阅读说明：本技术 用于高多普勒条件的多天线传输协议 (Multi-antenna transmission protocol for high doppler conditions ) 是由 S·纳米 A·戈施 于 2018-04-25 设计创作，主要内容包括：响应于度量(例如,多普勒度量)超过阈值,网络节点设备可以促进传输消息,该消息指示用户装备使得能够接收具有预编码秩值1的传输信号。网络节点设备可以发送具有预编码秩值1的参考信号,并且可以从用户装备接收包括信道质量的指示符的反馈。可选地,响应于度量超过阈值,网络节点设备可以促进传输消息,该消息指示用户装备通过提供反馈来响应参考信号,该反馈包括具有值1的秩的第一指示符和信道质量的第二指示符。(The network node device may transmit a reference signal having a precoding rank value of 1 and may receive feedback from the user equipment including an indicator of channel quality, optionally, in response to the metric exceeding the threshold, the network node device may facilitate transmitting a message instructing the user equipment to respond to the reference signal by providing feedback including an th indicator having a rank of value 1 and a second indicator of channel quality.)

Network node apparatus of the kind , comprising:

a processor; and

a memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations comprising:

determining a metric representing a received frequency of a signal determined to have been received by a user equipment and an offset of an actual frequency determined to have been used for transmission of the signal;

responsive to the metric being determined to exceed a threshold, facilitating transmission of a message to the user equipment, the message indicating that the user equipment enables reception of a transmission signal having a precoding rank value of 1, wherein a precoding rank value of 1 indicates simultaneous transmission of data comprising the same content from the network node device to the user equipment;

facilitating transmission of a reference signal specific to the user equipment and having a precoding rank value of 1 to the user equipment;

receiving feedback from the user equipment, the feedback comprising an indicator of channel quality applicable to a quality of a channel between the network node device and the user equipment;

determining a transmission scheduling parameter related to a transmission protocol for a further -step transmission from the network node device to the user equipment based on the indicator of channel quality, and

facilitating transmission of the transmission scheduling parameters to the user equipment.

2. The network node apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise facilitating transmission of traffic data to the user equipment based on the transmission protocol.

3. The network node apparatus of claim 1, wherein determining the metric comprises obtaining speed measurements of the user equipment at a plurality of times, and wherein the metric comprises an average of the speed measurements.

4. The network node apparatus of claim 1, wherein determining the metric comprises determining a rate of change of a characteristic of an uplink channel from the user equipment to the network node apparatus.

5. The network node apparatus of claim 1, wherein determining the metric comprises determining a rate of change of channel quality information of a previous transmission from the network node apparatus to the user equipment, the previous transmission occurring prior to determining the metric.

6. The network node apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmission scheduling parameters comprise modulation and coding parameters suitable for modulation and coding of a data stream for further steps of transmission from the network node apparatus to the user equipment.

7. The network node device of claim 1, wherein the indicator of channel quality comprises an th indicator of channel quality, and the message indicating the user equipment further comprises instructions to exclude from the feedback:

a second indicator representing a rank of a number of different data streams transmitted between the network node device and the user equipment, an

A third indicator of channel state information for selecting a precoding matrix for a further -step transmission from the network node device to the user equipment.

8, A network device, comprising:

a processor; and

a memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations comprising:

determining a metric representing a deviation of a received frequency of a signal determined to have been received by the user equipment and an actual frequency determined to have been used for transmitting the signal;

in response to the metric being determined to exceed a threshold, facilitate transmission of a message to the user equipment, the message instructing the user equipment to respond to a reference signal by including channel state information feedback related to a transmission protocol of transmissions between the user equipment and the network device, the channel state information feedback comprising:

an th indicator having a rank of value 1, wherein the th indicator of rank represents a number of different data streams transmitted between the network device and the user equipment, an

A second indicator of channel quality applicable to the quality of a channel between the network device and the user equipment;

facilitating transmission of a reference signal to the user equipment;

receiving the channel state information feedback from the user equipment;

decoding the channel state information feedback to obtain a decoded channel state information feedback;

determining a transmission scheduling parameter related to the transmission protocol based on the decoded channel state information feedback; and

facilitating transmission of the transmission scheduling parameters to the user equipment.

9. The network device of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise:

facilitating transmission of traffic data to the user equipment based on the transmission protocol.

10. The network device of claim 8, wherein determining the metric comprises obtaining speed measurements of the user equipment at different times, and wherein the metric comprises a mean or median of the speed measurements.

11. The network device of claim 8, wherein determining the metric comprises determining a rate of change of a characteristic of an uplink channel from the user equipment to the network device.

12. The network device of claim 8, wherein determining the metric comprises determining a rate of change of channel quality information for transmissions between the network device and the user equipment.

13. The network device of claim 8, wherein the transmission scheduling parameters comprise modulation and coding parameters suitable for modulation and coding of a data stream for transmission between the user equipment and the network device.

14. The network device of claim 8, wherein the message indicating the user equipment comprises an instruction to exclude from the channel state information feedback report a third indicator of channel state information used to select a precoding matrix for transmission between the network device and the user equipment.

Network node apparatus of the kind 15, , comprising:

a processor; and

a memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations comprising:

determining a metric representing a received frequency of a signal determined to have been received by a user equipment and an offset of an actual frequency determined to have been used for transmission of the signal;

responsive to the metric being determined to exceed a threshold, facilitating transmission of a message to the user equipment, the message indicating that the user equipment enables reception of a transmission signal having a precoding rank value of 1, wherein a precoding rank value of 1 indicates simultaneous transmission of data comprising the same content from the network node device to the user equipment;

facilitating transmission of a reference signal specific to the user equipment and having a precoding rank value of 1 to the user equipment;

receiving feedback from the user equipment, the feedback comprising an indicator of channel quality determined by evaluating each reference signal, wherein the indicator of channel quality applies to the quality of a channel between the network node device and the user equipment;

selecting of indicators of channel quality based on the feedback to determine transmission scheduling parameters related to a transmission protocol for a further step transmission from the network node device to the user equipment, and

facilitating transmission of the transmission scheduling parameters to the user equipment.

16. The network node apparatus of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise facilitating transmission of traffic data to the user equipment based on the transmission protocol.

17. The network node apparatus of claim 15, wherein determining the metric comprises obtaining speed measurements of the user equipment at a plurality of times, and wherein the metric comprises an average of the speed measurements.

18. The network node apparatus in claim 15, wherein determining the metric comprises determining a rate of change of a characteristic of an uplink channel from the user equipment to the network node apparatus.

19. The network node apparatus of claim 15, wherein determining the metric comprises determining a rate of change of channel quality information of previous transmissions from the network node apparatus to the user equipment, the previous transmissions occurring prior to determining the metric.

20. The network node apparatus in claim 15, wherein the message indicating the user equipment further comprises instructions to exclude from the feedback:

an th indicator representing a rank of a number of different data streams transmitted between the network node device and the user equipment, an

A second indicator of channel state information for selecting a precoding matrix for a further transmission from the network node device to the user equipment.

Technical Field

The present application relates generally to the field of mobile communications and more particularly to a multi-antenna transmission protocol for high doppler conditions.

Background

Since the introduction of analog cellular systems in the 1980 s, radio technology in cellular communications has evolved and evolved rapidly, with the (1G) from 1980 s onwards, the second (2G) from 1990 s, the third (3G) from 2000 s onwards, and the fourth (4G) from 2010 (including variants of LTE such as TD-LTE, AXGP, LTE-a, and TD-LTE-a, and other versions) traffic in cellular networks has experienced tremendous growth and expansion, and there is no indication that such growth will slow down.

Fifth generation (5G) access networks (which may also be referred to as New Radio (NR) access networks) are currently under development and are expected to handle the very -wide use cases and requirements, including mobile broadband (MBB) and machine type communications (e.g., involving IOT devices). for mobile broadband, 5G wireless communication networks are expected to meet the exponentially growing demand for data traffic and allow people and machines to enjoy near-zero-latency gigabit data rates.

The above background related to wireless networks is intended only to provide a contextual overview of some of the current problems, and is not intended to be exhaustive.

Drawings

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the subject disclosure are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified.

Fig. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system in which a network node device (e.g., network node) and a User Equipment (UE) may implement various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 2 illustrates an -like structure of a 4G MIMO transmission protocol or scheme in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 3 illustrates an example of a concept of rank, showing a rank 1 transmitter versus a rank 4 transmitter.

Fig. 4 illustrates an example message sequence diagram between a network node device and a UE for a closed loop MIMO scheme in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 5 illustrates a graph showing spectral efficiency of a closed loop MIMO protocol as a function of doppler frequency in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 6 illustrates a diagram of an example embodiment of switching between a closed-loop MIMO protocol and a rank 1 precoder cycling protocol depending on doppler frequency in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 7 illustrates a graph of spectral efficiency for both a closed-loop MIMO protocol and a rank 1 precoder cycling protocol as a function of doppler frequency in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 8 illustrates a message sequence diagram between a network node and a UE for a rank 1 precoder cycling protocol in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 9 illustrates an example flow diagram having doppler metrics as decision criteria in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 10 illustrates a message sequence diagram between a network node and a UE involving the use of codebook subset restriction (CBSR) in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 11 illustrates another example flow diagrams having doppler metrics as decision criteria in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 12 illustrates operations relating to rank 1 precoder cycling that may be performed by a network node device in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 13 illustrates operations related to closed loop MIMO with CBSR that may be performed by a network node device in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 14 illustrates operations relating to rank-1 precoder cycling that may be performed by a UE in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 15 illustrates another sets of operations relating to rank 1 precoder cycling that may be performed by a network node device, in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 16 illustrates an example block diagram of example user equipment that may be a mobile handset (mobilehandset) in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Fig. 17 illustrates an example block diagram of a computer operable to perform processes and methods in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

Detailed Description

The subject disclosure is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout, the following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the subject matter, however, these aspects are indicative of only of the various ways in which the principles of the subject matter may be employed, other aspects, advantages and novel features of the disclosed subject matter will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the provided drawings.

In this regard, example computer processing systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatuses, and computer program products are described herein whereby a network node device may change to a different transmission protocol in response to determining that a metric (e.g., a Doppler metric) exceeds a threshold.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system 100 in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure the system 100 may include or more user equipment UEs 102 in or more embodiments the non-limiting term user equipment may refer to any type of device that may communicate with a network node in a cellular or mobile communication system, a UE may have or more antenna panels with vertical and horizontal elements examples of UEs include a target device, a device-to-device (D2D) UE, a machine type UE or a UE capable of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a tablet, a mobile terminal, a smartphone, a notebook installation equipment (LME), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) dongle supporting mobile communication, a computer with mobile capability, a mobile device such as a cellular telephone, a mobile device with an embedded equipment (LEE) such as a mobile broadband adaptor, a tablet computer with a mobile broadband adaptor, a wearable device, a VR head-up (IOT) device, a mobile communication device, and the like may also include a wireless head-up device (MTC) UE 102.

In various embodiments, the system 100 is or includes a wireless communication network served by or more wireless communication network providers in an example embodiment, the UE102 may be communicatively coupled to the wireless communication network via a network node 104.

Still referring to fig. 1, the network node may have a cabinet and other protected enclosure, an antenna mast, and multiple antennas for performing various transmission operations (e.g., MIMO operations). A network node may serve several cells (also referred to as sectors) depending on the configuration and type of antenna. Examples of network nodes (e.g., network node 104) may include, but are not limited to: a NodeB device, a Base Station (BS) device, a mobile station, an Access Point (AP) device, and a Radio Access Network (RAN) device. Network node 104 may also include multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node equipment including, but not limited to: MSR BSs, eNode B devices (e.g., evolved nodebs), network controllers, Radio Network Controllers (RNCs), Base Station Controllers (BSCs), relays, donor nodes that control relays, Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs), access points, Transmission Points (TPs), transmission/reception points (TRPs), transmission nodes, Remote Radio Units (RRUs), Remote Radio Heads (RRHs), nodes in a Distributed Antenna System (DAS), and so forth. In 5G terminology, a node is referred to by some as a gsnodeb device.

In an example embodiment, the UE102 may send and/or receive communication data to the network node 104 via a wireless link. The dashed arrows from the network node 104 to the UE102 represent Downlink (DL) communications, and the solid arrows from the UE102 to the network node 104 represent Uplink (UL) communications.

The system 100 may also include one or more communication service provider networks 106 that facilitate providing wireless communication services to various UEs, including the UE102, via the network node 104 and/or various additional network devices (not shown in the figures) included in one or more communication service provider networks 106. the one or more communication service provider networks 106 may include various types of different networks, including but not limited to cellular networks, femto networks, pico cell networks, micro cell networks, Internet Protocol (IP) networks, Wi-Fi service networks, broadband service networks, enterprise networks, cloud-based networks, etc. for example, in at least implementations, the system 100 may be or may include a large scale wireless communication network that spans various geographic areas.according to this implementation, one or more communication service provider networks 106 may be or may include various additional devices and components of a wireless communication network and/or wireless communication network (e.g., additional network devices and cells, additional UEs, network server devices, etc.) and/or may be connected to various additional devices and components of a line-of-line communication service provider networks 106 such as a line-of-line (E) or multi-line-of-line-over-line (E) communication links, such as, e.g., adsl-line-over-line (E) or multi-line (E) communication link) or backhaul) communication link components, such as, E-line (E) or backhaul) or wireless communication links, e.g., adsl-line (E) or backhaul) or wireless communication components, such as 3, etc. (E) or wireless communication links).

The wireless communication system 100 may employ various cellular systems, techniques, and modulation schemes to facilitate wireless radio communication between devices (e.g., the UE102 and the network node 104). Although example embodiments may be described with respect to a 5G New Radio (NR) system, the embodiments may be applicable to any Radio Access Technology (RAT) or multi-RAT system in which a UE operates using multiple carriers, e.g., LTE FDD/TDD, GSM/GERAN, CDMA2000, etc.

For example, system 100 may operate according to the global system for mobile communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE frequency division duplex (LTE FDD, LTE Time Division Duplex (TDD), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (wcmda), CDMA2000, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA), single carrier code division multiple access (SC-CDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), discrete fourier transform Spread OFDM (DFT-Spread OFDM) single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), filterbank-based multi-carrier (FBMC), zero-tail DFT-Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), sense frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC), universal fixed mobile convergence (ufc) interchangeably, word-only OFDM (UW-ufofdm), word Spread OFDM (UW-Spread-OFDM), cyclic prefix CP-OFDM, filtered OFDM, WiFi, WLAN, WiMax, etc., but where multiple carrier systems 100, e.g., multiple carrier systems operate using multiple carrier frequencies, multiple carrier frequency transmission (OFDM) and multiple carrier (OFDM) transmission schemes, e.g., multiple carrier systems 100, , e.g., multiple carrier systems, where multiple carrier systems operate using multiple carrier (OFDM) signaling, or multiple carrier (OFDM).

In various embodiments, the system 100 may be configured to provide and employ 5G wireless networking features and functionality. It is expected that 5G wireless communication networks will meet the demand for exponentially growing data traffic and allow people and machines to enjoy near zero-delay gigabit data rates. Compared with 4G, 5G supports more diversified service scenes. For example, in addition to various types of data communication between conventional UEs supported by 4G networks (e.g., phones, smart phones, tablets, PCs, televisions, internet-enabled televisions, etc.), a 5G network may be employed to support data communication between smart cars associated with an unmanned automotive environment and Machine Type Communication (MTC). Given the vastly different communication needs of these different traffic scenarios, the ability to dynamically configure waveform parameters based on the traffic scenarios while retaining the benefits of multi-carrier modulation schemes (e.g., OFDM and related schemes) can provide a significant contribution to the high speed/high capacity and low latency requirements of 5G networks. With a waveform that divides the bandwidth into several sub-bands, different types of services can be accommodated in different sub-bands with the most appropriate waveforms and numbers, thereby improving the spectrum utilization of the 5G network.

To meet the demand for data-centric applications, the features of the proposed 5G network may include increased peak bit rates (e.g., 20Gbps), larger data volumes per unit area (e.g., high system spectral efficiency-e.g., on the order of 3.5 times the spectral efficiency of Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems), high capacity to allow simultaneous and instantaneous more device connections, lower battery/power consumption (which reduces energy consumption costs), better connectivity regardless of the geographic region in which the user is located, a higher number of devices, lower infrastructure development costs, and higher communication reliability.

Upcoming 5G access networks may utilize higher frequencies (e.g., >6GHz) to help increase capacity. Currently, most of the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum, i.e., the spectral band between 30 kilohertz (Ghz) and 300Ghz, is underutilized. Millimeter waves have shorter wavelengths ranging from 10 to 1 millimeter, and these mmWave signals experience severe path loss, penetration loss, and fading. However, shorter wavelengths at mmWave frequencies also allow more antennas to be packed in the same physical dimension, which allows large-scale spatial multiplexing and highly directional beamforming.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, introduced in the third generation partnership project (3GPP) and already in use (including with LTE ), is multiple-antenna technology, which can improve the spectral efficiency of transmissions, thereby significantly improving the overall data carrying capacity of the wireless system.

Even if there are multiple antennas, a particular scheme may only use of them (e.g., transmission mode 1 of the LTE specification, which uses transmit antennas and receive antennas), or may use only antennas and have various different multiplexing, precoding methods, etc.

MIMO technology represents MIMO configuration according to the number of transmission antennas (M) and reception antennas (N) on end of a transmission system using well-known symbols (MxN) common MIMO configurations for various technologies are (2x1), (1x2), (2x2), (4x2), (8x2), and (2x4), (4x4), (8x4) — the configurations represented by (2x1) and (1x2) are special cases of MIMO, known as transmit diversity (or spatial diversity) and receive diversity.

Fig. 2 illustrates multi-antenna transmission for 8 antenna ports in a 4G system, a similar structure with more antenna ports is expected to be used for a 5G system generally, an antenna mapping can be described as a mapping from the output of a data modulation to different antenna ports, the input of the antenna mapping thus consists of modulation symbols (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM) corresponding to or two transport blocks more specifically, in addition to spatial multiplexing, there are transport blocks per Transmission Time Interval (TTI), in which case there can be at most two transport blocks per TTI, the output of the antenna mapping includes sets of symbols for each antenna port, the symbols for each antenna port are then applied to an OFDM modulator-i.e., mapped to the basic OFDM time-frequency grid corresponding to that antenna port.

Referring now to fig. 3, another concepts are concepts of rank of transmission in a multi-antenna technique, incoming data can be split into transmissions over multiple antennas, where each data stream processed and transmitted over an antenna is referred to as a transmission layer, the number of transmission layers is typically the number of transmit antennas, data can be split into several parallel streams, where each stream contains different information, in another type, incoming data is replicated and each antenna transmits the same information, the term spatial layer refers to a data stream that includes information not included by the other layers, the rank of transmission is equal to the number of space layers in LTE spatial multiplexing transmission, or in other words, equal to the number of different transmission layers transmitted in parallel, as shown in fig. 3, the multi-antenna transmitter 305 transmits the same content or information (A, B and C) in parallel over all four antennas to the user equipment, even though the information in each layer can be manipulated in different ways through mathematical operations, these operations do not change the information transmitted, thus, the transmitter 305 can be referred to operate as a rank 1 transmitter in multiple antennas, different rank information (jabc, kl, DEF, and kl) transmitters, thus transmit information in parallel as JKL, kl transmitters.

Fig. 4 illustrates a transactional diagram (e.g., timing diagram) related to such techniques involving closed-loop spatial multiplexing schemes using codebook-based precoding (where the closed-loop system does not require knowledge of the channel at the transmitter, while the closed-loop system requires channel knowledge at the transmitter provided by the UE's feedback channel.) briefly described, in which a reference signal (also referred to as a pilot signal or pilot) is first transmitted from a network node to the UE from which the UE can compute the parameters needed for channel estimation and Channel State Information (CSI) reporting.

Referring to fig. 4, a network node (e.g., network node 104) may transmit a Reference Signal (RS), which may be beamformed or non-beamformed, to a user equipment (e.g., UE102) at transaction (1) downlink reference signals are predefined signals occupying specific resource elements in a downlink time-frequency grid, regarding a profile or some type of mobile identifier of user equipment 102, the reference signals may be cell-specific or UE-specific, there are several types of downlink reference signals that are transmitted in different ways and used for different purposes by a receiving terminal, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) special intended to be used by the terminal to obtain Channel State Information (CSI) and beam-specific information (RSRP), in 5G, the CSI-RS is UE-specific and therefore its time/frequency density may be greatly reduced, a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), sometimes also referred to as UE-specific reference signal, a special intended to be used by the terminal for channel estimation tags for data channels.

In addition to these reference signals (CSI-RS, DM-RS), there are other reference signals, namely phase tracking reference signals, multicast broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN) signals and positioning reference signals for various purposes.

Still referring to fig. 4, after receiving the reference signal, at block 402, the UE102 may evaluate the reference signal and calculate CSI, which may be transmitted to the network node as CSI feedback (e.g., CSI report). the CSI feedback includes an indicator of channel state information (e.g., referred to as a Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) in LTE), an indicator of channel quality (e.g., referred to as a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) in LTE), and an indicator of rank (e.g., referred to as a Rank Indicator (RI) in LTE), where will be discussed further below every .

In techniques using codebook-based precoding, the network node and the UE use different codebooks that can be found in standard specifications, each of which is related to a different type of MIMO matrix (e.g., a codebook of precoding matrices for 2x2 MIMO). the codebooks are known (contained) at the node and UE sites and may contain entries of precoding vectors and matrices that are multiplied with signals at the precoding phase of the network node.

Furthermore, the CSI feedback may also comprise an indicator of channel quality (e.g. Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) in LTE) indicating the channel quality of the channel between the network node and the user equipment for link adaptation on the network side. Depending on the values reported by the UE, the node transmits data with different transport block sizes. If a node receives a high CQI value from a UE, it transmits data with a larger transport block size and vice versa.

An indicator of rank (rank indicator (RI) in LTE terminology) may also be included in the CSI feedback, which provides an indication of the rank of the channel matrix, where rank is the number of different transmission data streams (layers) transmitted in parallel or simultaneously between the network node and the UE (in other words, the number of spatial layers) as discussed above, RI determines the format of the rest of the CSI report message as an example, in the case of LTE, when RI is reported as 1, a rank 1 codebook PMI will be transmitted along with CQIs , and when RI is 2, a rank 2 codebook PMI and two CQIs will be transmitted since RI determines the size of PMI and CQI, as an example, it is encoded separately so that the receiver can decode RI first, then use it to decode the rest of the CSI (including PMI and CQI as mentioned above, and other information) typically, the rank indication fed back to the network node may be used to select a transmission layer in downlink data transmission, e.g., even if the system is in the specification of LTE (or open loop spatial multiplexing) of a Rank Indicator (RI) and then reports to the network node that it may be a good SNR report to the network node as a downlink data transmission mode "when it is reported as a good SNR" a downlink data transmission node 52 "or a network node, which may be reported to the UE.

Still referring to fig. 4, after calculating the CSI feedback, the UE102 may transmit the CSI feedback at transaction (2) via a feedback channel, which may be a separate channel from the channel transmitting the reference signal. The network node may process the CSI feedback to determine transmission scheduling parameters (e.g., Downlink (DL) transmission scheduling parameters), including modulation and coding parameters suitable for modulating and coding signals by the UE 102-specific network node device.

As shown in block 404 of fig. 2, such processing of the CSI feedback by network node 104 may include decoding the CSI feedback. The UE may decode the RI and then use the decoding information (e.g., size of the obtained CSI) to decode the rest of the CSI feedback (e.g., CQI, PMI, etc.). The network node 104 uses the decoded CSI feedback to determine an appropriate transmission protocol, which may include a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), power, Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs), etc., suitable for modulating and coding different transmissions between the network node 104 and the UE 102.

The network node 104 may transmit the parameters to the UE102 at transaction (3) via the downlink control channel. Thereafter and/or concurrently, at transaction (4), traffic data (e.g., non-control data such as data related to text, email, pictures, audio file video, etc.) may be transmitted from the network device 104 to the UE102 via a data traffic channel.

The performance of a closed loop MIMO system (e.g., the system described in fig. 4) may be reduced at high UE speeds (e.g., mobile devices moving at high speeds). The doppler effect is caused as a result of the high speed of movement of the UE, so that when the transmitter of the signal is moving relative to the receiver, a doppler shift occurs. This relative movement shifts the frequency of the signal so that the perception at the receiver is different from that at the transmitter. In other words, the frequency perceived by the receiver will be different from the frequency actually transmitted by the transmitter. When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is high, the performance degradation is severe. If the rank of transmission is high, the SNR is also high. For high rank systems, the impact due to mismatch between transmitter and receiver channel quality is severe.

Fig. 5 illustrates a graph 500 showing a plot 505 of the spectral efficiency (shown in doppler frequency) of a closed loop MIMO system with 4 transmit and 4 receive antennas with a high SNR of 25dB for different UE speeds. Although plot 505 is for a system with 4 transmit antennas and 4 receive antennas, similar spectral efficiency and doppler frequency relationships apply for rank equal to N_txN of (A)_txSystem of which N_txMay be 2, 4, 8, 16, and so on. It is observed from fig. 5 that as the speed of the UE increases, the throughput decreases due to outdated channel state information (e.g., doppler shift prevents UE measurements of accurate signals), such that the spectral efficiency decreases as the doppler frequency increases.

Example systems and methods are described that may improve the performance of a MIMO system (e.g., a 5G MIMO system) for high doppler conditions. The system and method involve identifying a UE speed and determining whether a doppler metric threshold has been met (or exceeded), and in response to determining that the doppler metric threshold has been exceeded, signaling the UE to change to a rank 1 precoder cycling protocol.

Fig. 6 shows a diagram 600 that provides an overview of example embodiments in example embodiments, a protocol for transmission may move back and forth between a closed loop MIMO state 605 and a rank 1 precoder cycling state 610, where a network node and a UE establish a rank 1 transmission, in response to a network (e.g., network node 104) detecting that a UE (e.g., UE102) is moving at a high doppler frequency, resulting in a doppler frequency (e.g., D)_m) The measure of correlation is greater than a threshold (e.g., D)_th) Wherein the threshold may be equal to D_mIs either greater than D_mIn an example embodiment, the network (e.g., network node 104) may transmit an indication to the UE to change its receptionThe protocol is to concatenate messages of rank 1 (e.g., rank indicator 1 or RI 1) precoder cycles. The UE may change its reception protocol (e.g., configure resources) to enable it to receive signals transmitted to the UE via the rank 1 protocol (such as rank 1 reference signals). With rank 1 precoder cycling, the network node may use a random precoder at the transmission side. Rank 1 precoder cycling may be applied to resource block levels (RBs) or resource element levels (REs). Under high doppler conditions, a rank equal to 1 transmission may provide higher reliability, thereby reducing CSI estimation errors due to high doppler shift between the transmitter and receiver. Similarly, whenever the network detects that the UE changes its speed and moves at a slow speed, it will inform the UE to revert to closed loop MIMO mode, reporting CSI in a more conventional manner (e.g., as described above in fig. 4).

Fig. 7 shows a graph 700 depicting the spectral efficiency of a transmission using closed-loop MIMO versus the spectral efficiency of a rank 1 transmission (e.g., a rank 1 precoder cycling transmission as described herein). In addition to the graph 505 of spectral efficiency of a closed-loop MIMO system as a function of doppler frequency, fig. 7 also shows a second graph 705 of spectral efficiency of transmissions related to a rank 1 precoder cycle as a function of doppler frequency with wideband CQI. It can be observed from fig. 7 that the rank 1 precoder cycling performance varies little. Referring to fig. 7, at some doppler frequency threshold, rank 1 transmission may yield a higher spectral efficiency than that of transmission using closed loop MIMO with rank greater than 1. For example, according to the example graph shown in fig. 7, when the doppler frequency of the UE is above the threshold value by about 320, the network (e.g., network node 104) should configure the UE as a rank 1 precoder cycle.

Fig. 8 illustrates an example of a transaction graph 800 (e.g., a sequence diagram) in which a network node (e.g., network node 104) and a UE (e.g., UE102) enter a rank 1 precoder cycling state when a doppler metric exceeds a threshold, according to an example embodiment. Assume that the network node is receiving CSI (conventional) from a feedback channel (e.g., operating in a closed-loop spatial MIMO state 605, as shown in the example of fig. 4). Since the signal from the network node to the UE drops due to the doppler effect, not only the data transmission but also the reference signal from the network node may be affected by this effect, which may result in CSI estimation based on degraded reference signals. In an example embodiment, if the network node determines that the doppler frequency meets or exceeds the threshold, the network node sends either RRC signaling (higher layer signaling) or a physical layer signaling message to the UE to change its configuration to receive RB level rank 1 precoding cycling signals at transaction (1) of fig. 8. The signaling message may also indicate that the UE includes an indicator of channel quality, CQI, in its feedback, while not including an indicator of rank (e.g., RI) and an indicator of channel state information (e.g., PMI). At block 802, the UE, in response to the signaling message, may configure its resources to receive rank 1 transmissions. Next at transaction (2), the network node sends the UE-specific reference signal as a rank 1 precoded transmission. A UE that has been configured to receive rank 1 signals at block 802 receives a reference signal and, at block 804, evaluates the reference signal and calculates an indicator of Channel Quality (CQI). At transaction (3), the UE returns feedback including an indicator of channel quality. Here, unlike the closed-loop MIMO case of fig. 4, the UE does not need to report back an indicator of rank (e.g., RI) or channel state information (e.g., PMI), because the network node has already made a decision to transmit at rank 1 and has the property that PMI feedback is not needed. However, an indicator of channel quality may be used to identify which resource blocks are better suited for use. The reported CSI feedback may be at the subband level, or at the wideband level, or both. For RB-level precoder cycling, since the UE reports rank 1 precoded CSI-RS, there is no need to inform the UE of the precoder used at the transmitter. For data transmission, the network uses the same precoder as used during transmission of the CSI-RS, and transmits the DM-RS precoded with the same precoder. Thus, the scheme is completely transparent to the UE.

In other embodiments, the network node may use transmissions that are precoded at the Resource Element (RE) level (not the RB level). In such a protocol or scheme, the network node may indicate which precoders it is planning to use at the RE level. The precoder may be fixed in a standard (e.g., 5G standard) so that both the network and the UE know the precoder used at the RE level. The UE assumes that the network will use a predefined precoder to report CQI.

In other embodiments, the network node may be operable to transmit more than reference signals for evaluation by the UE, where each reference signal may be different at the RB level (or alternatively at the RE level). Thus, the CQI determined by the UE may be for different reference signals, and multiple CQIs may be reported as parts of the feedback.

Fig. 9 shows a flow diagram 900 depicting an example method that may be performed by a network node (e.g., network node 104). The flowchart may begin at step 905 where it may be in a transmitting state (e.g., closed loop MIMO as described in the example of fig. 4). At step 910, the network node determines a UE-specific doppler metric and a Path Loss (PL). At step 910, the network node determines whether the UE is moving at a high speed (high doppler) or a low speed (low doppler). The network node may determine a doppler metric (D) representing a velocity of the UE_m). Example embodiments of doppler metrics may utilize various measurements. For example, in D based on direct velocity measurement_mThe network node may determine the direct velocity of the UE (e.g., determine the distance each time the UE has moved), for example, by obtaining velocity measurements of the user equipment using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The speed measurements may be taken at different times (or at multiple intervals). The network node may determine D_mIncluding the average of the velocity measurements. In an example embodiment, the doppler metric may also be based on a rate of change of the uplink channel estimate. Here, the network node may estimate the uplink channel, and the rate of change of the uplink channel provides the doppler metric D_mThe measurement of (2). The doppler metric may also be based on the rate of change of an indicator of channel quality (e.g., CQI in LTE), where CQI is the channel quality information reported by the UE in CSI feedback at any given moment. Here, the Doppler metric may be a variation of the CQI over time (Δ T)Quantized (Δ CQI). Thus, the Doppler metric can be calculated as D_m＝ΔCQI/ΔT。

Still referring to fig. 9, a doppler threshold (e.g., D) may be set_th) This is the point where the spectral efficiency drops below the level of spectral efficiency provided by rank 1 transmission due to the doppler effect (e.g., as shown in fig. 7). At step 915, it may be determined (e.g., by network node 104) whether a doppler metric associated with the UE exceeds a threshold (e.g., D)_m＞D_th). If the doppler metric associated with the UE does not exceed the threshold, then at step 920, operation between the network node and the UE may continue using the existing closed-loop MIMO scheme (e.g., as in the example described in fig. 4). If the doppler metric exceeds the threshold, the network node may initiate a change to the rank 1 precoding cycle state (e.g., the example described in fig. 8) at step 925. At step 930, the method may end, e.g., with the network node and the UE continuing using an existing closed-loop MIMO scheme or using a rank 1 precoding cycling scheme. The process may repeat again at step 905. Thus, the network node periodically determines whether the doppler metric exceeds a threshold and, in response to this determination, either uses an existing closed-loop MIMO scheme or initiates a change to use rank 1 transmission.

Fig. 10 illustrates a transaction diagram representing an example embodiment in which a closed-loop MIMO scheme is maintained, but limited in CSI feedback reporting by the UE, in response to determining that the doppler metric exceeds a threshold. The figure assumes a condition in which it has been determined that the doppler measure exceeds a threshold value. At transaction (1), the network node transmits a signal to the UE instructing the UE to report rank 1 in its CSI feedback. Here, the UE does not even need to know whether the network is to apply rank 1 precoder cycling. That is, there is no need to signal a transmission mode change from the network as in the example described in fig. 8. However, even if such rank 1 transmission to the UE is not explicitly indicated, the network still uses a closed loop MIMO scheme and informs the UE to select rank 1 in its feedback. This may be done by setting only those precoder indices that are equal to rank 1 using codebook subset restriction (CBSR), using Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling or physical layer signaling. An indicator (e.g., not reporting PMI) may also indicate that the UE does not report channel state information. At transaction (2), the network node transmits a reference signal to the UE. The UE evaluates a reference signal at stage 1005, which includes an indication (e.g., CQI in LTE) that determines the channel quality. At transaction (3), the UE provides feedback and, based on the CBSR, an indicator of rank 1 (e.g., RI of 1) and an indicator of channel quality (e.g., CQI). At transaction (4), transmission parameters are sent to the UE, and at transaction (5), traffic data may be sent to the UE based on the selected transmission parameters.

Fig. 11 illustrates a flow diagram 1100, the flow diagram 1100 depicting an example method that may be performed by a network node (e.g., network node 104), wherein a closed-loop MIMO scheme with CBSR is used in response to a doppler metric exceeding a threshold (as shown in fig. 10). The flowchart may begin at step 1105, where it may be in a particular transmission state (e.g., closed loop MIMO as described in the example of fig. 4). At step 1110, the network node determines a UE-specific doppler metric and Path Loss (PL). At step 1110, the network node determines whether the UE is moving at high speed (high doppler) or low speed (low doppler). The network node may determine a doppler metric (D) representing a velocity of the UE_m). Example embodiments of doppler metrics may utilize various measurements, for example, as described above with reference to step 910 of fig. 9. At step 1115, it may be determined (e.g., by network node 104) whether a doppler metric associated with the UE exceeds a threshold (e.g., D)_m＞D_th). If the doppler metric associated with the UE does not exceed the threshold, then at step 1120, operation between the network node and the UE may continue using the existing closed-loop MIMO scheme (e.g., as in the example described in fig. 4). If the doppler metric exceeds the threshold, the network node may send a signal with CBSR to the UE at step 1125, along with providing CQI feedback and an indication of rank 1 (but not necessarily PMI). An example of the interaction between the network node and the UE according to fig. 11 may be as described in fig. 8. At step 1130, the method may end, e.g., where the network node and the UE continue using an existing closed-loop MIMO scheme or using a rank 1 precoding cycling scheme.The process may repeat again at step 1105. Thus, the network node periodically determines whether the doppler metric exceeds a threshold and, in response to this determination, uses an existing closed-loop MIMO scheme or an existing closed-loop MIMO scheme with CBSR, resulting in CQI and rank indicator 1 in the feedback of the UE to the network node.

According to example embodiments, the network node and the user equipment may be operable to perform example methods as shown in the flowcharts described in fig. 12, 13, 14 and 15 in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure.

In a non-limiting embodiment, as shown in diagram 1200 of FIG. 12, network node devices are provided that include a processor and a memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations as shown at step 1205, an operation may include determining a metric representing a received frequency of a signal determined to have been received by a user equipment and an offset of an actual frequency determined to have been used to transmit the signal.

The operations may further include, at step 1210, in response to determining that the metric exceeds the threshold, facilitating transmission of a message to the user equipment indicating that the user equipment enables reception of a transmission signal having a precoding rank value of 1, wherein the precoding rank value of "1" indicates simultaneous transmission of data comprising the same content from the network node device to the user equipment.

The operations can further include, at step 1215, facilitating transmission of a user equipment-specific reference signal having a precoding rank value of 1 to the user equipment.

The operations may further comprise receiving feedback from the user equipment at step 1220, the feedback comprising an indicator of channel quality applicable to a quality of a channel between the network node device and the user equipment.

At step 1225, the operations may further comprise determining, based on the indicator of channel quality, a transmission scheduling parameter related to a transmission protocol for the further transmissions from the network node device to the user equipment.

Operations at step 1230 may include: transmission of transmission scheduling parameters to user equipment is facilitated.

The operations may also include transmitting the traffic data to the user equipment based on a transmission protocol.

Determining the metric may include obtaining speed measurements of the user equipment at a plurality of times, and the metric may include an average of the speed measurements. Determining the metric may also include determining a rate of change of a characteristic of an uplink channel from the user equipment to the network node device. Determining the metric may further comprise determining a rate of change of channel quality information of previously transmitted channel quality information from the network node device to the user equipment, the previous transmission occurring prior to determining the metric.

The transmission scheduling parameters may comprise modulation and coding parameters suitable for modulation and coding of a data stream for further steps of transmission from the network node device to the user equipment.

The indicator of channel quality may comprise an th indicator of channel quality, and the message indicating the user equipment may further comprise a second indicator excluding from the feedback a rank representative of a number of different data streams transmitted between the network node device and the user equipment, and a third indicator of channel state information for selecting a precoding matrix for a further step transmission from the network node device to the user equipment.

In a non-limiting embodiment, as shown in diagram 1300 in fig. 13, a network node device is provided that includes a processor and a memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations. The operations may include, at step 1305, determining a metric representing a received frequency of a signal determined to have been received by a user equipment and an offset of an actual frequency determined to have been used to transmit the signal.

At 1310, the operations may include, in response to determining that the metric exceeds the threshold, facilitating transmission of a message to the user equipment indicating a user equipment response reference signal by including channel state information feedback related to a transmission protocol of the transmission between the user equipment and the network device, the channel state information feedback including an th indicator having a rank of value 1, wherein the th indicator of the rank represents a number of different data streams transmitted between the network device and the user equipment, and a second indicator of channel quality applicable to a quality of a channel between the network device and the user equipment.

At step 1315, the operations may further include facilitating transmission of the reference signal to the user equipment. At step 1320, the operations may further include receiving channel state information feedback from the user equipment. At step 1325, the operations may further include decoding the channel state information feedback, thereby obtaining decoded channel state information feedback. At step 1330, the operations may further comprise: based on the decoded channel state information feedback, transmission scheduling parameters related to the transmission protocol are determined. At step 1335, the operations may further include facilitating transmission of the transmission scheduling parameters to the user equipment.

The operations may also include facilitating transmission of traffic data to the user equipment based on the transmission protocol.

Determining the metric may include obtaining speed measurements of the user equipment at different times, and the metric may include a mean or median of the speed measurements. Determining the metric may also include determining a rate of change of a characteristic of an uplink channel from the user equipment to the network device. Determining the metric may also include determining a rate of change of channel quality information of transmissions between the network device and the user equipment.

The transmission scheduling parameters may comprise modulation and coding parameters suitable for modulation and coding of a data stream for transmission between the user equipment and the network device.

The message indicating the user equipment may include an instruction to exclude from the channel state information feedback report a third indicator of channel state information for selecting a precoding matrix for a transmission between the network device and the user equipment.

In a non-limiting embodiment, as shown in diagram 1400 in fig. 14, user equipment includes a processor and a memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations at step 1405, the operations may include determining a location and a time (e.g., using a global position system, triangulation, etc.).

At step 1415, the operations may further comprise receiving a message from the network node device indicating that the user equipment enables reception of a transmission signal having a precoding rank value of 1, wherein the message is received from the network node device in response to determining, based on the location and time, that a metric representing a deviation of a received frequency of a signal determined to have been received by the user equipment and an actual frequency determined to have been used for transmission of the signal exceeds a threshold, and wherein the precoding rank value of 1 indicates simultaneous transmission of data comprising the same information from the network node device to the user equipment.

At step 1420, the operations may further comprise receiving a user equipment-specific reference signal having a precoding rank value of 1, and at step 1425, evaluating the user equipment-specific reference signal to determine an indicator of channel quality applicable to the quality of a channel between the network node device and the user equipment.

At step 1430, the operations may further comprise facilitating transmission of feedback comprising an indicator of channel quality to the network node apparatus at step 1435, the operations may further comprise receiving from the network node apparatus transmission scheduling parameters relating to a transmission protocol of the further step transmission from the network node apparatus to the user equipment.

The transmission scheduling parameters may include modulation and coding parameters suitable for modulation and coding of a data stream for further steps of transmission from the network node device to the user equipment.

The indicator of channel quality may comprise an th indicator of channel quality, and the message indicating the user equipment may further comprise instructions to exclude from the feedback a second indicator representing a rank of a number of different data streams transmitted between the network node device and the user equipment, and to exclude from the feedback a third indicator of channel state information for selecting a precoding matrix for transmission between the network node device and the user equipment.

As mentioned above, the user equipment may include a wireless device and may also include an internet of things device.

In a non-limiting embodiment, as shown in fig. 15, network node devices are provided, the network node devices comprising a processor and a memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations as shown at step 1505, operations may include determining a metric representing a received frequency of a signal determined to have been received by a user equipment and an offset of an actual frequency determined to have been used to transmit the signal.

The operations may further include, at step 1510, in response to determining that the metric exceeds the threshold, facilitating transmission of a message to the user equipment indicating that the user equipment enables reception of a transmission signal having a precoding rank value of 1, wherein the precoding rank value of 1 indicates simultaneous transmission of data comprising the same content from the network node device to the user equipment.

The operations can further include, at step 1515, facilitating transmission to the user equipment of a user equipment-specific reference signal having a precoding rank value of 1.

The operations may further include, at step 1520, receiving feedback from the user equipment comprising an indicator of channel quality determined by evaluating each reference signal, wherein the indicator of channel quality is applicable to a quality of a channel between the network node device and the user equipment.

At step 1525, the operations may further include determining, based on the feedback, transmission scheduling parameters related to a transmission protocol of the further step transmission from the network node device to the user equipment.

Operations at step 1530 may include facilitating transmission of the transmission scheduling parameters to the user equipment.

The operations may also include facilitating transmission of traffic data to the user equipment based on the transmission protocol.

Determining the metric may include obtaining speed measurements of the user equipment at a plurality of times, and the metric may include an average of the speed measurements. Determining the metric may also include determining a rate of change of a characteristic of an uplink channel from the user equipment to the network node device. Determining the metric may further comprise determining a rate of change of channel quality information of previously transmitted channel quality information from the network node device to the user equipment, the previous transmission occurring prior to determining the metric.

The transmission scheduling parameters may comprise modulation and coding parameters suitable for modulation and coding of a data stream for further steps of transmission from the network node device to the user equipment.

The message indicating the user equipment may further comprise instructions to exclude from the feedback an th indicator representing a rank of a number of different data streams transmitted between the network node device and the user equipment and a second indicator of channel state information for selecting a precoding matrix for a further step transmission from the network node device to the user equipment.

Referring now to FIG. 16, there is illustrated a schematic block diagram of a user equipment (e.g., user equipment 102) that may be a mobile device 1600 capable of connecting to a network in accordance with embodiments described herein although a mobile handset 1600 is illustrated herein, it should be understood that other devices may be mobile devices and that the mobile handset 1600 is only shown to provide a context for embodiments of the various embodiments described herein.

In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the methods described herein may be practiced with other system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which may be operatively coupled to or more associated devices.

Computing devices may typically include a variety of machine-readable media. Machine-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media may include volatile and/or nonvolatile, removable and/or non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media may include, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD ROM, Digital Video Disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer.

Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media.

The handset 900 includes a processor 1602 for controlling and processing all on-board operations and functions, memory 1604 interfaces with the processor 1602 to store data and or more applications 1606 (e.g., video player software, user feedback component software, etc.). other applications may include voice recognition to facilitate initiating predetermined voice commands for user feedback signals, the applications 1606 may be stored in the memory 1604 and/or firmware 1608 and executed by the processor 1602 from either or both of the memory 1604 or/and firmware 1608, firmware 1608 may also store boot code for execution when initializing the handset 1600, a communication component 1610 interfaces with the processor 1602 to facilitate wired/wireless communication with external systems (e.g., cellular networks, VoIP networks, etc.).

Handset 1600 includes a display 1612 for displaying text, images, video, telephony functions (e.g., caller ID functions), setup functions, and for user input. For example, the display 1612 may also be referred to as a "screen," which may accommodate presentation of multimedia content (e.g., musical metadata, messages, wallpaper, graphics, etc.). Display 1612 may also display videos and may facilitate the generation, editing, and sharing of video references (quotes). A serial I/O interface 1614 is provided in communication with the processor 1602 to facilitate wired and/or wireless serial communication (e.g., USB and/or IEEE 1394) via a hardwired connection and other serial input devices (e.g., a keyboard, a keypad, and a mouse). This enables, for example, handset 1600 to be updated and troubleshoot. The audio I/O component 1616 provides audio capabilities and the audio I/O component 1616 may include a speaker for outputting audio signals related to, for example, an indication that the user pressed the correct key or key combination to initiate a user feedback signal. The audio I/O component 1616 also facilitates inputting audio signals through the microphone to record data and/or telephone voice data, and for inputting voice signals for telephone conversations.

Handset 1600 may include a socket interface 1618 for receiving a SIC (subscriber identification component) in the form factor of a Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) or a generic SIM1620, and for interfacing SIM card 1620 with processor 1602. However, it should be appreciated that the SIM card 1620 can be manufactured into the handset 1600 and can be updated by downloading data and software.

Handset 1600 may process IP data traffic through communications component 1610 to accommodate IP traffic from an IP network (such as, for example, the internet, a corporate intranet, a home network, a personal area network, etc.) through an ISP or broadband cable provider. Thus, VoIP traffic can be utilized by handset 1600 and IP-based multimedia content can be received in an encoded or decoded format.

A video processing component 1622 (e.g., a camera) may be provided to decode the encoded multimedia content. The video processing component 1622 can help facilitate generating, editing, and sharing video references. Handset 1600 also includes a power supply 1624 in the form of a battery and/or an AC power subsystem, power supply 1624 may interface with an external power system or charging equipment (not shown) via power I/O assembly 1626.

Handset 1600 may also include a video component 1630 for processing received video content, as well as for recording and transmitting video content. For example, the video component 1630 can facilitate generating, editing, and sharing video references. The location tracking component 1632 facilitates geographically locating the handset 1600. As described above, this may occur when the user initiates the feedback signal automatically or manually. The user input component 1634 facilitates user initiation of the quality feedback signal. User input component 1634 may also facilitate generating, editing, and sharing video references. User input component 1634 may include conventional input device technology such as, for example, a keypad, keyboard, mouse, stylus, and/or touch screen.

Referring again to application 1606, hysteresis component 1636 facilitates analysis and processing of hysteresis data that is used to determine when to associate with an access point. A software triggering component 1638 can be provided that facilitates triggering the hysteresis component 1638 when the Wi-Fi transceiver 1613 detects a beacon of an access point. SIP client 1640 enables handset 1600 to support the SIP protocol and register subscribers with a SIP registrar server. The applications 1606 may also include a client 1642, the client 1642 providing at least the capability to discover, play, and store multimedia content (e.g., music).

As described above, the handset 1600 associated with the communications component 1610 includes an indoor network radio transceiver 1613 (e.g., a Wi-Fi transceiver). This functionality supports an indoor radio link, such as IEEE802.11, for the dual mode GSM handset 1600. Handset 1600 may accommodate at least satellite radio services through a handset that may combine wireless voice and digital radio chipsets into a single handheld device.

With reference now to FIG. 17, there is illustrated a block diagram of a computer 1700 operable to perform the functions and operations performed in the example embodiments described.

Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled to or more associated devices.

The illustrated inventive aspects may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which may include computer-readable storage media or communication media, which two terms are used differently from one another herein as follows.

By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data.

Communication media may embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal (e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism) and include any information delivery or transmission media.

With reference to FIG. 17, implementing various aspects described herein with respect to a device may include a computer 1700, the computer 1700 including a processing unit 1704, a system memory 1706, and a system bus 1708. the system bus 1708 couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory 1706 to the processing unit 1704. the processing unit 1704 may be any of various commercially available processors.

The system bus 1708 can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures.

The computer 1700 further includes an internal Hard Disk Drive (HDD)1714 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive 1714 may also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)1716 (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette 1718) and an optical disk drive 1720 (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk 1722 or reading from or writing to other high capacity optical media such as the DVD). the hard disk drive 1714, magnetic disk drive 1716 and optical disk drive 1720 may be connected to the system bus 1708 by a hard disk drive interface 1724, a magnetic disk drive interface 1726 and an optical disk drive interface 1728, respectively.

The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer 1700, the drives and media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to a HDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of media which are readable by the computer 1700, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and the like, may also be used in the example operating environment, and further, that any such media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the disclosed inventive methods.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1712, including an operating system 1730, or multiple application programs 1732, other program modules 1734, and program data 1736 all or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM 1712.

A user may enter commands and information into the computer 1700 through one or more wired/wireless input devices, such as a keyboard 1738 and a pointing device, such as a mouse 1740 other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen, etc. these and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 1704 through an input device interface 1742 that is coupled to the system bus 1708, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, IEEE 2394 serial port, game port, USB port, IR interface, etc.

A monitor 1744 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 1708 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1746. In addition to the monitor 1744, computer 1700 typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

Computer 1700 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections through wired and/or wireless communications to or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s) 1748 ( or more) ( or more) remote computer(s) 1748 may be workstations, server computers, routers, personal computers, portable computers, microprocessor-based entertainment devices, peer devices or other common network nodes, and typically include many or all of the elements described relative to the computer, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device 1750 is illustrated.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1700 is connected to the local network 1752 through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter 1756. The adapter 1756 may facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN1752, which may also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless adapter 1756.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1700 can include a modem 1758, or is connected to a communications server on the WAN 1754, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 1754, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1758, which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to the system bus 1708 via the input device interface 1742. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer, or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 1750. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

The computer is operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This includes at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth^TMThus, the communication may be a predefined structure as with conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.

Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in cell phones, enabling such devices (e.g., computers) to be indoors and outdoors; data is transmitted and received anywhere within range of the base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE802.11 (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5GHz radio bands, at an 11Mbps (802.11b) or 54Mbps (802.11a) data rate, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic "10 BaseT" wired Ethernet networks used in many offices.

As used in this application, the terms "system," "component," "interface," and the like are generally intended to refer to a computer-related entity, or entity associated with an operating machine having or more specific functions.an entity disclosed herein may be a combination of hardware and software, or software in execution.A component may be, for example, but not limited to a process running on a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer.for example, an application running on a server and a server may be a component. or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be located on computers and/or distributed between two or more computers.these components may also execute from various computer-readable storage media having various data structures stored thereon.A component may communicate via local and/or remote processes, such as according to an electronic and/or remote process arrangement having or more data packets (e.g., from other computer-readable storage media having various data structures stored thereon. a signal structures such as an electronic processing component ) which may be associated with an electronic processing component or other processing component, such as an electronic processing component, wherein the processing component may include at least one or an electronic processing component, or an electronic processing component, wherein the processing component may be provided as at least one of an electronic processing component 3578, or an electronic processing component, wherein the processing component may be an electronic processing component, or an electronic processing component, wherein the processing component may be an electronic processing component, such as an electronic processing component, wherein the processing component may be an electronic processing component, wherein the processing component, or a portion of an electronic processing component, may be associated with at least one or a specific application, wherein the processing component may be an electronic processing component, may be an electronic.

As used herein, the term "article of manufacture" is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, computer-readable carrier, or computer-readable medium^TM(BD)); a smart card; flash memory devices (e.g., cards, sticks, key drives); and/or a virtual device that emulates a storage device and/or any of the computer-readable media described above.

As used in this specification, the term "processor" may refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device including, but not limited to, single-core processors, single-processor with software multithreading capability, multi-core processors with software multithreading capability, multi-core processors with hardware multithreading, parallel platforms, and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory.

In the subject specification, terms such as "store," "data store," "database," "repository," "queue," and substantially any other information storage component related to the operation and function of the component, refer to a "memory component" or an entity embodied in a "memory" or a component comprising memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. Further, the memory components or memory elements may be removable or fixed. Further, the memory may be internal or external to the device or component, or removable or fixed. The memory may include various types of media that are readable by the computer, such as a hard disk drive, zip drive, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, or other types of memory cards, cartridges, and the like.

By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include Read Only Memory (ROM), Programmable ROM (PROM), Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include Random Access Memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM may be available in many forms, such as Synchronous RAM (SRAM), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDRSDRAM), Enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and Direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Additionally, the memory components of systems or methods disclosed herein are intended to comprise, without being limited to, including these and any other suitable types of memory.

In particular and in regard to the various functions performed by the above described components, devices, circuits, systems and the like, the terms (including a reference to a "means") used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., a functional equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary aspects of the embodiments. In this regard, it will also be recognized that the embodiments include a system as well as a computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the acts and/or events of the various methods.

By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media may be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data.

In another aspect, communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal (e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism) and includes any information delivery or transmission media.

Also, terms such as "user equipment," "mobile device," "mobile station," "access terminal," "handset," and similar terms generally refer to a wireless device used by a subscriber or user of a wireless communication network or service to receive or transmit data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data or signaling stream.

Moreover, the terms "user," "subscriber," "client," "consumer," and the like, are used interchangeably throughout the subject specification unless context warrants specific distinction(s) ( or more). it should be appreciated that such terms may refer to human entities, associated devices, or automated components supported by artificial intelligence (e.g., the ability to infer based on complex mathematical forms) that can provide simulated vision, voice recognition, and the like.

As used herein, the term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or". that is, unless otherwise indicated or clear from the context, "X employs A or B" is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations.

In addition, although a particular feature may have been disclosed with respect to only of several implementations, such feature may be combined with or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.

The foregoing description of various embodiments of the subject disclosure and the corresponding figures, as well as what is described in the abstract, are presented herein for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It should be understood that other embodiments having modifications, permutations, combinations and additions may be implemented to perform the same, similar, alternative or alternative functions of the disclosed subject matter, and are therefore considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure as recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to any single embodiment described herein, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the following claims.