阅读说明：本技术 一种硫酸盐侵蚀和碱骨料反应的协同抑制方法及其应用 (Synergistic inhibition method for sulfate erosion and alkali aggregate reaction and application thereof ) 是由 刘刚 封孝信 胡晨光 贾援 姚少巍 白瑞英 于 2020-06-30 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明属于建筑材料技术领域,公开了一种硫酸盐侵蚀和碱骨料反应的协同抑制方法及其应用,所述硫酸盐侵蚀和碱骨料反应的协同抑制方法包括：通过向混凝土中添加粉煤灰进行协同作用抑制。所述硫酸盐侵蚀和碱骨料反应的协同作用测试方法包括：配置侵蚀溶液；制作试件,进行试件养护与测长；将试件浸泡于侵蚀溶液中,通过测定试件膨胀率的变化进行测试硫酸盐侵蚀和碱骨料反应的协同作用。本发明通过向混凝土中添加粉煤灰,从而抑制硫酸盐侵蚀和碱骨料反应的协同作用,能够有效提高混凝土的耐久性,减少混凝土结构的维修,延长混凝土工程的使用寿命,提高混凝土工程的结构安全性,防止倒塌等事故的发生,具有显著的社会效益。(The invention belongs to the technical field of building materials, and discloses a synergistic inhibition method for sulfate erosion and alkali-aggregate reaction and application thereof, wherein the synergistic inhibition method for sulfate erosion and alkali-aggregate reaction comprises the following steps: synergistic inhibition is achieved by adding fly ash to the concrete. The method for testing the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction comprises the following steps: preparing an erosion solution; manufacturing a test piece, and carrying out test piece maintenance and length measurement; and soaking the test piece in an erosion solution, and testing the synergistic action of sulfate erosion and alkali aggregate reaction by measuring the change of the expansion rate of the test piece. The fly ash is added into the concrete, so that the synergistic effect of sulfate corrosion and alkali aggregate reaction is inhibited, the durability of the concrete can be effectively improved, the maintenance of a concrete structure is reduced, the service life of the concrete engineering is prolonged, the structural safety of the concrete engineering is improved, accidents such as collapse are prevented, and the like, and the fly ash concrete has remarkable social benefit.)

1. A method for synergistic inhibition of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction, comprising: the synergistic effect of sulfate corrosion and alkali aggregate reaction is inhibited by adding the fly ash into the concrete;

the fly ash and the cement jointly form a cementing material in the concrete; the addition amount of the fly ash is 30% of the cementing material, and the addition amount of the cement is 70% of the cementing material.

2. A synergy test method of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction to test the synergy of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction as set forth in claim 1, wherein the synergy test method of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction comprises:

step one, respectively preparing Na₂SO₄The solution is mixed with NaOH solution, and prepared Na₂SO₄Uniformly mixing the solution and a NaOH solution to obtain an erosion solution;

step two, manufacturing a test piece, and performing test piece maintenance and length measurement;

and step three, soaking the test piece in the erosion solution obtained in the step one, and testing the synergistic effect of sulfate erosion and alkali aggregate reaction by measuring the change of the expansion rate of the test piece.

3. The method for testing the synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction of claim 2, wherein in step one, the Na is₂SO₄The solution preparation method comprises the following steps:

weighing anhydrous Na by using electronic balance₂SO₄Putting the mixture into a beaker, and dissolving the mixture by using about 300mL of distilled water; dissolving Na₂SO₄The solution is cooled to room temperature and all the solution is transferred into a 1000mL volumetric flask; washing the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water for 2-3 times, and putting all the washed solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; adding water into the volumetric flask after the solution in the volumetric flask is uniformly oscillated, and when the solution is 1-2 cm away from the scale mark, using a rubber head dropper to enable the concave liquid level to be tangent to the scale mark; and after the solution is prepared, measuring the pH value of the solution, and keeping the pH value of the solution between 7 and 8.

4. The method for testing the synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction of claim 3, wherein in the first step, the NaOH solution preparation method comprises:

weighing solid NaOH by using an electronic balance, putting the solid NaOH into a beaker, and dissolving the solid NaOH by using about 300mL of distilled water; cooling the dissolved NaOH solution to room temperature, and transferring all the NaOH solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; washing the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water for 2-3 times, and putting all the washed solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; and (3) adding water into the volumetric flask after the solution in the volumetric flask is uniformly oscillated, and when the solution is 1-2 cm away from the scale mark, using a rubber head dropper to enable the concave liquid level to be tangent to the scale mark to prepare the NaOH solution.

5. The method for testing the synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction according to claim 3, wherein in the second step, the manufacturing of the test piece according to a certain proportion comprises:

(1) weighing concrete raw materials according to the concrete mixing proportion; the concrete raw material comprises but is not limited to cement, sand, extra alkali and water;

(2) mechanically stirring by using a mortar stirrer; adding the added alkali into water, and uniformly stirring to obtain mixing water; putting the stirrer in a standby working state, adding mixing water into the pot, adding cement, putting the pot on the fixed frame, and lifting to a fixed position; then immediately starting the machine, after stirring at low speed for 30s, uniformly adding sand at the same time as the beginning of the second 30 s; the machine is rotated to high speed and stirred for 30 seconds; stopping stirring for 90s, and scraping the blades and the mortar on the pot wall into the middle of the pot by using a rubber knife in the first 15 s; then stirring at high speed for 60 s; in each stirring stage, the time error is within +/-1 s;

(3) after stirring, immediately filling the mortar into a test mold provided with an expansion measuring head in two layers, tamping each layer for 40 times, scraping redundant mortar by a knife after pouring and tamping, leveling, numbering and marking the length measuring direction;

(4) and (5) immediately placing the test piece with the mold into a standard curing chamber after the test piece is molded. Demolding after curing for 24 +/-2 hours, and measuring the initial length of the test piece by using a comparator; the test piece had to be covered with a wet cloth.

6. The method for testing the synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction according to claim 3, wherein in the second step, the maintaining and length measuring of the test piece comprises:

1) after the initial length of the test piece is tested, immersing the test piece in water in a curing box after the initial length is tested, keeping the water temperature within the range of 80 +/-2 ℃, covering and placing in a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box, and curing for 24 +/-2 hours;

2) taking out the maintenance box from the high-temperature constant-temperature maintenance box, opening the cover of the maintenance box, taking out the test piece from the maintenance box, wiping the surface with a towel, measuring the reference length of the test piece by using a comparator, keeping the reading within 15 +/-5 s from the time when the test piece is taken out to the time when the reading is finished, and covering the surface of the test piece with a wet towel;

3) after all test pieces measure the reference length, soaking the test pieces in a curing box filled with an erosion solution, keeping the water temperature within the range of 80 +/-2 ℃, covering and placing in a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box;

4) the length measuring age is calculated from the date of measuring the reference length, the length is measured respectively at the 3 rd, 7 th, 10 th and 14 th days after the reference length is measured, the length measuring time is arranged at the same time every day, the length measuring method is the same as the method for measuring the reference length, after the length measuring is finished, the test piece is immediately placed into an original curing box, and the test piece is covered and placed back into a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box at the temperature of 80 +/-2 ℃ to be continuously cured to the next testing age.

7. The method for testing the synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction according to claim 3, wherein in the third step, the method for determining the change of the expansion ratio of the test piece comprises:

the expansion ratio of the test piece is calculated by the following formula:

in the formula: e_tRepresents the expansion rate,%, of the test piece in the t-day age; l is_tRepresents the length of the test piece in the t-day age, mm; l is₀Denotes the reference length of the specimen, mm; Δ represents the length of the expansion probe, mm.

8. The method for testing synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction of claim 3, wherein the method for testing synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction further comprises:

firstly, taking out a test piece soaked in an erosion solution, taking a surface layer of the test piece, and breaking the surface layer;

secondly, lightly scraping a product at the junction of the cement paste and the glass aggregate by using a knife, and grinding the product to powder;

then, XRD analysis is carried out on the milled powder on a D/MAX2500PC type X-ray diffractometer;

finally, the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction was tested by analyzing mineral composition.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of building materials, and particularly relates to a synergistic inhibition method for sulfate erosion and alkali aggregate reaction and application thereof.

Background

The durability of concrete directly affects the service life of concrete works. Many short-lived concrete projects occur worldwide, and concrete destruction occurs in less than 10 years after the projects are put into use, even to the extent that the projects have to be dismantled and rebuilt. Such accidents are often numerous at home and abroad. The reason for this is that the destruction of the concrete is not caused by insufficient strength of the concrete but by insufficient durability of the concrete. Sulfate corrosion and alkali-aggregate reaction are two important factors influencing the durability of concrete, and have great influence on the service life of concrete engineering.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a synergistic inhibition method for sulfate corrosion and alkali-aggregate reaction and application thereof.

The invention is realized by a synergistic inhibition method of sulfate erosion and alkali-aggregate reaction and application thereof, wherein the synergistic inhibition method of sulfate erosion and alkali-aggregate reaction comprises the following steps:

synergistic effects of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction are inhibited by adding fly ash to concrete.

Further, the fly ash and the cement jointly form a cementing material in the concrete; the addition amount of the fly ash is 30 percent of the cementing material, and the addition amount of the cement is 70 percent of the cementing material; the cement used is ordinary portland cement with a strength grade of 42.5R produced by cement of Dong Tangshan Ji province, Inc.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a synergistic effect test method of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction for testing the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction, the synergistic effect test method of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction comprising:

step one, respectively preparing Na₂SO₄The solution is mixed with NaOH solution, and prepared Na₂SO₄Uniformly mixing the solution and a NaOH solution to obtain an erosion solution;

step two, manufacturing a test piece, and performing test piece maintenance and length measurement;

and step three, soaking the test piece in the erosion solution obtained in the step one, and testing the synergistic effect of sulfate erosion and alkali aggregate reaction by measuring the change of the expansion rate of the test piece.

Further, in the step one, the Na₂SO₄The solution preparation method comprises the following steps:

weighing anhydrous Na by using electronic balance₂SO₄Putting the mixture into a beaker, and dissolving the mixture by using about 300mL of distilled water; dissolving Na₂SO₄The solution is cooled to room temperature and all the solution is transferred into a 1000mL volumetric flask; washing the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water for 2-3 times, and putting all the washed solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; after the solution in the volumetric flask is evenly oscillated, adding water into the volumetric flask, when the solution is 1 cm-2 cm away from the scale mark,a rubber head dropper is used instead, and the concave liquid level is tangent to the scale mark; and after the solution is prepared, measuring the pH value of the solution, and keeping the pH value of the solution between 7 and 8.

Further, in the first step, the preparation method of the NaOH solution comprises:

weighing solid NaOH by using an electronic balance, putting the solid NaOH into a beaker, and dissolving the solid NaOH by using about 300mL of distilled water; cooling the dissolved NaOH solution to room temperature, and transferring all the NaOH solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; washing the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water for 2-3 times, and putting all the washed solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; and (3) adding water into the volumetric flask after the solution in the volumetric flask is uniformly oscillated, and when the solution is 1-2 cm away from the scale mark, using a rubber head dropper to enable the concave liquid level to be tangent to the scale mark to prepare the NaOH solution.

Further, in the second step, the manufacturing of the test piece according to a certain proportion includes:

(1) weighing concrete raw materials according to the concrete mixing proportion; the concrete raw material comprises but is not limited to cement, sand, extra alkali and water;

(2) mechanically stirring by using a mortar stirrer; adding the added alkali into water, and uniformly stirring to obtain mixing water; putting the stirrer in a standby working state, adding mixing water into the pot, adding cement, putting the pot on the fixed frame, and lifting to a fixed position; then immediately starting the machine, after stirring at low speed for 30s, uniformly adding sand at the same time as the beginning of the second 30 s; the machine is rotated to high speed and stirred for 30 seconds; stopping stirring for 90s, and scraping the blades and the mortar on the pot wall into the middle of the pot by using a rubber knife in the first 15 s; then stirring at high speed for 60 s; in each stirring stage, the time error is within +/-1 s;

(3) after stirring, immediately filling the mortar into a test mold provided with an expansion measuring head in two layers, tamping each layer for 40 times, scraping redundant mortar by a knife after pouring and tamping, leveling, numbering and marking the length measuring direction;

(4) and (5) immediately placing the test piece with the mold into a standard curing chamber after the test piece is molded. Demolding after curing for 24 +/-2 hours, and measuring the initial length of the test piece by using a comparator; the test piece had to be covered with a wet cloth.

Further, in the second step, the maintaining and length measuring of the test piece comprises:

1) after the initial length of the test piece is tested, immersing the test piece in water in a curing box after the initial length is tested, keeping the water temperature within the range of 80 +/-2 ℃, covering and placing in a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box, and curing for 24 +/-2 hours;

2) taking out the maintenance box from the high-temperature constant-temperature maintenance box, opening the cover of the maintenance box, taking out the test piece from the maintenance box, wiping the surface with a towel, measuring the reference length of the test piece by using a comparator, keeping the reading within 15 +/-5 s from the time when the test piece is taken out to the time when the reading is finished, and covering the surface of the test piece with a wet towel;

3) after all test pieces measure the reference length, soaking the test pieces in a curing box filled with an erosion solution, keeping the water temperature within the range of 80 +/-2 ℃, covering and placing in a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box;

4) the length measuring age is calculated from the date of measuring the reference length, the length is measured respectively at the 3 rd, 7 th, 10 th and 14 th days after the reference length is measured, the length measuring time is arranged at the same time every day, the length measuring method is the same as the method for measuring the reference length, after the length measuring is finished, the test piece is immediately placed into an original curing box, and the test piece is covered and placed back into a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box at the temperature of 80 +/-2 ℃ to be continuously cured to the next testing age.

Further, in the third step, the method for measuring the change in the expansion ratio of the test piece includes:

the expansion ratio of the test piece is calculated by the following formula:

in the formula: e_tRepresents the expansion rate,%, of the test piece in the t-day age; l is_tRepresents the length of the test piece in the t-day age, mm; l is₀Denotes the reference length of the specimen, mm; Δ represents the length of the expansion probe, mm.

Further, the method for testing the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction further comprises the following steps:

firstly, taking out a test piece soaked in an erosion solution, taking a surface layer of the test piece, and breaking the surface layer;

secondly, lightly scraping a product at the junction of the cement paste and the glass aggregate by using a knife, and grinding the product to powder;

then, XRD analysis is carried out on the milled powder on a D/MAX2500PC type X-ray diffractometer;

finally, the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction was tested by analyzing mineral composition.

In summary, the advantages and positive effects of the invention are: the fly ash is added into the concrete, so that the synergistic effect of sulfate corrosion and alkali aggregate reaction is inhibited, the durability of the concrete can be effectively improved, the maintenance of a concrete structure is reduced, the service life of the concrete engineering is prolonged, the structural safety of the concrete engineering is improved, accidents such as collapse are prevented, and the like, and the fly ash concrete has remarkable social benefit.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for testing the synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart for determining synergy between sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of different concentrations of an etching solution on the expansion rate of a A0 (0% FA) specimen according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of different concentrations of an etching solution on the expansion rate of a A1 (10% FA) specimen according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of different concentrations of an etching solution on the expansion rate of a A2 (20% FA) test piece according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of different concentrations of an etching solution on the expansion rate of a A3 (30% FA) test pieces according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows that test pieces with different FA contents provided by the present invention are in S1 (0% Na)₂SO₄+0mol/LNaOH) for 14 d.

FIG. 8 shows the results of test pieces with different FA contents in S2 (0% Na) according to the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 9 is a drawing of the present inventionThe test pieces with different FA contents provided in the examples are at S3 (1% Na)₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 10 shows samples with different FA contents S4 (5% Na) according to the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 11 shows samples with different FA contents in S5 (10% Na) according to the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 12 shows the results of test pieces A0 at S1 (0% Na) according to examples of the present invention₂SO₄+0mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 13 shows the results of test specimen A0 in S3 (1% Na) according to example of the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 14 shows the results of test pieces A0 at S4 (5% Na) according to examples of the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 15 shows the results of test specimen A0 in S5 (10% Na) according to example of the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 16 shows the results of test pieces A3 at S1 (0% Na) according to examples of the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 17 shows a specimen A3 in S3 (1% Na) according to example of the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 18 shows a specimen A3 in S4 (5% Na) according to example of the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

FIG. 19 shows the results of test pieces A3 at S5 (10% Na) according to examples of the present invention₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a synergistic inhibition method for sulfate corrosion and alkali aggregate reaction and application thereof, and the invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

The synergistic inhibition method for sulfate erosion and alkali-aggregate reaction provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:

synergistic effects of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction are inhibited by adding fly ash to concrete.

The fly ash and the cement jointly form a cementing material in the concrete; the addition amount of the fly ash is 30% of the cementing material, and the addition amount of the cement is 70% of the cementing material.

As shown in fig. 1, the method for testing the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-aggregate reaction provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:

s101, respectively preparing Na₂SO₄The solution is mixed with NaOH solution, and prepared Na₂SO₄And uniformly mixing the solution and the NaOH solution to obtain an erosion solution.

And S102, manufacturing a test piece, and maintaining and measuring the length of the test piece.

And S103, soaking the test piece in the erosion solution obtained in the step S101, and testing the synergistic effect of sulfate erosion and alkali-aggregate reaction by measuring the change of the expansion rate of the test piece.

In step S101, Na provided in the embodiments of the present invention₂SO₄The solution preparation method comprises the following steps:

weighing anhydrous Na by using electronic balance₂SO₄Putting the mixture into a beaker, and dissolving the mixture by using about 300mL of distilled water; dissolving Na₂SO₄The solution is cooled to room temperature and all the solution is transferred into a 1000mL volumetric flask; washing the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water for 2-3 times, and putting all the washed solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; adding water into the volumetric flask after the solution in the volumetric flask is uniformly oscillated, and when the solution is 1-2 cm away from the scale mark, using a rubber head dropper to enable the concave liquid level to be tangent to the scale mark; after the solution is prepared, measuring the pH value of the solution, and keeping the pH value of the solution between 7 and 8。

In step S101, the NaOH solution preparation method provided in the embodiment of the present invention includes:

weighing solid NaOH by using an electronic balance, putting the solid NaOH into a beaker, and dissolving the solid NaOH by using about 300mL of distilled water; cooling the dissolved NaOH solution to room temperature, and transferring all the NaOH solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; washing the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water for 2-3 times, and putting all the washed solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; and (3) adding water into the volumetric flask after the solution in the volumetric flask is uniformly oscillated, and when the solution is 1-2 cm away from the scale mark, using a rubber head dropper to enable the concave liquid level to be tangent to the scale mark to prepare the NaOH solution.

In step S102, the manufacturing of the test piece according to the certain ratio provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:

(1) weighing concrete raw materials according to the concrete mixing proportion; the concrete raw material includes but is not limited to cement, sand, extra alkali and water.

(2) Mechanically stirring by using a mortar stirrer; adding the added alkali into water, and uniformly stirring to obtain mixing water; putting the stirrer in a standby working state, adding mixing water into the pot, adding cement, putting the pot on the fixed frame, and lifting to a fixed position; then immediately starting the machine, after stirring at low speed for 30s, uniformly adding sand at the same time as the beginning of the second 30 s; the machine is rotated to high speed and stirred for 30 seconds; stopping stirring for 90s, and scraping the blades and the mortar on the pot wall into the middle of the pot by using a rubber knife in the first 15 s; then stirring at high speed for 60 s; the time error of each stirring stage is within +/-1 s.

(3) And after stirring is finished, immediately filling the mortar into a test mold with an expansion measuring head in two layers, tamping each layer for 40 times, scraping redundant mortar by using a knife after pouring and tamping are finished, leveling, numbering and marking the length measuring direction.

(4) And (5) immediately placing the test piece with the mold into a standard curing chamber after the test piece is molded. Demolding after curing for 24 +/-2 hours, and measuring the initial length of the test piece by using a comparator; the test piece had to be covered with a wet cloth.

In step S102, the maintaining and length measuring of the test piece provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:

1) after the initial length of the test piece is tested, the test piece is immersed in water in a curing box after the initial length is tested, the water temperature is kept within the range of 80 +/-2 ℃, and the test piece is covered and placed in a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box for curing for 24 +/-2 hours.

2) And taking out the maintenance box from the high-temperature constant-temperature maintenance box, opening the cover of the maintenance box, taking out the test piece from the maintenance box, wiping the surface with a towel, measuring the reference length of the test piece by using a comparator, keeping the reading within 15 +/-5 s from the time when the test piece is taken out to the time when the reading is finished, and covering the surface of the test piece with a wet towel.

3) After the reference length of all test pieces is measured, the test pieces are soaked in a curing box filled with erosion solution, the water temperature is kept within the range of 80 +/-2 ℃, and the test pieces are covered and placed in a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box.

4) The length measuring age is calculated from the date of measuring the reference length, the length is measured respectively at the 3 rd, 7 th, 10 th and 14 th days after the reference length is measured, the length measuring time is arranged at the same time every day, the length measuring method is the same as the method for measuring the reference length, after the length measuring is finished, the test piece is immediately placed into an original curing box, and the test piece is covered and placed back into a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box at the temperature of 80 +/-2 ℃ to be continuously cured to the next testing age.

In step S103, the method for determining the change in the expansion ratio of the test piece provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:

the expansion ratio of the test piece is calculated by the following formula:

in the formula: e_tRepresents the expansion rate,%, of the test piece in the t-day age; l is_tRepresents the length of the test piece in the t-day age, mm; l is₀Denotes the reference length of the specimen, mm; Δ represents the length of the expansion probe, mm.

The method for testing the synergistic effect of sulfate erosion and alkali-aggregate reaction provided by the embodiment of the invention further comprises the following steps:

firstly, taking out a test piece soaked in an erosion solution, taking a surface layer of the test piece, and breaking the surface layer;

secondly, lightly scraping a product at the junction of the cement paste and the glass aggregate by using a knife, and grinding the product to powder;

then, XRD analysis is carried out on the milled powder on a D/MAX2500PC type X-ray diffractometer;

finally, the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction was tested by analyzing mineral composition.

The technical solution and technical effects of the present invention are further described below with reference to specific embodiments.

1.1 Effect of sulfate attack on concrete durability

Sulfate attack is an environmental water attack which has the most complex influencing factors and the greatest harmfulness in the durability of concrete. Groundwater, seawater, soil, and decayed organic matter all contain SO₄ ^2-The cement-based composite material permeates into the concrete to react with a cement hydration product, so that the concrete expands, cracks, peels off and the like, and the strength and the viscosity of the concrete are lost.

The destruction of concrete by sulfate attack is a complex physicochemical process that is essentially the SO in the environmental water₄ ^2-Enter the concrete interior through the capillary pores of the concrete and certain components (Ca (OH)₂、4CaO·Al₂O₃·12H₂O) undergo a physical or chemical reaction. The product is either insoluble in water and easily expanded (3 CaO. Al)₂O₃·3CaSO₄·31H₂O), forming expansion internal stress, resulting in a decrease in concrete strength; or is easily dissolved in water, causing the loss of certain components in the set cement (3CaO 2 SiO)₂·3H₂O) resulting in loss of concrete cohesiveness.

Sulfate attack can be divided into two categories, chemical sulfate attack and physical sulfate attack. Chemical sulfate attack is an expansive crystalline chemical attack that generally involves the following chemical reactions.

1.1.1 erosion destruction of Aluminite crystals

The water containing soluble sulfate such as sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and ammonium sulfate is often contained in seawater, underground water and some industrial wastewater. With Na₂SO₄Aqueous solutions are exemplified by SO when the etching solution is contacted with the cement-based material₄ ^2-Firstly, the surface of the cement-based material is hydrated with tricalcium aluminate in the cement

4CaO·Al2O·13H₂O and Ca (OH)₂A chemical reaction occurs to generate

3CaO·A1₂O₃·3CaSO₄·32H₂O, i.e. ettringite.

Na₂SO₄·10H₂O+Ca(OH)₂→CaSO₄·2H₂O+2NaOH+8H₂O

3(CaSO₄·2H₂O)+4CaO·Al₂O₃·13H₂O+14H₂O→3CaO·A1₂O₃·3CaSO₄·32H₂O+Ca(OH)₂

Ettringite is a salt with extremely low solubility, and a large amount of crystal water is combined on a chemical structure, so that the volume of the ettringite is increased by more than 1.5 times compared with the volume of the original reactant. Therefore, expansion pressure is generated on the surface layer of the cement-based material, so that the surface is loosened and cracks appear; then, the erosion liquid gradually diffuses into the interior along the cracks, thereby accelerating the production of ettringite. In addition, ettringite is needle-like in physical form and is crystallized in hedgehog form on the solid phase surface of the original hydrated calcium aluminate. All of these causes cause extreme internal stresses within the concrete and ultimately structural failure of the concrete. The ettringite expansion damage is characterized in that a few thick cracks appear on the surface of a concrete test piece.

Ettringite swelling damage, also known as E salt damage, when attacking SO in solution₄ ^2-When the concentration of (B) is less than 1.0g/L, only ettringite is produced.

1.1.2 erosive destruction of Gypsum crystals

The addition of gypsum to cement can adjust the setting, control the drying shrinkage and improve the strength, especially the early strength, of the cement, but the addition amount of gypsum must be reasonably controlled, otherwise the internal corrosion damage of the concrete can be caused. According to the rule of concentration product, only if SO₄ ^2-And Ca²⁺Has a concentration product of greater than or equal to CaSO₄At the concentration of (3), gypsum crystals are precipitated. If concreteCa (OH) saturated in the capillary pores₂When the solution is full, and the concentration of the sulfate is higher, not only ettringite is generated, but also gypsum crystals are separated out.

Na₂SO₄+Ca(OH)₂→Ca²⁺+SO₄ ^2-+2Na⁺+2OH^-

Ca²⁺+SO₄ ^2-+2H₂O→CaSO₄·2H₂O

From Ca (OH)₂Converted to gypsum, the volume increases by 1.24 times, which also increases the internal stress of the concrete, causing structural failure of the concrete. In addition, Ca (OH) in the concrete is consumed by the reaction₂Cause Ca in concrete²⁺The content is reduced, and the calcium silicate hydrate (3 CaO.2SiO) is influenced₂·3H₂O), calcium silicate hydrate is the main source of concrete strength, and a reduction in calcium silicate hydrate will result in a reduction in the strength and durability of the concrete. The gypsum crystal failure was characterized by the absence of gross cracks but by collapse.

Gypsum expansion failure is also known as G salt failure. When SO in the etching solution₄ ^2-When the concentration is higher than 1.0g/L, ettringite-gypsum composite crystals begin to occur in parallel; when SO in the etching solution₄ ^2-At concentrations above 8.0g/L, gypsum crystallization predominates.

1.1.3MgSO₄Double erosion destruction of

When containing Mg²⁺When the sulfate solution is contacted with concrete, besides sulfate erosion, magnesium salt erosion also occurs, and the sulfate solution and the magnesium salt erosion are compositely superposed to form MgSO₄Erosion is one of the most destructive effects of sulfate erosion.

MgSO₄+Ca(OH)₂+H₂O→CaSO₄·2H₂O+Mg(OH)₂

3MgSO₄+4CaO·Al₂O₃·13H₂O+20H₂O+2Ca(OH)₂→3CaO·Al₂O₃·3CaSO₄·31H₂O+3Mg(OH)₂

3CaO·2SiO₂·3H₂O+3MgSO₄+8H₂O→3Mg(OH)₂+3(CaSO₄·2H₂O)+2H₂SiO₃

2Mg(OH)₂+2H₂SiO₃→2MgO·2SiO₂·3H₂O+H₂O

Generation of Mg (OH)₂While in Mg (OH)₂The layer is also filled with part of gypsum and ettringite which are SO₄ ^2-And Ca (OH)₂And (3) reaction. Due to Mg²⁺And SO₄ ^2-Are all related to Ca (OH)₂Reaction takes place, thus consuming a large amount of Ca (OH)₂Causing the pH value in the concrete to be reduced, destroying the environment in which the hydrated calcium silicate gel C-S-H stably exists, and simultaneously Ca (OH)₂The large consumption of (A) reduces the C-S-H produced. In order to maintain the pH value of the solution and increase the stability of the solution, C-S-H is continuously decomposed to release Ca (OH)₂But the Ca (OH) released₂Does not increase the pH but continues to react with MgSO₄The reaction produces more Mg (OH)₂And CaSO₄·2H₂O, which aggravates the decomposition of C-S-H and further reduces the content of C-S-H in the concrete; in addition, the gypsum crystals and ettringite crystals generated in the reaction cause the volume expansion of the concrete; simultaneously, Ca (OH) is reacted₂Conversion to Mg (OH)₂And Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺Have the same valence and similar ionic radius, so MgSO₄With the exception of Ca (OH)₂Gypsum, magnesium hydroxide and silica gel are generated by the action. As the reaction proceeds, Mg (OH)₂Increasing amounts of silica gel and Mg (OH)₂Will also react to form hydrated magnesium silicate gel M-S-H.

The concrete is mainly gelled by C-S-H, which is the main source of concrete strength, and the silica gel, Mg (OH) generated in the reaction₂And M-S-H has no gelling ability as compared with C-S-H. Thus, MgSO₄Erosion has the greatest impact on concrete strength, often causing structural collapse of the concrete.

1.1.4 physical sulfate attack

Physical sulfate attack is generally referred to as sulfate crystallization. The sulfate erosion experiment adopts an experimental method of soaking and drying circulation, namely soaking and drying circulation, and the concrete is always in a dry-wet alternate circulation state. Thus, the unreacted Na entering the concrete₂SO₄And MgSO₄Continuously in the state of water swelling and syneresis, the following reactions occur:

Na₂SO₄+10H₂O→Na₂SO₄·10H₂O

MgSO₄+H₂O→MgSO₄·H₂O+5H₂O

MgSO₄+H₂O→MgSO₄·6H₂O+H₂O

MgSO₄+H₂O→MgSO₄·7H₂O

when the concentration of the alkali metal sulfate solution in the concrete pores is high, salt crystals are separated out, and great crystallization stress and volume expansion are generated, so that the concrete is damaged. Particularly, when a portion of the concrete structure is immersed in a sulfate solution and the other portion is exposed to dry air, the sulfate solution rises to the portion exposed to air by capillary action and then evaporates, the sulfate solution is concentrated to precipitate crystals, volume expansion and crystallization stress are generated inside the concrete, and finally the concrete is cracked. By the later stage of corrosion, the strength of the concrete is reduced sharply, because the internal structure of the concrete becomes loose and cracks are generated along with the increase of the corrosion action, corrosion liquid enters the interior of the concrete along the cracks, and the crystallization stress and the volume expansion generated by the crystallization action of sulfate further cause the strength of the concrete to be reduced. And in Na₂SO₄The decrease in strength of concrete eroded in solution is more pronounced because the crystallization of the salt predominates with increasing number of dry and wet cycles, Na₂SO₄Crystallization directly produces Na₂SO₄·10H₂O; and MgSO 2₄The crystallization is instead a product of MgSO₄·H₂O gradually goes to MgSO₄·7H₂Process of O, whose destructive power is much less than that of Na₂SO₄·10H₂O。

1.2 Effect of alkali-silicic acid reaction on concrete durability

Alkali-aggregate Reaction (AAR) is one of the most important factors affecting the durability of concrete, and can be classified into Alkali-silicic acid Reaction (ASR) and Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (ACR). At present, the alkali-aggregate reaction occurring in countries of the world is mostly alkali-silicic acid reaction.

1.2.1 swelling mechanism of the alkali-silicic acid reaction

The alkali-silicic acid reaction is a swelling chemical reaction between hydroxyl ions in the concrete pore solution and the active silica present in the aggregate. The reaction product is an alkali silicate gel of widely varying composition containing silica, sodium, potassium, calcium and water.

The solid phase volume of the alkali silicate gel is larger than the volume before reaction and has strong water absorption, so that expansion stress can be generated in the concrete, and the alkali-silica gel further promotes the development of alkali-silicic acid reaction after water absorption, so that the expansion stress in the concrete is increased, the concrete is cracked, and the concrete structure can be seriously collapsed. The reaction mechanism is as follows:

2NaOH+SiO₂→NaO·SiO₂·H₂O

the swelling mechanism of the alkali-silicic acid reaction can be divided into the following steps: (1) dissolving and releasing alkali in the cement to form a high-alkali environment in which active silicon is dissolved; (2) reactive SiO in aggregate₂Reacting with OH < - >, depolymerizing and destroying the structure by OH < - >, and then adsorbing alkali metal ions on the newly generated surface of a reaction product to form alkali-silicic acid gel; (3) when the alkali-silicic acid gel comes into contact with water, the gel swells by absorbing a large amount of water by osmotic pressure, generating swelling stress inside the concrete. If the system is less constrained, swelling occurs as the gel absorbs large amounts of water, which can cause the affected aggregate particles, and the cement slurry matrix around the aggregate, to swell and crack.

1.3 methods

1) Looking up data and making a research scheme;

2) preparation of Na₂SO₄An etching solution and a NaOH etching solution;

3) determining the mixing ratio of the test piece;

4) stirring by adopting a JJ-5 type cement mortar stirrer, and filling into a cement drying shrinkage test mould with the thickness of 25mm multiplied by 280 mm;

5) after the test piece is molded, the test piece is placed into a standard curing room for curing (24 +/-2) h and is demoulded, and then the test piece is placed into a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box at the temperature of (80 +/-2) DEG C for curing to the specified age;

6) the swelling rate of the test piece after reaching the specified age period is measured by a comparator.

1.4 objects

The invention adopts Na with different concentrations₂SO₄Respectively measuring the expansion rates of the mortar bar test pieces 1d, 3d, 7d, 10d and 14d under the combined action of the two erosion solutions by using a NaOH solution, and performing contrast analysis to obtain the damage rule of the synergistic action of sulfate erosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction on the concrete; on the other hand, the measures for inhibiting the synergistic action of sulfate corrosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction are explored by internally doping the fly ash, the proper doping amount of the fly ash is determined, and the mechanism is analyzed.

2. Principle of the technology

2.1 feedstock and apparatus

2.1.1 starting materials

The raw materials of the invention comprise cement, fly ash, standard sand, active glass and analytically pure anhydrous Na₂SO₄And analytically pure NaOH. The cement is obtained from Tangshanji Dong cement GmbH, and has a variety of P.II 42.5R; the fly ash is obtained from Tangshan construction group, LLC; the standard sand is purchased from Xiamen Wensi Europe standard sand Co Ltd, and the standard sand with the grain size range of 0.3 mm-0.6 mm is taken as the test sand; the active glass is purchased from Beijing Shenghuake instrument quartz glass Co., Ltd, and the glass with the grain size range of 0.3 mm-0.6 mm is taken as the active aggregate; analytically pure anhydrous Na₂SO₄Analytically pure NaOH was purchased from Sedrin Seiko chemical reagents, Inc.

The chemical compositions of the cement and fly ash are shown in Table 1, and the physical properties of the cement are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 1 chemical composition of cement and fly ash (%)

TABLE 2 physical Properties of the cements

2.1.2 instrumentation

The instrument comprises the following steps:

an expansion measuring head, a dryer, an enamel plate, a strickle, a tamper, a brush and the like, and a plurality of cement dry shrinkage test moulds of 25mm multiplied by 280 mm.

The equipment used for part of the experiments is shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Experimental instrumentation

2.2 methods

2.2.1 preparation of etching solutions

(1)Na₂SO₄Solution: accurately weighing 10.0g, 50.0g and 100.0g of anhydrous Na by using an electronic balance₂SO₄Respectively putting the mixture into three beakers, and dissolving the mixture by using about 300mL of distilled water; dissolving Na₂SO₄The solution is cooled to room temperature and then transferred to a 1000mL volumetric flask; washing the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water for 2-3 times, and putting all the washed solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; and (3) adding water into the volumetric flask after the solution in the volumetric flask is uniformly oscillated, and changing a rubber head dropper to ensure that the concave liquid level is tangent to the scale mark when the solution is 1-2 cm away from the scale mark. After the solution is prepared, measuring the pH value of the solution, and keeping the pH value between 7 and 8.

(2) NaOH solution: accurately weighing 40g of solid NaOH by using an electronic balance, putting the solid NaOH into a beaker, and dissolving the solid NaOH by using about 300mL of distilled water; cooling the dissolved NaOH solution to room temperature, and then transferring the dissolved NaOH solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; washing the beaker and the glass rod with distilled water for 2-3 times, and putting all the washed solution into a 1000mL volumetric flask; and (3) uniformly oscillating the solution in the volumetric flask, adding water into the volumetric flask, and changing a rubber-tipped dropper to ensure that the concave liquid level is tangent to the scale mark when the solution is 1-2 cm away from the scale mark to prepare a 1mol/L NaOH solution.

(3) Mixing Na₂SO₄The solution and the NaOH solution are mixed uniformly and used as an etching solution.

2.2.2 test piece mix ratio

The mass ratio of cement to sand is 1:2.25, the water cement ratio is 0.47, the sand consists of 90% of standard sand and 10% of active glass, and the mixing amount of the fly ash is 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. 440.0g of cement and fly ash, 891.0g of sand, 99.0g of active glass and 206.8mL of water are required for a group of three test pieces, and a certain amount of NaOH is added to ensure that the alkali content of the cement reaches 1.25 percent. The alkali content of the cement is calculated by equivalent Na₂Calculated as O, Na₂O_eq＝(Na₂O +0.658K 2O). The mixing ratio of the test pieces is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 test piece mix ratio

2.2.3 test piece Molding

The raw materials are weighed according to the mixing proportion and mechanically stirred by a mortar stirrer. Firstly, the stirrer is in a standby working state, water is added into a pot (alkali is added into the mixing water in advance), then cement is added, the pot is placed on a fixed frame, and the pot is lifted to a fixed position; then immediately starting the machine, after stirring at low speed for 30s, uniformly adding sand at the same time as the beginning of the second 30 s; the machine is rotated to high speed and stirred for 30 seconds; stopping stirring for 90s, and scraping the blades and the mortar on the pot wall into the middle of the pot by using a rubber knife in the first 15 s; stirring was continued at high speed for 60 seconds. The time error of each stirring stage is within +/-1 s.

After stirring, immediately filling the mortar into a test mold with an expansion measuring head in two layers, tamping each layer for 40 times, carefully tamping the periphery of the expansion measuring head, scraping redundant mortar by a knife after pouring and tamping, trowelling, numbering and marking the length measuring direction.

And after the test piece is molded, immediately placing the test piece with the mold into a standard curing chamber. And (5) demolding after curing (24 +/-2) h, and measuring the initial length of the test piece by using a comparator. The test piece to be tested must be covered with a wet cloth to prevent moisture evaporation.

2.2.4 test piece maintenance and Length measurement

After the initial length is measured, the test piece is immersed in water in a curing box (the variety of the test piece in one curing box is the same), the water temperature is kept within the range of (80 +/-2) DEG C (the test piece is covered and placed in a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box), and curing is carried out for (24 +/-2) h.

Taking out a maintenance box from the high-temperature constant-temperature maintenance box, opening a cover of the maintenance box, taking out a test piece from the maintenance box, wiping the surface with a towel, measuring the reference length of the test piece by using a comparator, covering the surface of the test piece with a wet towel within (15 +/-5) s from the time when the test piece is taken out to the time when the reading is finished, and after the reference length of all the test pieces is measured, covering the test piece with the wet towel

Respectively filled with S1 (0% Na)₂SO₄+0mol/LNaOH) etching solution, S2 (0% Na)₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) etching solution, S3 (1% Na)₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) etching solution, S4 (5% Na)₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) etching solution, S5 (10% Na)₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) etching solution, and keeping the water temperature within the range of (80 +/-2) DEG C (covering and placing in a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box).

The length measuring age is calculated from the date of measuring the reference length, the length is measured respectively at the 3 rd, 7 th, 10 th and 14 th days after the reference length is measured, the length measuring time is arranged at approximately the same time every day, the length measuring method is the same as the length measuring method of the reference length, after the length measuring is finished each time, the test piece is immediately placed into an original curing box, and the test piece is covered and placed back into a high-temperature constant-temperature curing box at the temperature of (80 +/-2) DEG C to be continuously cured to the next testing age.

2.2.5 results calculation

The specimen expansion ratio was calculated to the nearest 0.001% according to equation (2.1):

in the formula: e_tRepresents the expansion rate,%, of the test piece in the t-day age; l is_tRepresents the length of the test piece in the t-day age, mm; l is₀Denotes the reference length of the specimen, mm; Δ represents the length of the expansion probe, mm.

The expansion ratio was determined as an experimental result to the nearest 0.01% by taking the arithmetic mean of the expansion values of 3 test pieces. The results were valid when the expansion ratio of any one of the test pieces in the set differed from the average value by not more than 0.01%, and when the average value of the expansion ratios was more than 0.05%, the results were also considered valid when the difference between the measured value and the average value of each test piece was less than 20% of the average value.

2.3 test results and analysis

2.3.1 study of synergistic Effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction on concrete

Test pieces with the same mixing ratio are soaked in erosion solutions with different concentrations, the change condition of the expansion rate of the test pieces is observed, and the synergistic effect of sulfate erosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction is researched.

1) Test conditions for blank A0

As shown in fig. 3, the test piece 14d soaked in the S1 etching solution had a 0.154% expansion rate, compared to the test piece 14d soaked in the S2 etching solution, which had a 0.225% expansion rate and a 46.1% increase in expansion rate. It can be seen that the corrosion of the external alkali solution promotes the alkali-silicic acid reaction, so that the expansion rate of the test piece is obviously increased.

The expansion rates of the test pieces 14d soaked in the S3, S4 and S5 etching solutions were 0.633%, 0.512% and 0.485%, respectively, and the expansion rates were increased by 181.3%, 127.6% and 115.6%, respectively, compared with the test pieces soaked in the S2 etching solution. Thus, Na can be seen₂SO₄The addition of (2) enhances the destruction of the concrete and along with Na₂SO₄The destructive effect of the increase in concentration is reduced. When the etching solution is 1% Na₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH, the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction is the most damaging to the concrete.

After the test piece is soaked in the S3 erosion solution for 7d, the expansion rate is obviously increased. The reason is that the erosion solution reacts only on the surface of the test piece at the initial stage of soaking, the surface of the test piece is loosened and cracks are generated along with the increase of the age, and the erosion solution diffuses into the test piece along the cracks, so that the erosion speed is increased.

In summary, for test pieces soaked in different concentrations of erosion solutions without fly ash, there is a synergistic effect of sulfate erosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction on concrete damage, but the synergistic effect on concrete damage is with SO in solution₄ ^2-The concentration increases and decreases. In S3 etching solution, SO₄ ^2-The concentration is 3.36g/L, the ettringite-gypsum composite corrosion occurs, and the damage effect on concrete is maximum; in S4 etching solution, SO₄ ^2-The concentration is 16.90g/L, gypsum crystals begin to dominate, the destructive effect on concrete is weaker than the compound erosion of ettringite and gypsum, but the mortar bar can still be obviously expanded; in S5 etching solution, SO₄ ^2-The concentration is 33.80g/L and is higher than S4 to erode SO in the solution₄ ^2-The concentration, the destructive effect on the concrete is weakened.

2) Test case of sample A1 doped with 10% fly ash

As shown in fig. 4, the test piece 14d soaked in the S2 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.202%, and the test piece 14d soaked in the S3 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.409%; the test piece 14d soaked in the S4 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.433%, and the test piece 14d soaked in the S5 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.438%.

As can be seen from FIG. 4, 10% of the fly ash is followed by Na₂SO₄The increase in concentration and the increase in expansion rate have different variations compared to fig. 3. The effect of the addition of fly ash on the synergistic effect of sodium sulfate and alkali is shown. After 10% of fly ash is doped, the expansion rate of the sodium sulfate is lower than that of the sodium sulfate without the fly ash corresponding to different sodium sulfate concentrations. Indicating that the fly ash inhibits the synergistic effect of sodium sulfate and alkali.

3) Test case of sample A2 doped with 20% fly ash

As shown in FIG. 5, the test piece 14d soaked in the S2 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.155% and soaked in the S3 etching solutionThe swelling ratio of the soaked test piece 14d is 0.297%; the test piece 14d soaked in the S4 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.322%, and the test piece 14d soaked in the S5 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.329%. 20% fly ash, the expansion rate is along with Na₂SO₄The increase in concentration is the same rule as for A1, but the expansion rate is further reduced.

4) Test case of sample A3 doped with 30% fly ash

As shown in fig. 6, the test piece 14d soaked in the S2 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.149%, the test piece 14d soaked in the S3 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.216%, the test piece 14d soaked in the S4 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.226%, and the test piece 14d soaked in the S5 etching solution had an expansion rate of 0.278%. At 30% fly ash, the expansion rate is also dependent on Na₂SO₄The concentration is increased and the expansion rate is further decreased.

It can be seen from FIGS. 4-6 that the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction enhances the destruction of concrete for the fly ash-impregnated test pieces immersed in different concentrations of the attack solution, and with SO in the solution₄ ^2-The destruction is enhanced by an increase in concentration. When the etching solution is 10% Na₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH, the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction is the most damaging to the concrete. This rule is different from that obtained from fig. 3, and may be due to the fact that the incorporation of fly ash changes the composition at the erosion interface, affecting the reaction process, resulting in the generation of this synergy rule.

2.3.2 investigation of measures to inhibit both sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction

By internally doping 10%, 20% and 30% of fly ash, test pieces with different mixing ratios are soaked in the same concentration of erosion solution, the change condition of the expansion rate of the test piece is observed, and measures for inhibiting sulfate erosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction at the same time are researched.

1) Research on inhibition effect of fly ash on alkali-silicic acid reaction

As shown in fig. 7, in the erosion solution of S1, the expansion rate of the a0 test piece 14d was 0.154%, compared with the expansion rates of the a1, a2 and A3 test pieces 14d, which were 0.153%, 0.151% and 0.141%, respectively, and the reduction rates of the expansion rates were 0.6%, 1.9% and 8.4%, respectively.

As can be seen from fig. 7, under the condition of no external environment corrosion, the 10% doped fly ash has no obvious inhibition effect on alkali-silicic acid reaction, and the 30% doped fly ash has a certain inhibition effect.

As shown in fig. 8, in the erosion solution of S2, the expansion rate of the a0 test piece 14d was 0.225%, compared with the expansion rates of the a1, a2 and A3 test pieces 14d, which were 0.202%, 0.155% and 0.149%, respectively, and the reduction rates of the expansion rates were 10.2%, 31.1% and 33.8%, respectively.

As can be seen from FIG. 8, under the condition of erosion by an external alkali solution, the test piece internally doped with 10% of fly ash starts to show an inhibition effect on an alkali-silicic acid reaction when being maintained for 10 days, and the expansion rate is obviously reduced for 14 days. The test piece doped with 20 percent of fly ash and 30 percent of fly ash has obvious inhibition effect on alkali-silicic acid reaction expansion in the whole curing period. It should be noted that although the expansion rate of the test piece can be reduced by blending fly ash, the expansion rate of the test piece 14d cannot be reduced to less than 0.1% when the blending amount of fly ash reaches 30% because the blending amount of the active aggregate is large.

2) Research on simultaneous inhibition of sulfate corrosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction by fly ash

As shown in fig. 9, in the S3 etching solution, the expansion rate of the a0 test piece 14d was 0.633%, compared with the expansion rates of the a1, a2, and A3 test pieces 14d, which were 0.409%, 0.297%, and 0.216%, respectively, and the reduction rates of the expansion rates were 35.4%, 53.1%, and 65.9%, respectively. Therefore, the blending of the fly ash can effectively inhibit the synergistic effect of sulfate corrosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction, and the inhibiting effect is enhanced along with the increase of the blending amount of the fly ash.

As shown in fig. 10, in the erosion solution of S4, the expansion rate of the a0 test piece 14d was 0.512%, compared with the expansion rates of the a1, a2 and A3 test pieces 14d, which were 0.433%, 0.322% and 0.226%, respectively, and the reduction rates of the expansion rates were 15.4%, 37.1% and 55.9%, respectively. It can be seen that the inhibition effect of the fly ash is gradually weakened with the increase of the concentration of the sodium sulfate erosion solution, but the inhibition effect is still obvious compared with the test piece without the fly ash.

As shown in fig. 11, in the erosion solution of S5, the expansion rate of the a0 test piece 14d was 0.485%, compared with the expansion rates of the a1, a2 and A3 test pieces 14d, which were 0.438%, 0.329% and 0.278%, respectively, and the reduction rates of the expansion rates were 9.7%, 32.2% and 42.7%, respectively. It follows that the inhibition of fly ash is further diminished as the concentration of the etching solution continues to increase. The expansion rate of the test piece 14d doped with 10% of fly ash is reduced by less than 10%, which shows that the inhibition degree of the fly ash on the synergistic action of sulfate corrosion and alkali silicate reaction is influenced by the concentration of the corrosion solution. The 20 percent and 30 percent fly ash are mixed in the test piece, and the expansion rate of the test piece is still obviously inhibited. 0

As can be seen from fig. 9 to 11, the fly ash has a significant inhibition effect on the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction, and the inhibition effect is enhanced with the increase of the mixing amount of the fly ash. In addition, the inhibition effect of the increase of the concentration of the erosion solution on the fly ash is weakened to different degrees, and when the content of the fly ash is 10%, the effect of the increase of the concentration of the erosion solution on the inhibition effect is the largest.

In summary, in the blending amount range of the fly ash adopted by the invention, the suitable blending amount of the fly ash which can effectively inhibit the synergistic action of sulfate erosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction is 30%.

2.3.3 Studies on the mechanism of synergistic action of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction

1) Test method

And taking out the test piece soaked in the different erosion solutions, taking the surface layer of the test piece, and breaking the test piece. And lightly scraping a product at the junction of the cement paste and the glass aggregate by using a knife, grinding the product to powder, and then carrying out XRD analysis on the powder on a D/MAX2500PC type X-ray diffractometer to analyze the mineral composition of the powder and reveal the mechanism of the synergistic action of sulfate corrosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction.

2) Test results

As shown in FIG. 12, SiO was detected at the etching interface in the etching solution of S1₂And Ca (OH)₂. Higher and more SiO in the map due to the mixing of standard sand during sampling₂Peaks appear.

As shown in fig. 13, at S3In the etching solution, Na is accompanied₂SO₄The reaction is carried out, the compound corrosion of the ettringite and the gypsum occurs, and the ettringite and the gypsum appear on the corrosion interface. The ettringite and the gypsum are expansive minerals, and the occurrence of the ettringite and the gypsum causes the expansion rate of the test piece 14d to be greatly increased.

As shown in FIG. 14, in the S4 etching solution, Na is accompanied₂SO₄Increase in concentration, SO in solution₄ ^2-The concentration becomes higher, the corrosion process is changed from ettringite-gypsum composite corrosion into corrosion dominated by gypsum crystals, the existence of gypsum is detected on the corrosion interface, and the influence on the expansion rate of the test piece 14d is reduced.

As shown in FIG. 15, in the S5 etching solution, Na₂SO₄The concentration is further increased, SO in the solution₄ ^2-The concentration is greatly increased, and the corrosion of gypsum is further enhanced. However, in conjunction with the measurement results of the expansion ratio in fig. 3, the reason why the expansion ratio of the mortar bar specimen 14d soaked in the S4 etching solution is larger than that of the mortar bar specimen 14d soaked in the S5 etching solution is yet to be further analyzed.

As can be seen from FIGS. 12 to 15, Na is accompanied by₂SO₄The concentration is increased, and ettringite and gypsum appear on the erosion interface in sequence when SO₄ ^2-When the concentration of (a) is further increased, only gypsum is detected at the erosion interface. With Na₂SO₄The increase in concentration reduces the effect of the reaction products at the erosion interface on the expansion ratio of the test piece, SO that for the sample without fly ash, the synergistic effect of sulfate erosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction with SO₄ ^2-And decreases in concentration.

FIG. 16 shows the result of test specimen A3 at S1 (0% Na)₂SO₄+0mol/LNaOH) for 14 days. FIG. 17 shows the result of test specimen A3 at S3 (1% Na)₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days. FIG. 18 shows test pieces A3 at S4 (5% Na)₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days. FIG. 19 shows test pieces A3 at S5 (10% Na)₂SO₄+1mol/LNaOH) for 14 days.

As can be seen from FIGS. 16 to 19, for the dopingSiO is detected at the erosion interface of the test piece of the fly ash₂、Ca(OH)₂And hydrocalcite (CaAl2Si2O8 & 4H)₂O). The ferrierite has adsorbability, and cavities with different sizes in crystal lattices can effectively adsorb alkali ions which are active ingredients in concrete. Therefore, the blending of the fly ash changes the product composition at the interface of the aggregate and the cement paste, and effectively reduces the sulfate erosion and the expansion caused by the alkali-silicic acid reaction.

In the case of the mixed etching solution of sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide, gypsum and AFt, which are etching products of sodium sulfate, were not found in fig. 17 to 19, meaning that the etching of sodium sulfate was suppressed, but it was known from the foregoing test that the corresponding test piece still had a large expansion, indicating that the expansion of the test piece was mainly caused by the alkali-silicic acid reaction. It is therefore speculated that the synergistic effect of the inhibition of the sulfate attack and the alkali-silicic acid reaction of fly ash is achieved primarily by the inhibition of sulfate attack.

3. Conclusion

1) The sulfate attack and the alkali-silicic acid reaction have a synergistic effect on the damage of the concrete;

2) for test pieces not doped with fly ash, the synergistic effect of sulfate attack and alkali-silicic acid reaction on concrete destruction is along with SO in solution₄ ^2-The concentration increases and decreases. However, for the test pieces doped with fly ash, the synergistic effect of the sulfate attack and the alkali-silicic acid reaction on the concrete destruction is accompanied by SO in the solution₄ ^2-Increased concentration;

3) the addition of the fly ash can effectively inhibit the synergistic effect of sulfate corrosion and alkali-silicic acid reaction, and the inhibition effect is enhanced along with the increase of the addition amount of the fly ash;

4) the extent of inhibition of the synergistic effect of the fly ash on the sulfate attack and alkali silicate reactions is affected by the concentration of the sulfate attack solution. With the increase of the concentration of the sodium sulfate erosion solution, the inhibition effect of the fly ash is gradually weakened, but the test piece still has an obvious inhibition effect relative to the test piece without the fly ash;

5) the fly ash effectively reduces sulfate erosion and expansion caused by alkali-silicic acid reaction because the product composition at the interface of aggregate and cement slurry is changed by doping;

6) the synergistic effect of fly ash on sulfate attack and alkali silicate reaction may be achieved primarily by inhibiting sulfate attack.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.