阅读说明：本技术 一种fpc柔性线路板补强钢片表面处理方法及处理设备 (Surface treatment method and treatment equipment for reinforced steel sheet of FPC (Flexible printed Circuit) ) 是由 黄昌辉 于 2021-06-23 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种FPC柔性线路板补强钢片表面处理方法,包括如下步骤：S1：将装载有补强钢片的料带卷转载在放卷轮上,料带包括依次复合的基带、膜带和钢带,钢带面朝上,料带首先经过基带分离机构,基带分离机构将基带剥离；S2：料带再经过预处理机构,预处理机构对钢带表面进行预清洁处理；S3：料带再经过热擦机构,热擦机构对钢带表面进行热擦拭；S4：料带再经过钢带边料条分离机构,将钢带边料条分离,补强钢片留在膜带上；S5：采用收卷轮将带有补强钢片的膜带收卷,本发明提出的处理方法,步骤简明,便于实现,能够实现对上一工序中料带,进行放卷、基带分离、钢带表面预清洁处理、热擦拭、覆纸和收卷处理。(The invention discloses a surface treatment method of a reinforced steel sheet of an FPC (flexible printed circuit), which comprises the following steps of: s1: transferring a material belt roll loaded with a reinforcing steel sheet on an unwinding wheel, wherein the material belt comprises a base belt, a film belt and a steel belt which are sequentially compounded, the steel belt faces upwards, the material belt firstly passes through a base belt separating mechanism, and the base belt is peeled off by the base belt separating mechanism; s2: the material belt passes through a pretreatment mechanism which carries out pre-cleaning treatment on the surface of the steel belt; s3: the material belt passes through a hot wiping mechanism which carries out hot wiping on the surface of the steel belt; s4: the material belt passes through a steel belt edge material strip separating mechanism to separate the steel belt edge material strips, and the reinforced steel sheet is left on the film belt; s5: the processing method provided by the invention has the advantages that the steps are simple and convenient to realize, and the unwinding, the baseband separation, the steel belt surface pre-cleaning treatment, the hot wiping, the paper coating and the winding treatment can be carried out on the material belt in the previous process.)

1. A surface treatment method for a reinforced steel sheet of an FPC (Flexible printed Circuit) flexible circuit board is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s1: loading a material belt (100) loaded with a reinforcing steel sheet on an unwinding wheel (200) in a winding manner, wherein the material belt (100) comprises a base belt (130), a film belt (120) and a steel belt (110) which are sequentially compounded, the steel belt surface (110) faces upwards, the material belt (100) firstly passes through a base belt separating mechanism (300), and the base belt (130) is peeled off by the base belt separating mechanism (300);

s2: the material belt (100) passes through a pretreatment mechanism (400), and the pretreatment mechanism (400) performs pre-cleaning treatment on the surface of the steel belt;

s3: the material belt (100) passes through a hot wiping mechanism (600), and the hot wiping mechanism (600) performs hot wiping on the surface of the steel belt (110);

s4: the material belt (100) passes through a steel belt (110) edge material strip separating mechanism (900) to separate the steel belt edge material strips (111), and the reinforced steel sheet (112) is left on the film belt (120);

s5: and a winding wheel (710) is adopted to wind the film belt (102) with the reinforced steel sheet (112).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S1, the base tape (130) is peeled off by moving the film tape (120) and the steel tape (110) in the direction "a" and the direction "b" at an angle by using a pair of A traction wheels (310) of the tape separating mechanism (300).

3. The surface treatment method of steel sheet for FPC flexible wiring board according to claim 1, wherein the pre-treatment mechanism (400) first sprays the cleaner uniformly onto the surface of the steel strip and then scrubs the surface of the steel strip at S2.

4. The surface treatment method of steel sheet for FPC flexible wiring board reinforcement according to claim 1, wherein in S3, the thermal wiping mechanism (600) performs multiple thermal wipes on the surface of the steel strip.

5. The surface treatment method of the steel sheet for the FPC flexible circuit board reinforcement according to claim 4, wherein in S3, the wiping wheel (610) in the hot wiping mechanism (600) is attached to the surface of the steel strip (110), the steel strip (110) advances at a constant speed, the wiping wheel rotates, the heating component in the wiping wheel (610) heats, and the wiping sleeve (611) on the surface of the wiping wheel (610) continuously wipes the surface of the steel strip (110).

6. The method for processing the surface of the reinforced steel sheet of the FPC flexible circuit board according to claim 1, wherein in S5, a protective paper strip is attached to the surface of the side of the film strip (120) containing the reinforced steel sheet (112), and then the film strip after the protective paper strip is compounded is wound by a winding wheel (710).

7. The surface treatment equipment for the reinforced steel sheet of the FPC flexible circuit board is characterized by comprising a treatment platform (800), wherein an unwinding wheel (200) and a winding mechanism (700) are respectively arranged on the left side and the right side of the treatment platform (800), a base band separating mechanism (300), a pretreatment mechanism (400), a hot wiping mechanism (600), a steel band edge strip separating mechanism (900) and the winding mechanism (700) are sequentially arranged between the unwinding wheel (200) and the winding mechanism (700), the unwinding wheel (200) is used for loading a material band of the reinforced steel sheet, the material band (100) comprises a base band (130), a membrane band (120) and a steel band (110) which are sequentially compounded, the steel band (110) is arranged in an upward facing manner, the base band separating mechanism (300) is used for separating the base band (130), the pretreatment mechanism (400) and the hot wiping mechanism (600) are arranged on the treatment platform (800), and the pretreatment mechanism (400) is used for pre-cleaning the surface of the steel band (110), the hot wiping mechanism (600) is used for hot wiping the surface of a steel belt, the steel belt edge strip separating mechanism (900) is used for separating a steel belt edge strip (111), and the winding mechanism (700) is used for attaching a protective paper strip to the side face of one side of the film belt with the reinforced steel sheet and winding the protective paper strip.

8. The FPC reinforcing steel sheet surface treatment equipment according to claim 7, wherein the base band separating mechanism (300) comprises a pair of A traction wheels (310), the A traction wheels (310) are distributed left and right, the A traction wheels (310) are arranged on one side of the unwinding wheel (200), and the A traction wheels (310) are used for pressing against the base band (130) and driving the base band (130) to move downwards to peel off the base band (100).

9. The surface treatment equipment for the steel sheet reinforced by the FPC flexible printed circuit according to claim 8, wherein the pretreatment mechanism (400) comprises a spraying assembly for spraying a cleaning agent to the steel strip and a cleaning mechanism for cleaning the surface of the steel strip, the spraying device comprises a spraying head (420) and a liquid supply assembly (430), the treatment platform (800) is provided with limiting blocks (410), limiting grooves for the steel strip (110) to slide through are formed by enclosing the limiting blocks (410), the spraying head (420) is arranged downwards and points to the limiting sliding grooves, and the spraying head (420) is connected with the liquid supply assembly.

10. The device for processing the surface of the steel sheet reinforced by the FPC flexible printed circuit board according to claim 9, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises a scrubbing wheel (440), the scrubbing wheel (440) is axially distributed in a vertical manner along the length direction of the steel belt (110), a scrubbing sleeve (441) is arranged on the scrubbing wheel (440), the scrubbing sleeve (441) is attached to the surface of the steel belt (110), and the scrubbing wheel (441) rotates to scrub the surface of the steel belt (110) continuously.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of surface treatment of a reinforced steel sheet of an FPC (flexible printed circuit) flexible circuit board, in particular to a surface treatment method and treatment equipment of the reinforced steel sheet of the FPC flexible circuit board.

Background

A Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC), also called a flexible circuit board or a flexible circuit board, is favored for its excellent characteristics of light weight, thin thickness, free bending and folding, but the quality inspection of the FPC in China mainly depends on manual visual inspection, and is high in cost and low in efficiency. With the rapid development of the electronic industry, the design of the circuit board tends to be high in precision and density, the traditional manual detection method cannot meet the production requirement, and the automatic detection of the FPC defect becomes an inevitable trend of the industrial development.

The flexible circuit (FPC) is a technology developed in the United states in the last 70 th century for developing the technology of space rocket, and is a printed circuit which is made of mylar or polyimide as a base material and has high reliability and excellent flexibility. The circuit can be bent at will, is folded, has light weight, small volume, good heat dissipation and convenient installation, and breaks through the traditional interconnection technology. In the structure of the flexible circuit, the constituent materials are an insulating film, a conductor, and an adhesive.

The FPC needs to enhance the strength of some equipment so that the FPC cannot deform, a reinforcing steel sheet is generally arranged on the FPC, the surface of the reinforcing steel sheet needs to be cleaned when the reinforcing steel sheet is produced and processed, and most of the existing work is manually or mechanically assisted, so that the existing processing requirements cannot be met.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a surface treatment method of a reinforced steel sheet of an FPC (flexible printed circuit), which comprises the following steps of:

s1: loading a material belt roll loaded with a reinforcing steel sheet on an unwinding wheel, wherein the material belt comprises a base belt, a film belt and a steel belt which are sequentially compounded, the steel belt faces upwards, and the base belt passes through a base belt separating mechanism firstly, and the base belt is peeled off by the base belt separating mechanism;

s2: the material belt passes through a pretreatment mechanism which carries out pre-cleaning treatment on the surface of the steel belt;

s3: the material belt passes through a hot wiping mechanism which carries out hot wiping on the surface of the steel belt;

s4: the material belt passes through a steel belt edge material strip separating mechanism to separate the steel belt edge material strips, and the reinforced steel sheet is left on the film belt;

s5: and winding the film belt with the reinforced steel sheet by using a winding wheel.

Preferably: in S1, the base band is pulled to move towards the direction a by a pair of A pulling wheels in the base band separating mechanism, the film band and the steel band move towards the direction b, and the direction a and the direction b are distributed in an included angle shape, so that the base band is peeled.

Preferably: in S2, the pretreatment mechanism first sprays the cleaner uniformly onto the surface of the steel strip, and then scrubs the surface of the steel strip.

Preferably: in S3, the hot wiping mechanism performs hot wiping on the surface of the steel strip a plurality of times.

Preferably: in S3, the wiping wheel in the hot wiping mechanism is attached to the surface of the steel belt, the steel belt moves forward at a constant speed, the wiping wheel rotates, the heating component in the wiping wheel heats, and the wiping sleeve on the surface of the wiping wheel continuously wipes the surface of the steel belt.

Preferably: in S5, a protective paper tape is attached to the surface of the film tape on the side containing the reinforcing steel sheet, and then the film tape after the protective paper tape is compounded is wound up by using a winding wheel.

A surface treatment device for a reinforced steel sheet of an FPC flexible circuit board comprises a treatment platform, wherein the left side and the right side of the treatment platform are respectively provided with an unwinding wheel and a winding mechanism, a base band separating mechanism, a pretreatment mechanism and a hot wiping mechanism are sequentially arranged between the unwinding wheel and the winding mechanism, steel band limit material strip separating mechanism and winding mechanism, the unreel wheel is used for loading the material area that has the reinforcement steel sheet, the material area is including compound baseband in proper order, membrane area and steel band, the steel band face is upwards arranged, baseband separating mechanism is used for separating the baseband, pretreatment mechanism and hot wiping mechanism arrange on processing platform, pretreatment mechanism is used for carrying out the cleaning treatment in advance to the steel band surface, hot wiping mechanism is used for carrying out hot wiping to the steel band surface, steel band limit material strip separating mechanism is used for separating the steel band limit material strip, winding mechanism is used for laminating the protection note on the side that the membrane area has reinforcement steel sheet one side and rolling.

Preferably: the base band separating mechanism comprises a pair of traction wheels A, the traction wheels A are distributed left and right, the traction wheels A are arranged on one side of the unwinding wheel, and the traction wheels A are used for extruding and abutting against the base band and driving the base band to move downwards to strip the base band.

Preferably: the pretreatment mechanism comprises a spray assembly for spraying a cleaning agent to the steel strip and a cleaning mechanism for cleaning the surface of the steel strip, the spray device comprises a spray head and a liquid supply assembly, limit blocks are arranged on the treatment platform, limit grooves for the steel strip to slide are formed by enclosing the limit blocks, the spray head is arranged downwards and points to the limit sliding grooves, and the spray head is connected with the liquid supply assembly.

Preferably: the cleaning mechanism comprises a scrubbing wheel, the axial direction of the scrubbing wheel and the length direction of the steel strip are vertically distributed, a scrubbing sleeve is arranged on the scrubbing wheel, the scrubbing sleeve is attached to the surface of the steel strip, and the scrubbing wheel rotates to scrub the surface of the steel strip continuously.

Preferably: and a driving roller set is also arranged between the pretreatment mechanism and the hot wiping mechanism, the driving roller set comprises two rollers which are distributed up and down, and the two rollers are attached to the upper surface and the lower surface of the steel belt and used for driving the steel belt to move forwards.

Preferably: the hot wiping mechanism comprises a plurality of groups of hot wiping wheels, the hot wiping wheels are distributed at intervals along the advancing direction of the steel strip, the hot wiping wheels and the steel strip are vertically distributed, the hot wiping wheels are arranged on an elastic support, the elastic support is used for applying downward elasticity to the hot wiping wheels, the hot wiping wheels are pressed on the surface of the steel strip, a hot wiping sleeve is arranged on the surface of the hot wiping wheels, and a heating assembly is arranged in the hot wiping wheels.

Preferably: the steel strip edge strip separating mechanism and the winding mechanism are distributed up and down, the steel strip edge strip separating mechanism comprises a guide wheel and a pair of traction wheels B, the guide wheel is used for guiding the steel strip edge strips upwards, and the traction wheels B are used for drawing and discharging the steel strip edge strips.

Preferably: the winding mechanism comprises a pair of film covering wheels, a protection paper strip unwinding wheel and a winding wheel, the film covering wheels comprise rotating wheels and pressing wheels, annular limiting grooves are formed in the rotating wheels, the groove width of each annular limiting groove is consistent with the width of a film strip and the width of the protection paper strip, the pressing wheels are arranged in the annular limiting grooves, the pressing wheels are used for pressing the protection paper strip and the film strip at the groove bottom of the annular limiting grooves, and the winding wheel is used for winding the film strip after being attached and the protection paper strip.

The invention has the technical effects and advantages that: the processing method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple and clear steps, convenience for realization, capability of realizing the unreeling, the baseband separation, the steel belt surface pre-cleaning treatment, the hot wiping, the paper covering and the reeling treatment of the material belt in the previous process.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for processing the surface of a reinforcing steel sheet of an FPC flexible printed circuit board according to the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the surface treatment equipment for the reinforced steel sheet of the FPC flexible printed circuit board provided by the invention.

Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a material belt in the surface treatment equipment for the reinforced steel sheet of the FPC flexible printed circuit.

Description of reference numerals: 100-material belt, 110-steel belt, 111-steel belt edge material strip, 112-reinforced steel sheet, 120-film belt, 130-base belt, 200-unwinding wheel, 300-base belt separating mechanism, 310-A traction wheel, 400-pretreatment mechanism, 410-limiting block, 420-spray head, 430-liquid supply assembly, 440-scrubbing wheel, 441-scrubbing sleeve, 500-driving roller set, 600-hot scrubbing mechanism, 610-hot scrubbing wheel, 611-hot scrubbing sleeve, 620-elastic support, 700-winding mechanism, 710-winding wheel, 720-protective paper strip unwinding wheel, 730-rotating wheel, 740-pressing wheel, 800-processing platform, 900-edge material strip separating mechanism, 910-guide wheel and 920-B traction wheel.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. The embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Example 1

Referring to fig. 1, in this embodiment, a method for processing a surface of a reinforcing steel sheet of an FPC flexible printed circuit board is provided, which includes the following steps:

s1: the method comprises the following steps that a material belt 100 loaded with a reinforcing steel sheet is transferred on a unwinding wheel 200, the material belt 100 comprises a base belt 130, a film belt 120 and a steel belt 110 which are sequentially compounded, the steel belt surface 110 faces upwards, the material belt 100 firstly passes through a base belt separating mechanism 300, and the base belt 130 is peeled off by the base belt separating mechanism 300;

s2: the material belt 100 passes through a pretreatment mechanism 400, and the pretreatment mechanism 400 performs precleaning treatment on the surface of the steel belt;

s3: the material belt 100 passes through the hot wiping mechanism 600, and the hot wiping mechanism 600 performs hot wiping on the surface of the steel belt 110;

s4: the material belt 100 passes through the steel belt 110 edge material strip separating mechanism 900, the steel belt edge material strip 111 is separated, and the reinforcing steel sheet 112 is left on the film belt 120;

s5: the film tape 102 with the reinforced steel sheet 112 is wound up by a winding wheel 710.

In S1, the base tape 130 is peeled off by moving the film tape 120 and the steel tape 110 in the direction b in an angle shape by pulling the base tape in the direction a by the pair of a pulling rollers 310 in the base tape separating mechanism 300.

In S2, the pre-treatment mechanism 400 first sprays a cleaning agent uniformly onto the surface of the steel strip, and then scrubs the surface of the steel strip.

In S3, the hot wiping mechanism 600 performs hot wiping of the surface of the steel strip a plurality of times.

In S3, the wiping wheel 610 of the hot wiping mechanism 600 is attached to the surface of the steel belt 110, the steel belt 110 moves forward at a constant speed, the wiping wheel rotates, the heating element in the wiping wheel 610 heats, and the wiping sleeve 611 on the surface of the wiping wheel 610 continuously wipes the surface of the steel belt 110.

In S5, a protective paper tape is attached to the surface of the film tape 120 on the side containing the reinforcing steel sheet 112, and then the film tape after being compounded with the protective paper tape is wound up by using the winding wheel 710.

Example 2

Referring to fig. 2 and fig. 3, the present embodiment provides a surface treatment apparatus for reinforced steel sheet of FPC flexible printed circuit, including a treatment platform 800, an unwinding wheel 200 and a winding mechanism 700 are respectively disposed on the left and right sides of the treatment platform 800, a base band separating mechanism 300, a pre-treating mechanism 400, a thermal wiping mechanism 600, a steel band edge strip separating mechanism 900 and a winding mechanism 700 are sequentially disposed between the unwinding wheel 200 and the winding mechanism 700, the unwinding wheel 200 is used for loading a material strip of reinforced steel sheet, the material strip 100 includes a base band 130, a film strip 120 and a steel band 110 which are sequentially combined, the steel band 110 is disposed facing upwards, the base band separating mechanism 300 is used for separating the base band 130, the pre-treating mechanism 400 and the thermal wiping mechanism 600 are disposed on the treatment platform 800, the pre-treating mechanism 400 is used for pre-cleaning the surface of the steel band 110, the thermal wiping mechanism 600 is used for thermally wiping the surface of the steel band, the steel band edge strip separating mechanism 900 is used for separating the steel band edge strip 111, the winding mechanism 700 is used for attaching the protective paper strip to the side surface of the membrane tape with the side surface provided with the reinforced steel sheet and winding the protective paper strip.

The base band separating mechanism 300 comprises a pair of a traction wheels 310, the two a traction wheels 310 are distributed left and right, the two a traction wheels 310 are arranged on one side of the unwinding wheel 200, and the two a traction wheels 310 are used for pressing against the base band 130 and driving the base band 130 to move downwards to peel off the material band 100.

The pretreatment mechanism 400 comprises a spray assembly for spraying a cleaning agent on the steel strip and a cleaning mechanism for cleaning the surface of the steel strip, the spray device comprises a spray head 420 and a liquid supply assembly 430, limit blocks 410 are arranged on the treatment platform 800, limit grooves for the steel strip 110 to slide are formed by enclosing the limit blocks 410, the spray head 420 is arranged downwards and points to the limit sliding grooves, and the spray head 420 is connected with the liquid supply assembly.

The cleaning mechanism comprises a scrubbing wheel 440, the axial direction of the scrubbing wheel 440 is vertical to the length direction of the steel strip 110, a scrubbing sleeve 441 is arranged on the scrubbing wheel 440, the scrubbing sleeve 441 is attached to the surface of the steel strip 110, and the scrubbing wheel 441 rotates to scrub the surface of the steel strip 110 continuously.

The driving roller set 500 is further installed between the pre-treating mechanism 400 and the hot wiping mechanism 600, the driving roller set 500 includes two rollers distributed up and down, and the two rollers are attached to the upper and lower surfaces of the steel strip 110 for driving the steel strip 110 to move forward.

The hot wiping mechanism 600 comprises a plurality of groups of hot wiping wheels 610, the hot wiping wheels 610 are distributed at intervals along the advancing direction of the steel strip 110, the hot wiping wheels 610 and the steel strip 110 are distributed in a vertical shape, the hot wiping wheels 610 are installed on an elastic support 620, the elastic support 620 is used for applying downward elastic force to the hot wiping wheels 610 to press the hot wiping wheels 610 on the surface of the steel strip, a hot wiping sleeve 611 is installed on the surface of the hot wiping wheels 610, and a heating assembly is installed in the hot wiping wheels 610.

The steel strip scrap strip separating mechanism 900 and the winding mechanism 700 are distributed up and down, the steel strip scrap strip separating mechanism 900 comprises a guide wheel 910 and a pair of traction wheels B920, the guide wheel 910 is used for guiding the steel strip scrap strips 111 upwards, and the traction wheels B920 are used for drawing and discharging the steel strip scrap strips 111.

The winding mechanism 700 comprises a pair of film covering wheels, a protective paper strip unwinding wheel 720 and a winding wheel 710, the film covering wheels comprise a rotating wheel 730 and a pressing wheel 740, an annular limiting groove is formed in the rotating wheel 730, the groove width of the annular limiting groove is consistent with the width of the film strip 120 and the width of the protective paper strip, the pressing wheel 740 is arranged in the annular limiting groove, the pressing wheel 740 is used for pressing the protective paper strip and the film strip 120 at the groove bottom of the annular limiting groove, and the winding wheel 710 is used for winding the film strip and the protective paper strip after being attached.

When the surface treatment equipment works, firstly, a material belt 100 is loaded on an unreeling wheel 200, a base belt 130 on the material belt 100 is separated and passes through an A traction wheel, the A traction wheel pulls the base belt 130 to go downwards, a driving roller set 500 drives a film belt 120 and a steel belt 110 to go forwards to realize the separation of the base belt 130, the steel belt 110 faces upwards, the steel belt firstly slides through a limiting block 410 on a treatment platform 800, a liquid supply assembly 430 supplies cleaning agent to a spray head 410, the spray head 410 sprays atomized cleaning agent to the surface of the steel belt, then a scrubbing wheel 440 rotates to drive a scrubbing sleeve 441 to synchronously rotate, the scrubbing sleeve 441 performs scrubbing treatment on the surface of the steel belt, then the steel belt 110 is pulled forwards by the driving roller set 500, the steel belt 110 passes through the scrubbing wheels 610, the rotating direction of the scrubbing wheels at two ends is consistent with the traveling direction of the steel belt, the rotating direction of the scrubbing wheel in the middle is opposite to the traveling direction of the steel belt, and the rotating speeds are different, heating element heats in it, wipe the steel band surface, and heat, make the steel band surface moisture volatilize fast, then steel band 110 rethread steel band rim charge strip separating mechanism 900, steel band rim charge strip 111 passes B traction wheel 920 through guide pulley 910, B traction wheel 920 separates steel band rim charge strip 111 and discharges, the membrane area that has reinforcement steel sheet 112 passes through between runner 730 and pinch roller 720 again, will protect the laminating of note and press in membrane area 120 contains reinforcement steel sheet 112 one side, then it can with its rolling up of rolling wheel 710.

The processing method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple and clear steps, convenience for realization, capability of realizing the unreeling, the baseband separation, the steel belt surface pre-cleaning treatment, the hot wiping, the paper covering and the reeling treatment of the material belt in the previous process.

It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a few embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by one of ordinary skill in the art and related arts based on the embodiments of the present invention without any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Structures, devices, and methods of operation not specifically described or illustrated herein are generally practiced in the art without specific recitation or limitation.