阅读说明：本技术 一种葡萄采后病害的控制方法及防腐保鲜剂 (Control method for postharvest diseases of grapes and preservative ) 是由 许玲 孙晨旭 朱品宽 薛永军 于 2020-04-01 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种葡萄贮藏病害采前控制的方法,所述方法如下：分别在葡萄花后幼果期、中果期、成熟期及采收前喷施终浓度为0.5％-1.5％(w/v)的丙酸钙溶液,采摘后放入冰箱或冷库,保鲜期比未处理对照葡萄果实延长30天以上。本发明方法对葡萄常见的贮藏病害具有明显的抑制效果,同时根据实验室抑菌实验和田间实际应用表明能够显著降低葡萄早期的裂果率、抑制葡萄田间及采后贮藏过程中的发病率与脱粒率,并对果实品质有良好保持作用,本发明方法流程简单,无毒无污染,成本低廉,具有十分巨大的实际应用价值。(The invention discloses a method for controlling storage diseases of grapes before harvesting, which comprises the following steps: spraying calcium propionate solution with final concentration of 0.5-1.5% (w/v) at young fruit stage, middle fruit stage, mature stage and before picking, placing in refrigerator or cold storage, and prolonging fresh-keeping period by more than 30 days compared with untreated control grape fruit. The method has obvious inhibition effect on common storage diseases of the grapes, and simultaneously shows that the method can obviously reduce the early fruit cracking rate of the grapes, inhibit the morbidity and the threshing rate of the grapes in the field and the storage process after picking according to the laboratory antibacterial experiments and the field practical application, and has good retention effect on the fruit quality.)

1. A novel preservative is characterized by comprising 0.5-1.5% (w/v) of calcium propionate and having a pH of 4.5-5.5.

2. A novel preservative and antistaling agent according to claim 1, which comprises 0.5-1.5% (w/v) calcium propionate, and 1mol/L HCl is used as an acidic regulator to adjust the pH to 4.5-5.5.

3. A novel preservative according to claim 1, characterized in that the pH of the novel preservative is 5.

4. The method for preparing the novel preservative and fresh-keeping agent according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

(1) weighing 12g of calcium propionate in 113ml of distilled water, adding 7ml of 1mol/L HCl acidic reagent to adjust the pH value to prepare a mother solution with the calcium propionate concentration of 10%, filtering and sterilizing the mother solution, and storing the mother solution at 4 ℃ for later use, wherein the pH value range is 4.5-5.5;

(2) diluting the calcium propionate mother liquor by using distilled water until the concentration is 0.5-1.5% (w/v), and dropwise adding 1mol/L HCl acidic regulator to adjust the pH value to be 4.5-5.5, thereby obtaining the novel preservative.

5. A pre-harvest control method for grape storage diseases is characterized by comprising the following steps: the novel preservative as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3 or prepared by the method as defined in claim 4 is applied to grape clusters at the young fruit stage, the middle fruit stage, the color-changing mature stage and 145d after flowering respectively.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the young fruit stage is a stage where the ovaries begin to grow in an enlarged manner, the fruit growing stage.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the mid-fruit stage is the process of starting to turn color and soften the fruit, the fruit turning color stage.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the mature period is when the fruit has substantially ripened.

9. The method of claim 5, wherein the young fruit stage is 60 days after anthesis, the medium fruit stage is 90 days after anthesis, and the mature stage is 120 days after anthesis.

10. The method of claim 5, wherein the disease is a disease caused by a fungus.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the fungus comprises any one or more of botrytis cinerea, alternaria alternata, anthrax, aspergillus niger.

12. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the method comprises selecting sunny weather respectively at 60d, 90d, 120d after flowering and 3d before harvesting (145 d after flowering), and uniformly spraying the novel preservative on grape clusters by using a sprayer before 9 am or 3 pm, wherein the application amount is 750-.

13. A method of reducing fruit cracking rate, comprising: selecting sunny weather in the young fruit period, uniformly spraying the novel preservative agent liquid medicine on grape clusters by using a sprayer before 9 am or after 3 pm, and directly airing.

14. Use of the novel preservative according to any one of claims 1 to 3 or the novel preservative prepared by the method according to claim 4 for preparing an antifungal agent and a reagent for reducing fruit cracking rate.

15. The novel preservative as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3 or the novel preservative prepared by the method as defined in claim 4 is applied to the pre-harvest control of grape storage diseases or the preparation of a pre-harvest control reagent for grape storage diseases.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of Postharvest disease (Postharvet disease) control of fruits and vegetables, and particularly relates to a preservative calcium propionate, a preparation form preparation method, a pre-harvest application method and a method for effectively controlling Postharvest storage period diseases of grapes.

Background

The grapes are easy to be infected by microorganism because of high water sugar content and thin skin. Pathogenic fungi are latently invaded from the field, so that the grapes are attacked in the storage period after picking, and the grapes are rotten and fallen. The Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger and other fungi are common pathogens causing post-harvest diseases of grapes, wherein the Botrytis cinerea not only causes grape yield reduction in the flowering phase of the grapes, but also becomes a dominant pathogen in the storage phase of the grapes due to strong low-temperature growth capacity and drug resistance of the Botrytis cinerea, so that the Botrytis cinerea, the Alternaria alternata, the Aspergillus niger and other fungi are difficult to control and extremely easy to cause serious loss. Therefore, the occurrence of diseases of the picked grapes is effectively reduced, and the field prevention and control needs to be started.

The chemical preservative is an effective means for controlling postharvest diseases of grapes and prolonging the storage period, but the chemical preservative is applied to postharvest treatment of grape fruits. The post-harvest preservative for grapes comprises SO₂Chlorine dioxide, biological extracts, various compounded preservative preservatives and the like, and some preservative preservatives need to be soaked in fruits, so that mechanical damage and falling are easily caused, and the application effect is poor. SO (SO)₂The tablet is a preservative antistaling agent widely used for grapes, cannot play a role in controlling latent diseases in the field after picking, needs to be applied excessively to possibly generate a preservative effect, but has a SO (sulfur oxide) effect₂The grape flavor has strong oxidizing property, is easy to remain in fruits after being excessively applied, is easy to cause bleaching and damage to grape stalks and fruit peels to influence the flavor quality, and has potential threats to edible safety and environment due to improper dosage. The method has the advantages that the tedious work of postharvest treatment of grapes is reduced, the problems of mechanical damage and falling particles caused by postharvest treatment and the like are solved, the food safety is solved, and the method is of great importance in effective prevention and control of the source in the field before harvest. However, the field temperature is high, so the requirement on the treatment method is severe, and a technology which is stable and has no side effect on the environment and the human body is needed.

The Calcium Propionate (CP) is also named as primary Calcium oleate, has molecular weight of 186.22, is white crystal or white crystal powder or particles, has no odor or slight propionic acid odor, is stable to water and heat, is easily soluble in water, is 39.9g/l00m L (20 ℃), is insoluble in ethanol and ethers, is used as a food preservation reagent, is also a safe and reliable organic substance approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United nations, is generally used as a food additive, is not limited by ADI, is commonly used in food, has higher safety, is used as a food safety standard according to the food additive use health Standard (GB 2760 & lt 2011) in cans, has the maximum using amount of 5 percent of the current bactericide, has single variety action mechanism, higher propagation speed, higher resistance, large pollution and high residue, is safe for human food, and is used as a novel green organic salt which is friendly to the environment, has less pollution, low toxicity, low degradation, high safety, and can be used in the field of food, and can be used for controlling common diseases such as a medical food, such as a common Calcium propionate and a method for controlling fusarium flavum.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention overcomes the problems in the prior art, provides a method which is simple to operate, stable and reliable, safe and environment-friendly to food, and improves the preservation effect of grapes in a low-temperature process by pre-harvest field application. The novel preservative solution is applied to the grapes in different growth periods in the field, so that the storage period diseases of the grapes including gray mold are effectively inhibited, the rot and the threshing of the grapes are reduced, the quality of the grapes is preserved, the field and storage period diseases are effectively controlled, and the postharvest preservation period of the grapes is prolonged.

The novel preservative provided by the invention comprises 0.5-1.5% (w/v) of calcium propionate, the pH is 4.5-5.5, and the solvent is water (including tap water, distilled water and the like). Wherein the main component of the novel preservative is calcium propionate. The novel preservative is colorless liquid, can be normally used after being stored at low temperature for a long time, and is easy to apply and clean because the components are all soluble in water.

In the present invention, preferably, the concentration of the calcium propionate is 1.5% (w/v).

In the present invention, preferably, the pH is 5.

In the novel preservative, the active ingredient is mainly calcium propionate which plays a role of bacteriostasis, and the acidic reagent is used for assisting in improving the bacteriostasis of the calcium propionate.

The invention also provides a preparation method of the novel preservative, which comprises the following steps:

(1) weighing 12g of calcium propionate in 113ml of distilled water, adding 7ml of 1mol/L HCl solution to prepare 10% mother liquor, filtering, sterilizing and storing at 4 ℃ for later use, wherein the pH value range is 4.5-5.5;

(2) distilled water or tap water is used for diluting the calcium propionate mother liquor to the concentration of 0.5-1.5% (w/v), and as the pH value of tap water and the like is not fixed, a plurality of drops of 1mol/L HCl acid regulator are dripped according to the actual situation to adjust the pH value to the range of 4.5-5.5, and pH test paper or a pH instrument can be used for verification.

In the present invention, preferably, the concentration of the calcium propionate is 1.5% (w/v).

In the present invention, preferably, the pH is 4.5 to 5.5; further preferably, the pH is 5.

The pH value of the novel preservative can be adjusted by adopting any acidic reagent, wherein the acidic reagent has no bacteriostatic action for providing an acidic environment, but can assist in improving the activity of calcium propionate to play a bacteriostatic action, preferably, HCl with the concentration of 1mol/L is used for maintaining the weak acidity of the novel preservative, the HCl has no bacteriostatic action, the HCl concentration can be finely adjusted according to actual conditions, the pH value range is 4.5-5.5, and the effect of the novel preservative is not substantially influenced.

The invention also provides a novel preservative obtained by the method.

The invention also provides a pre-harvest control method for the storage diseases of grapes, which achieves the fresh-keeping effect of the grapes in the low-temperature process through pre-harvest field application, and the method comprises the following steps: selecting sunny weather respectively in the young fruit period, the middle fruit period, the color-changing mature period and 3 days before picking after the flowers, uniformly spraying the novel anti-corrosion preservative on grape clusters by using a sprayer before 9 am or 3 pm until liquid drops are formed on the surfaces of the grapes, and naturally drying.

Wherein the young fruit period refers to the period when the ovary begins to expand and grow, and the fruit growth period; preferably, 60d after florescence.

Wherein, the medium fruit period refers to the process that the fruit begins to turn color and soften, and the fruit turns color; preferably, it is 90d after florescence.

Wherein, the color-changing mature period means that the fruit is already basically mature; preferably, the florescence 120 d.

Wherein the disease is a disease caused by fungi. Preferably, the fungus comprises any one or more of Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, anthrax, Aspergillus niger.

The invention aims to apply the novel preservative in sunny weather, so that grapes are easy to air-dry in sunny weather, liquid medicine loss is reduced, and local overhumidity is avoided. The invention aims to avoid the period of vigorous fruit life activity during high-temperature operation in noon by applying the novel preservative before 9 am or after 3 pm.

Preferably, the dosage of the novel preservative is, for example, 750- & ltSUB & gt 850L/& lt/SUB & gt, (i.e. 750- & ltSUB & gt 850L/& ltSUB & gt per hectare), the cost is between 120- & ltSUB & gt 180- & ltSUB & gt per hectare, and the cost is between 8- & ltSUB & gt 12 + & gt per mu.

In a specific embodiment, the method for pre-harvest control of grape storage diseases comprises: selecting sunny weather at 60d (young fruit period), 90d (middle fruit period), 120d (color-changing mature period) after blooming and 3d before harvest, uniformly spraying the novel anti-corrosion preservative liquid medicine on grape clusters by using a sprayer before 9 o' clock in the morning, and directly air-drying.

The invention also provides a method for reducing fruit cracking rate, which comprises the following steps: selecting sunny weather 60 days after blooming (young fruit period), uniformly spraying the novel preservative agent liquid medicine on grape clusters by using a sprayer before 9 o' clock in the morning, and directly airing. The method is preferably used for grape fruits.

The invention also provides the application of the novel preservative or the novel preservative prepared by the method in preparation of antifungal agents and agents for reducing fruit cracking rate. The novel preservative can be used as calcium, so that the preservative can inhibit bacteria and prevent diseases, reduce grape fruit cracking, strengthen fruits and prevent cracking.

Wherein the fungus includes any one or more of Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, anthrax and Aspergillus niger.

The invention also provides the application of the novel preservative or the novel preservative prepared by the method in controlling the grape storage diseases before collection or preparing a control reagent for controlling the grape storage diseases before collection.

The invention compares the influence of different pH values and concentrations on the sterilization effect of calcium propionate, finally determines the action concentration, the pH value and the sterilization process of the calcium propionate according to the quality of the sterilization effect and the optimum pH value of plants, uniformly sprays the novel preservative containing the calcium propionate on grape clusters in 4 periods (young fruit period, middle fruit period, mature period and before harvesting) before harvesting, directly refrigerates the grapes in a refrigerator or a cold storage (2-4 ℃) without adding other preservative and fresh-keeping measures after harvesting to realize the control of postharvest diseases (including botrytis cinerea, alternaria, anthrax, aspergillus niger and other fungi), prevents the harvested grapes from degranulation, rotting and quality change, achieves the long-term low-temperature fresh-keeping effect, has good keeping effect on the fruit quality, and prolongs the fresh-keeping period by more than 30 days compared with the untreated control grape fruits.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: the novel preservative is used for pretreatment, (1) the incidence rate (rotting rate) and the threshing rate of grapes at a low temperature of 90 days can be effectively reduced; (2) calcium element is supplemented, and the fruit cracking rate of the grapes in the early color transition stage is reduced; (3) the disease of the grapes in the field and after picking can be prevented and controlled in the whole process, and the action period is long; (3) the spraying treatment before the mining can reduce the heavy workload after the mining and avoid the secondary damage after the mining; (4) compared with other chemical reagents and pesticides, the pesticide has no potential safety hazard to operators, is more environment-friendly, does not influence eating, is nontoxic and pollution-free, has no corrosion effect, and is safer; (5) the required components are low in price, the preparation process is simple and convenient, the treatment mode is simple, the application and the cleaning are easy, and the method has a very great practical application value.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows the bacteriostatic effect of calcium propionate on plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea at different concentrations and different pH values. Wherein a is the bacteriostatic effect of the calcium propionate concentration gradient on botrytis cinerea when the pH value is 7; b is the bacteriostasis effect of calcium propionate concentration gradient to botrytis cinerea when the pH value is 6; c is the bacteriostasis effect of calcium propionate concentration gradient to botrytis cinerea when PH is 5.

FIG. 2 shows the broad spectrum of inhibition of calcium propionate against a variety of phytopathogens. Wherein a is a concentration gradient of calcium propionate (pH 5) for inhibiting botrytis cinerea; b is the inhibition concentration gradient of calcium propionate (pH is 5) to fusarium graminearum; c is the inhibitory concentration gradient of calcium propionate (pH ═ 5) to colletotrichum gloeosporioides; d is the inhibiting concentration gradient of calcium propionate (pH 5) to Alternaria alternata; and e is the overall picture of the 3d colony after treatment.

FIG. 3 calcium propionate inhibits infection of grapes by Botrytis cinerea. Wherein a is the lesion area of the grape fruits of different treatment groups; b is the incidence of grapes in different treatment groups; c is a graph of the results of the experiment for treatment 6d of the different treatment groups.

FIG. 4. Effect of field application of calcium propionate to grapes on field disease control. Wherein a is a graphic representation of the field disease and mature period of the sun rose grapes by the novel preservative; b is the influence of the novel preservative on the fruit cracking rate of the fruit clusters after the novel preservative is sprayed 60 days after the flowers bloom; c is the influence of the novel preservative on the fruit cracking rate of the fruit grains after the novel preservative is sprayed 60 days after the flowers bloom; d is the influence of the novel preservative after being sprayed on the morbidity of the fruit clusters in different periods; e is the influence of the morbidity of the fruit grains in different periods after the novel preservative is sprayed.

Figure 5 effect of calcium propionate field application on post harvest cryopreservation of grapes. a is the influence of the novel preservative antistaling agent containing calcium propionate on the long-term storage of the sunshine muscat at low temperature for 80 days after field treatment; b is the influence of the field treatment of the novel calcium propionate-containing preservative on the morbidity of each time period of low-temperature storage; c is the influence of the field treatment of the novel calcium propionate-containing preservative on the threshing rate of each time period of low-temperature storage; d is the influence of the novel calcium propionate-containing preservative on soluble solids in various time periods of low-temperature storage after field treatment; and e is the influence of the titratable acid on various time periods of low-temperature storage after the novel calcium propionate-containing preservative is treated in the field.

FIG. 6 is a graph of the effect of field application of calcium propionate to grapes on field disease control and post harvest cryopreservation. a is the influence of the novel preservative antistaling agent containing calcium propionate on the low-temperature long-term storage of Kyoho grapes for 90 days after field treatment; b is the influence of the field treatment of the novel calcium propionate-containing preservative on the morbidity of each time period of low-temperature storage; c is the influence of the field treatment of the novel calcium propionate-containing preservative on the threshing rate of each time period of low-temperature storage; d is the influence of the novel calcium propionate-containing preservative on soluble solids in various time periods of low-temperature storage after field treatment; and e is the influence of the titratable acid on various time periods of low-temperature storage after the novel calcium propionate-containing preservative is treated in the field.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following specific examples and the accompanying drawings. The procedures, conditions, experimental methods and the like for carrying out the present invention are general knowledge and common general knowledge in the art except for the contents specifically mentioned below, and the present invention is not particularly limited.