the X axis to the X' axis is t, and the invention does not relate to the expansion transformation, so the coordinate transformation formula is as follows without considering the expansion:

in the above formula, x and y are measured coordinates in site one, x ', y' are measured coordinates in site two, and t is the rotation angle of the coordinate axis, so that x can be obtained by substituting 2 rotation point coordinates₅、y₅Namely, the coordinate conversion can be performed by the above-mentioned transfer formula.

Preferably, the following method may be adopted to solve the coordinate axis rotation angle t:

let the coordinate of the rotation point one 4 in xoy be (x)₆,y₆) The coordinate in x 'o' y 'is (x'₆,y′₆) (ii) a The coordinate of the turning point two 5 in xoy is (x)₇,y₇) The coordinate in x 'o' y 'is (x'₇,y′₇) In the coordinate system xoy, the vector Z formed by the first transition point 4 and the second transition point 5 is (x)₇-x₆,y₇-y₆) In the coordinate system x ' o ' y ', a vector Z ' consisting of a transition point one 4 and a transition point two 5 ═ x '₇-x′₆,y′₇-y′₆) (ii) a The included angle t 'of the vectors Z and Z' can be obtained by calculation; the vector angle t' is related to the rotation angle t of the coordinate axis, and it should be noted that,the value range of the vector included angle t' is [0, pi ]]And the definition of the coordinate axis transformation included angle is: in the original coordinate system xoy, the rotation angle t around the origin along the counterclockwise direction is changed into a new coordinate system x ' o ' y ', so that the vector included angle and the coordinate axis rotation angle have the following corresponding relationship:

in the above steps of this embodiment, solving the horizontal section center coordinates from the measured coordinates may include the steps of:

converting the measured three-dimensional coordinates into two-dimensional coordinates for solving and calculating, preferably, calculating the coordinates of the center of the section by adopting a least square method fitting circle formula;

in the two-dimensional plane, the equation for a circle is:

(x-x₀)²+(y-y₀)²＝r²wherein (x)₀,y₀) The coordinate of the center of a fitting circle is taken, and the radius of the fitting circle is r;

for a least squares fit circle, the optimal objective function for the square of the error is:

wherein (x)_i,y_i) 1,2, wherein n is the coordinate of the point to be measured, and n is the number of the points to be measured;

for simplicity of calculation, define

The above formula is rewritten as:

let B be-2 y₀，A＝-2x₀，

Namely, the formula is:

according to the principle of least squares, the parameters a, B, C should minimize E, and therefore a, B, C should satisfy:

solving the above equation to obtain:

in order to ensure that the water-soluble organic acid,

rewriting the above formulas (1) and (2) into a matrix form:

from the above formula one can obtain:

according to the above, the fitting circle center coordinate (x) is obtained₀,y₀) The fitted value of radius r is:

through the steps, the circle center coordinate of the horizontal section can be obtained through calculation according to the two-dimensional coordinates of the n points.

Further, the above-described pillar inclination component can be calculated according to the following method:

calculating to obtain the center coordinates of the horizontal section of the wood columns according to the steps, in one embodiment of the invention, selecting two wood columns on the axis of the building as measuring objects, and establishing a local coordinate system according to the calculated center coordinates; then decomposing the column inclination into a local coordinate system by a vector decomposition method; the local coordinate system can be established according to the following method:

the circle center coordinate of the horizontal section 21 on the first wood column 2 is (x)₁,y₁) The center coordinates of the lower horizontal section 22 are (x)₂,y₂) (ii) a The circle center coordinate of the horizontal section 31 on the second wood column 3 is (x)₃,y₃) The center coordinate of the lower horizontal section 32 is (x)₄,y₄)；

Establishing a right-hand coordinate system by taking a connecting line of circle centers of the horizontal cross sections of the two columns as a Y axis;

according to the above, the direction vector of the Y coordinate axis isThe direction vector of the X coordinate axis is

The above-described tilt component calculation method can be performed according to the following method:

according to the above, the inclination vector of the first 2 isThe inclination vector of the second wood column 3 isDecomposing the two column inclination vectors into a local coordinate system to obtain the inclination component of the column along the local coordinate system;

obtaining according to a vector projection formula:

the tilt component of the first wood column in the X axis is:

the tilt component of first wood column in the Y axis is:

the inclination component of the second wood column on the X axis is as follows:

the inclined component of the second wood column on the Y axis is as follows:

further, in a specific embodiment of the present invention, the inclination rate of the wood pillar may be obtained according to the following formula:

inclination of the first wood column in the X direction:wherein alpha is₁At an inclined angle

Inclination of the first wood column in the Y direction:wherein alpha is₂At an inclined angle

The inclination rate of the second wood column in the X direction:wherein alpha is₃At an inclined angle

The inclination rate of the second wood column in the Y direction is as follows:wherein alpha is₄At an inclined angle

In summary, in the technical solution of the present invention, a total station is used to measure three-dimensional coordinates of upper and lower horizontal sections of an ancient building cylinder, and calculate coordinates of circle centers of the horizontal sections according to the measured coordinates, and according to this method, the circle centers of the upper and lower horizontal sections of a wooden pillar are sequentially solved, and then a local coordinate system is established according to the coordinates of the circle centers, and the tilt rate of the wooden pillar in the local coordinate system is obtained through a space vector relationship. By using the method for measuring the inclination rate of the cylinder of the historic building timber structure, the reliability and the accuracy of a measurement result are effectively improved.

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the specific embodiments described are illustrative only and are not limiting upon the scope of the invention, and that equivalent modifications and variations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention, which is to be limited only by the appended claims.