阅读说明：本技术 一种低成本的用于铸件铸造的加工设备、铸造方法及铸件 (Low-cost machining equipment and casting method for casting of casting and casting ) 是由 朱建月 于 2019-11-09 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供一种低成本的用于铸件铸造的加工设备、铸造方法及铸件,用于铸件铸造的智能化加工设备用于铸造玩具车的轮毂,包括砂盒和砂型,砂型内设有型腔；砂盒包括上砂盒和下砂盒,砂型包括上砂型和下砂型,上砂型上设有与型腔连通的浇铸通道；用于铸件铸造的智能化加工设备还包括集气系统,集气系统包括集气盒和抽风机,集气盒设置在下砂盒的底面,集气盒的上表面边缘与下砂盒的底面密封固定连接,抽风机与下砂盒固定连接,集气盒底面设有排气口,本发明中的设备通过设置集气系统将浇铸时产生的烟气进行收集净化,减少烟气逸出到大气中,改善工作环境。(The invention provides low-cost processing equipment, a casting method and a casting for casting a casting, wherein the intelligent processing equipment for casting the casting is used for casting a hub of a toy car and comprises a sand box and a sand mold, and a cavity is arranged in the sand mold; the sand box comprises an upper sand box and a lower sand box, the sand mould comprises an upper sand mould and a lower sand mould, and the upper sand mould is provided with a casting channel communicated with the cavity; the intelligent processing equipment for casting of the casting also comprises a gas collection system, wherein the gas collection system comprises a gas collection box and an exhaust fan, the gas collection box is arranged on the bottom surface of the lower sand box, the edge of the upper surface of the gas collection box is fixedly connected with the bottom surface of the lower sand box in a sealing manner, the exhaust fan is fixedly connected with the lower sand box, and an exhaust port is arranged on the bottom surface of the gas collection box.)

1. A low-cost processing device, a casting method and a casting for casting a casting of a toy car comprise a sand box and a sand mould, wherein the sand mould is filled in the sand box, and a cavity is arranged in the sand mould; the sand box comprises an upper sand box (100) and a lower sand box (200), the sand mold comprises an upper sand mold (300) and a lower sand mold (400), the upper sand mold (300) is filled in the upper sand box (100), the lower sand mold (400) is filled in the lower sand box (200), the cavity is positioned between the upper sand mold (300) and the lower sand mold (400), and a casting channel (301) communicated with the cavity is arranged on the upper sand mold (300); the casting device is characterized in that a top cover (101) is fixedly covered on the top surface of the sand feeding box (100) in a detachable mode, a casting hole (102) is formed in the top cover (101), and the casting hole (102) is communicated with the casting channel (301);

the intelligent processing equipment for casting comprises a casting, and is characterized by further comprising a gas collecting system (500), wherein the gas collecting system (500) comprises a gas collecting box (501) and an exhaust fan (502), the gas collecting box (501) is arranged on the bottom surface of the sand discharging box (200), the edge of the upper surface of the gas collecting box (501) is fixedly connected with the bottom surface of the sand discharging box (200) in a sealing mode, the exhaust fan (502) is fixedly connected with the sand discharging box (200), an exhaust port (503) is formed in the bottom surface of the gas collecting box (501), an air outlet of the exhaust fan (502) is communicated with the exhaust port (503), and a cotton filter screen (504) capable of penetrating air is covered on the exhaust port (503); a circle of lower gas collecting groove (201) is formed in the top surface of the lower sand box (200), an airflow channel (202) is formed in the bottom surface of the lower gas collecting groove (201), and two ends of the airflow channel (202) are respectively communicated with the lower gas collecting groove (201) and the gas collecting box (501);

the airflow channels (202) are provided with a plurality of airflow channels and are uniformly distributed along the lower air collecting groove (201), and the spacing distance between every two adjacent airflow channels (202) is 1-3 cm;

a sealing ring (600) is arranged between the bottom surface of the upper sand box (100) and the top surface of the lower sand box (200), the lower gas collecting groove (201) is positioned on the inner side of the sealing ring (600), and after the upper sand box (100) and the lower sand box (200) are mutually covered, the bottom surface of the upper sand box (100) and the top surface of the lower sand box (200) are respectively in sealing butt joint with the sealing ring (600);

a circle of upper air collecting groove (203) is formed in the position, corresponding to the lower air collecting groove (201), of the bottom surface of the upper sand box (100), the upper air collecting groove (203) is communicated with the lower air collecting groove (201), the inner side edge of the upper air collecting groove (203) and the inner side edge of the lower air collecting groove (201) are offset towards the direction away from each other to form a first gap (700), and the lower air collecting groove (201) is communicated with the interior of the lower sand box (200) through the gap;

the die cavities comprise an upper die cavity (302) and a lower die cavity (401), the upper die cavity (302) is positioned on one surface, close to the lower sand mold (400), of the upper sand mold (300), and the lower die cavity (401) is positioned on one surface, close to the upper sand mold (300), of the lower sand mold (400);

a circle of lower bosses (402) are arranged at the edge of the lower cavity (401), a circle of upper bosses (303) are arranged at the edge of the upper cavity (302), the lower bosses (402) are mutually abutted with the upper bosses (303), a second gap (701) is formed between the outer side of the upper bosses (303) and the outer side of the lower bosses (402), and the first gap (700) is communicated with the second gap (701); a grid layer (702) is clamped in the second gap (701), grid channels are uniformly distributed in the grid layer (702), and the grid channels are communicated with the first gap (700);

the intelligent processing equipment for casting further comprises a hub model (800) and a casting pipe (103), wherein the hub model (800) is made of paraffin, the casting pipe (103) is made of ceramic, the hub model (800) is buried in the cavity, the hub model (800) is the same as the hub in shape, a shaft hole (801) is formed in the center of the hub model (800), the shaft hole (801) is vertically arranged, the casting pipe (103) is inserted into the casting hole (102) and the casting channel (301), a third gap (703) is formed between the bottom surface of the casting pipe (103) and the bottom surface of the cavity, and the distance between the third gap (703) is 0.5-1 cm;

a first shaft seat (900) is fixedly connected to one side of the sand feeding box (100), a second shaft seat (901) is fixedly connected to the position, corresponding to the first shaft seat (900), of the sand discharging box (200), a rotating shaft (902) is bolted to the first shaft seat (900) and the second shaft seat (901), the shaft seats and the second shaft seat (901) are respectively rotatably connected with the rotating shaft (902), and the central axis of the rotating shaft (902) is parallel to the edge of the sand feeding box (100);

a third shaft seat (903) is fixedly connected to the other side of the sanding box (100), a fourth shaft seat (904) is fixedly connected to the position, corresponding to the third shaft seat (903), of the sanding box (200), and a pin rod (905) is pinned to the third shaft seat (903) and the fourth shaft seat (904);

fixedly connected with PCB board (505), atmospheric pressure monitor (506) and battery on gas collection box (501) inner wall, battery and atmospheric pressure monitor (506) are connected with PCB board (505) electricity respectively, atmospheric pressure monitor (506) are used for detecting atmospheric pressure in gas collection box (501) and feed back atmospheric pressure signal to PCB board (505), integrated CPU has on PCB board (505), and CPU receives atmospheric pressure signal and controls according to this signal exhaust fan (502) work.

2. A casting method for casting a hub, characterized by using the intelligent processing equipment for casting a casting according to claim 1, comprising the following steps:

s1: covering the upper sand box (100) and the lower sand box (200), detaching the top cover (101) from the upper sand box (100), and pouring sand into the lower sand box (200) until the distance between the upper surface of the sand in the lower sand box (200) and the upper surface of the lower sand box (200) is half of the height of the hub;

s2: flatly placing the wheel hub model (800) in the sand discharging box (200), continuously pouring sand until the sand discharging box is filled, compacting the sand in the sand discharging box (200), wherein the wheel hub model (800) is made of paraffin materials;

s3: pouring sand into the sand feeding box (100), and compacting the sand after the upper surface of the sand is flush with the upper surface of the hub model (800);

s4: continuously pouring sand until the sand feeding box (100) is filled, compacting the sand, arranging the casting channel (301) in the sand above the hub model (800), and communicating the lower port of the casting channel (301) with the cavity where the hub model (800) is located;

s5: starting an exhaust fan (502) and waiting for more than 15 seconds;

s6: injecting molten metal from a casting hole (102) until the cavity is filled, and waiting until the molten metal in the cavity is cooled and solidified to form a hub blank;

s7: unloading the top cover (101) from the top opening of the sand feeding box (100), separating the sand feeding box (100) from the sand discharging box (200), lifting the sand feeding box (100) upwards, and removing sand on the outer side of the upper half part of the hub blank;

s8: pulling out the wheel hub blank from the sand in the sand discharging box (200) to clean the sand on the outer surface of the wheel hub blank;

in S4, the method for manufacturing the casting channel (301) includes the steps of:

a1: firstly erecting a rod on the upper surface of the hub model (800) and at a position corresponding to the casting hole (102), then continuously pouring sand until the sand feeding box (100) is filled, and compacting the sand;

a2: aligning the casting hole (102) with the rod and covering a top cover (101) on the top opening of the sand feeding box (100), wherein the lower end surface of the rod is abutted with the upper surface of a hub model (800), and the upper end of the rod penetrates through the casting hole (102);

a3: the rod is a solid rod or the casting pipe (103), and when the rod is the casting pipe (103), molten metal is poured into the casting pipe (103);

a4: when the rod is a solid rod, the rod is pulled out from a casting hole (102), the casting channel (301) is formed in sand, and molten metal is injected from the casting hole (102).

3. A casting, characterized in that the casting is cast by the method of claim 2, and comprises a shaft sleeve (802), a roller (803) and ribs (804), wherein the shaft sleeve (802) and the roller (803) are both cylindrical, the shaft sleeve (802) and the roller (803) are coaxial and have the same axial length, the shaft sleeve (802) is located inside the roller (803), the shaft sleeve (802) is flush with the end surface of the roller (803), the ribs (804) are located between the shaft sleeve (802) and the roller (803), the ribs (804) are five pieces and are respectively distributed around the central axis of the shaft sleeve (802) in an equiangular array, and the two axial end surfaces of the ribs (804) along the shaft sleeve (802) are respectively flush with the two end surfaces of the shaft sleeve (802).

Technical Field

The application relates to the technical field of casting, in particular to low-cost machining equipment for casting a casting, a casting method and the casting.

Background

Casting is a process in which liquid metal is poured into a casting cavity, usually called a mold or a cavity, adapted to the shape of the part, after cooling and solidification of the liquid metal in the cavity, to obtain a part or a blank.

Sand casting is a common casting method, i.e. a part pattern is buried in a sand box, after the sand is compacted, the part pattern is taken out and a cavity for casting liquid metal is formed in the sand. The metal hub of the trolley is usually cast in a sand mold mode, so that the blank generation efficiency is high and the cost is low.

In the prior art, a wheel hub of a toy car needs to be cast, in order to improve production efficiency, a lost foam casting method is adopted, namely, an adopted part model is paraffin or plastic foam, the part model does not need to be taken out of sand, the part model is burnt or evaporated after being collided with liquid metal in the casting process, a space is vacated for the liquid metal, and finally the whole cavity is filled with the liquid metal.

However, in the process of casting the lost foam, a large amount of gas is generated by burning the metal model or evaporating or volatilizing the metal model by high-temperature liquid metal, if paraffin is used for the lost foam, the evaporated gas is paraffin steam, and when the concentration of the paraffin steam reaches a certain degree, the paraffin steam can explode when encountering open fire. If a plastic foam is used for the metal mold, the generated gas is generally an irritant gas and harmful to the human body.

And no effective measure for solving the problem of gas collection generated in the lost foam casting process exists in the prior art.

Content of application

The application provides a high-efficient intelligent processing equipment, casting method and foundry goods for foundry goods is cast for solve the problem that the disappearance mould casting in-process produced gas and is difficult to collect among the prior art.

The invention provides intelligent processing equipment for casting castings, which is used for casting a hub of a toy car and comprises a sand box and a sand mould, wherein the sand mould is filled in the sand box, and a cavity is arranged in the sand mould; the sand box comprises an upper sand box and a lower sand box, the sand mould comprises an upper sand mould and a lower sand mould, the upper sand mould is filled in the upper sand box, the lower sand mould is filled in the lower sand box, the cavity is positioned between the upper sand mould and the lower sand mould, and the upper sand mould is provided with a casting channel communicated with the cavity; the top surface of the sand feeding box is detachably and fixedly covered with a top cover, the top cover is provided with a casting hole, and the casting hole is communicated with the casting channel;

the intelligent processing equipment for casting the castings further comprises a gas collecting system, wherein the gas collecting system comprises a gas collecting box and an exhaust fan, the gas collecting box is arranged on the bottom surface of the lower sand box, the edge of the upper surface of the gas collecting box is fixedly connected with the bottom surface of the lower sand box in a sealing mode, the exhaust fan is fixedly connected with the lower sand box, an exhaust port is formed in the bottom surface of the gas collecting box, an air outlet of the exhaust fan is communicated with the exhaust port, and a cotton filter screen capable of ventilating air is covered on the exhaust port; the top surface of the lower sand box is provided with a circle of lower gas collecting groove, the bottom surface of the lower gas collecting groove is provided with an airflow channel, and two ends of the airflow channel are respectively communicated with the lower gas collecting groove and the gas collecting box.

In a possible design of the first aspect, the airflow channels have a plurality of airflow channels and are uniformly distributed along the lower air collecting groove, and a separation distance between adjacent airflow channels is 1 to 3 centimeters.

In a possible design of the first aspect, a seal ring is disposed between the bottom surface of the upper sand box and the top surface of the lower sand box, the lower air collecting groove is located inside the seal ring, and after the upper sand box and the lower sand box are mutually covered, the bottom surface of the upper sand box and the top surface of the lower sand box are respectively in sealing abutment with the seal ring.

In one possible design of the first aspect, a circle of upper air collecting groove is formed in a position, corresponding to the lower air collecting groove, of the bottom surface of the upper sand box, the upper air collecting groove is communicated with the lower air collecting groove, the inner side edge of the upper air collecting groove and the inner side edge of the lower air collecting groove are offset towards directions away from each other to form a first gap, and the lower air collecting groove is communicated with the inner portion of the lower sand box through the gap.

In a possible design of the first aspect, the cavity includes an upper cavity and a lower cavity, the upper cavity is located on one surface of the upper sand mold close to the lower sand mold, and the lower cavity is located on one surface of the lower sand mold close to the upper sand mold;

the edge of the lower cavity is provided with a circle of lower bosses, the edge of the upper cavity is provided with a circle of upper bosses, the lower bosses are mutually abutted with the upper bosses, second gaps are formed between the outer sides of the upper bosses and the outer sides of the lower bosses, and the first gaps are communicated with the second gaps.

In a possible design of the first aspect, a grid layer is sandwiched in the second gap, grid channels are uniformly distributed in the grid layer, and the grid channels are communicated with the first gap.

In a possible design of the first aspect, the intelligent processing equipment for casting the casting further comprises a hub model and a casting pipe, the hub model is made of paraffin, the casting pipe is made of ceramic, the hub model is embedded in the cavity, the hub model and the hub are the same in shape, a shaft hole is formed in the center of the hub model, the shaft hole is vertically arranged, the casting pipe is inserted into the casting hole and the casting channel, a third gap is formed between the bottom surface of the casting pipe and the bottom surface of the cavity, and the distance between the third gap and the bottom surface of the cavity is 0.5-1 cm.

In one possible design of the first aspect, one side of the sanding box is fixedly connected with a first shaft seat, the sanding box is fixedly connected with a second shaft seat at a position corresponding to the first shaft seat, the first shaft seat and the second shaft seat are respectively bolted with a rotating shaft, the shaft seats and the second shaft seat are respectively rotatably connected with the rotating shaft, and a central axis of the rotating shaft is parallel to the edge of the sanding box;

the other side of the sanding box is fixedly connected with a third shaft seat, the sanding box is fixedly connected with a fourth shaft seat at a position corresponding to the third shaft seat, and a pin rod is pinned on the third shaft seat and the fourth shaft seat;

the gas collection box is characterized in that a PCB, a gas pressure monitor and a battery are fixedly connected to the inner wall of the gas collection box, the battery and the gas pressure monitor are respectively electrically connected with the PCB, the gas pressure monitor is used for detecting gas pressure in the gas collection box and feeding a gas pressure signal back to the PCB, a CPU is integrated on the PCB, and the CPU receives the gas pressure signal and controls the work of the exhaust fan according to the signal.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a casting method for casting a wheel hub, using any one of the intelligent processing devices for casting a casting according to the first aspect, including the steps of:

s1: covering the upper sand box and the lower sand box, detaching the top cover from the upper sand box, and pouring sand into the lower sand box until the distance between the upper surface of the sand in the lower sand box and the upper surface of the lower sand box is half of the height of the hub;

s2: horizontally placing the wheel hub model in the sand discharging box, continuously pouring sand until the sand discharging box is filled, and compacting the sand in the sand discharging box, wherein the wheel hub model is made of a paraffin material;

s3: pouring sand into the sand feeding box, and compacting the sand after the upper surface of the sand is flush with the upper surface of the hub model;

s4: continuously pouring sand until the sand feeding box is filled, compacting the sand, arranging the casting channel in the sand above the hub model, and communicating a lower port of the casting channel with a cavity where the hub model is located;

s5: starting an exhaust fan, and waiting for more than 15 seconds;

s6: injecting molten metal from the casting hole until the cavity is full, and waiting until the molten metal in the cavity is cooled and solidified to form a hub blank;

s7: unloading the top cover from the top opening of the upper sand box, separating the upper sand box from the lower sand box, lifting the upper sand box upwards, and removing sand on the outer side of the upper half part of the hub blank;

s8: pulling out the wheel hub blank from the sand in the sand discharging box, and cleaning the sand on the outer surface of the wheel hub blank;

in S4, the method for manufacturing the casting channel includes the steps of:

a1: firstly, erecting a rod on the upper surface of the hub model and at a position corresponding to the casting hole, then continuously pouring sand until the sand feeding box is filled, and compacting the sand;

a2: aligning the casting hole to the rod and covering a top cover on the top opening of the sand feeding box, wherein the lower end surface of the rod is abutted against the upper surface of the hub model, and the upper end of the rod penetrates through the casting hole;

a3: the rod is a solid rod or the casting pipe, and when the rod is the casting pipe, molten metal is poured into the casting pipe;

a4: when the rod is a solid rod, the rod is pulled out of the casting hole, the casting channel is formed in the sand, and molten metal is injected from the casting hole.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a casting, which is cast by the method of the second aspect, and comprises a shaft sleeve, a roller and a rib plate, wherein the shaft sleeve and the roller are cylindrical, the shaft sleeve and the roller are coaxial, the axial lengths of the shaft sleeve and the roller are equal, the shaft sleeve is positioned on the inner side of the roller, the shaft sleeve and the end surface of the roller are flush, and the rib plate is positioned between the shaft sleeve and the roller. Between the cylinder, the floor is five and respectively winds the equal angle array distribution of axis of axle sleeve, the floor is along axle sleeve axial both ends face respectively with the both ends face parallel and level of axle sleeve.

Compared with the prior art, the intelligent processing equipment for casting the casting, the casting method and the casting have the following beneficial effects:

1. during the working process of the intelligent processing equipment for casting the castings, the exhaust fan is started, the hub model in the cavity generates smoke after encountering high-temperature molten metal and diffuses into the gap of sand, the exhaust fan reduces the air pressure in the lower gas collecting groove after working, the lower gas collecting groove exhausts the air in the lower sand box and the upper sand box, and the smoke in the gap of the sand is exhausted into the gas collecting box, so that the function of collecting the smoke generated during the casting process is realized;

2. during the working process of the intelligent processing equipment for casting the castings, the filter screen is dipped with solution or adhered with active carbon, the smoke in the gas collection box is discharged from the exhaust port, and part of the smoke is absorbed after contacting with the filter screen during the discharging process, so that the discharged smoke is reduced, the purification effect is achieved, the environment of the casting working air is improved, and the risk of fire or explosion caused by the smoke is reduced;

3. the exhaust fan forms negative pressure in the sand, so that molten metal can flow into and fill the cavity conveniently;

4. according to the casting method in the embodiment, sand is compacted in a layered mode, so that the sand is in close contact with the surface of the hub model, the surface of a cavity formed after paraffin is melted or gasified or evaporated is more compact and smooth by the aid of the hub model, and smoothness of the surface of a hub blank can be improved; the exhaust fan pumps the smoke in the clearance of the sand into the gas collection box to reduce the smoke from escaping to the outside of the sand box, and the exhaust fan forms negative pressure in the sand to facilitate the molten metal to flow into and fill the cavity;

5. the end faces of the hubs are flush, the shaft sleeve box roller is cylindrical, molten metal can conveniently flow into the structure and fill a cavity formed after the disappearance of the hub model, five rib plates are arranged, the volume is reduced after casting and cooling are carried out, the non-root rib plates can form an asymmetric traction supporting effect, and the coaxiality of the shaft sleeve and the roller is improved; the casting method can improve the surface roughness of the blank, reduce or omit secondary surface processing, improve the production efficiency and reduce the cost.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure after assembly.

Fig. 2 is a view in the direction D in fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a schematic internal structure diagram of an intelligent processing device for casting of castings according to an embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken in the direction of a-a in fig. 1.

Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a gas collecting system in an embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 6 is a view in the direction E of fig. 5.

FIG. 7 is a top view of the sanding box in an embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 8 is a sectional view taken in the direction B-B in fig. 7.

Fig. 9 is a partial enlarged view at C in fig. 4.

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a mesh layer structure in another embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 11 is a schematic representation of a cast tube structure embodied in another embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the sand magazine after deployment in an embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 13 is an exploded view of the assembly of the rotating shaft with the first and second shaft seats according to an embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 14 is an exploded view of the pin shaft assembly with the third and second axle seats in an embodiment of the present application.

FIG. 15 is a schematic view of a hub structure in another embodiment of the present application.

Reference numerals:

100. sanding the box; 101. a top cover; 102. a casting hole; 103. a casting tube;

200. a sand discharging box; 201. a lower gas collecting tank; 202. an air flow channel; 203. an upper gas collecting tank;

300. putting a sand mold; 301. a casting channel; 302. an upper cavity; 303. an upper boss;

400. a sand mold is put; 401. a lower cavity; 402. a lower boss;

500. a gas collection system; 501. a gas collection box; 502. an exhaust fan; 503. an exhaust port; 504. filtering with a screen; 505. a PCB board; 506. a pressure monitor;

600. a seal ring;

700. a first gap; 701. a second gap; 702. a mesh layer; 703. a third gap;

800. a hub model; 801. a shaft hole; 802. a shaft sleeve; 803. a drum; 804. a rib plate;

900. a first shaft seat; 901. a second shaft base; 902. a rotating shaft; 903. a third shaft seat; 904. a fourth shaft seat; 905. a pin rod.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present application, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are exemplary and intended to be used for explaining the present application and should not be construed as limiting the present application.

In the description of the present application, it is to be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial," "radial," "circumferential," and the like are used in the orientations and positional relationships indicated in the drawings for convenience in describing the present application and for simplicity in description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the referenced devices or elements must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the present application.

In this application, unless expressly stated or limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly and can include, for example, fixed connections, removable connections, or integral parts; either directly or indirectly through intervening media, either internally or in any other relationship. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present application can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art as appropriate.

The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

It should be understood that the term "and/or" as used herein is merely one type of association that describes an associated object, meaning that three relationships may exist, e.g., a and/or B may mean: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the former and latter related objects are in an "or" relationship.

The words "if", as used herein, may be interpreted as "at … …" or "at … …" or "in response to a determination" or "in response to a detection", depending on the context.

It is also noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a good or system that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such good or system. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a commodity or system that includes the element.