Sense amplifier, memory and control method of sense amplifier
阅读说明：本技术 灵敏放大器、存储器和灵敏放大器的控制方法 (Sense amplifier, memory and control method of sense amplifier ) 是由 卢文娟 赵阳扩 何军 李新 应战 曹堪宇 彭春雨 吴秀龙 蔺智挺 陈军宁 于 2020-07-27 设计创作，主要内容包括：本公开提供了一种灵敏放大器、存储器和灵敏放大器的控制方法,涉及半导体存储器技术领域。该灵敏放大器包括：放大模块,放大模块用于读取第一位线或第二位线上存储单元的数据；第一偏移电压存储单元和第二偏移电压存储单元,分别与放大模块电连接；其中,在读取第一位线上存储单元中数据的情况下,在灵敏放大器的偏移消除阶段,灵敏放大器被配置为将灵敏放大器的偏移电压存储在第一偏移电压存储单元中；在读取第二位线上存储单元中数据的情况下,在灵敏放大器的偏移消除阶段,灵敏放大器被配置为将灵敏放大器的偏移电压存储在第二偏移电压存储单元中。本公开可以实现灵敏放大器的偏移消除。(The disclosure provides a sense amplifier, a memory and a control method of the sense amplifier, and relates to the technical field of semiconductor memories. The sense amplifier includes: the amplifying module is used for reading data of the storage unit on the first bit line or the second bit line; the first offset voltage storage unit and the second offset voltage storage unit are respectively and electrically connected with the amplifying module; wherein, in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the first bit line, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the first offset voltage storage cell in an offset cancel stage of the sense amplifier; in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the second bit line, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the second offset voltage memory cell in an offset cancel stage of the sense amplifier. The present disclosure may enable offset cancellation of a sense amplifier.)
1. A sense amplifier, comprising:
the amplifying module is used for reading data of the storage unit on the first bit line or the second bit line;
the first offset voltage storage unit and the second offset voltage storage unit are respectively electrically connected with the amplifying module;
wherein, in the case of reading data in a memory cell on the first bit line, in an offset cancel phase of the sense amplifier, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the first offset voltage memory cell; in the case of reading data in the memory cells on the second bit lines, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the second offset voltage storage unit in an offset cancel phase of the sense amplifier.
2. The sense amplifier of claim 1, wherein the amplification module comprises:
a first PMOS tube;
a source electrode of the second PMOS tube is connected with a source electrode of the first PMOS tube;
the drain electrode of the first NMOS tube is connected with the drain electrode of the first PMOS tube;
and the drain electrode of the second NMOS tube is connected with the drain electrode of the second PMOS tube, and the source electrode of the second NMOS tube is connected with the source electrode of the first NMOS tube.
3. The sense amplifier of claim 2, wherein a first terminal of the first offset voltage storage unit is connected to a drain of the first NMOS transistor, and a second terminal of the first offset voltage storage unit is connected to a gate of the second NMOS transistor;
the first end of the second offset voltage storage unit is connected with the grid electrode of the first NMOS tube, and the second end of the second offset voltage storage unit is connected with the drain electrode of the second NMOS tube;
wherein, in the case of reading data in a memory cell on a first bit line, in an offset cancel phase of the sense amplifier, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the first offset voltage storage unit; in the case of reading data in a memory cell on a second bit line, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the second offset voltage storage unit in an offset cancel phase of the sense amplifier.
4. The sense amplifier of claim 3, wherein during an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, the first PMOS transistor and the second PMOS transistor are configured as current mirrors, and the first NMOS transistor and the second NMOS transistor are both configured in a diode connection manner.
5. The sense amplifier of claim 4, wherein the drain of the first PMOS transistor and the drain of the first NMOS transistor are connected to a first node, and the drain of the second PMOS transistor and the drain of the second NMOS transistor are connected to a second node; the sense amplifier further includes:
a first end of the first switch is connected with the first node, and a second end of the first switch is connected with a grid electrode of the first NMOS tube;
a first end of the second switch is connected with the second node, and a second end of the second switch is connected with a grid electrode of the second NMOS tube;
a first end of the third switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first PMOS tube, and a second end of the third switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second PMOS tube;
wherein, in an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, the first switch, the second switch and the third switch are all in a closed state.
6. The sense amplifier of claim 5, further comprising:
the pull-up unit is used for responding to a pull-up control signal and controlling the connection state of the source electrode of the first PMOS tube and power supply voltage;
the pull-down unit is used for responding to a pull-down control signal and controlling whether the source electrode of the first NMOS tube is grounded;
in the offset elimination stage of the sense amplifier, the source electrode of the first PMOS tube is connected with the power supply voltage, and the source electrode of the first NMOS tube is grounded.
7. The sense amplifier of claim 6, further comprising:
a first end of the fourth switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first NMOS tube, and a second end of the fourth switch is connected with the second node;
a first end of the fifth switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second PMOS tube, and a second end of the fifth switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second NMOS tube;
a first end of the sixth switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second NMOS tube, and a second end of the sixth switch is connected with the first node;
a first end of the seventh switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first PMOS tube, and a second end of the seventh switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first NMOS tube.
8. The sense amplifier of claim 7, wherein in the case of reading data in the memory cells on the first bit line, the fifth switch is turned off and the seventh switch is turned on during an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier;
in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the second bit line, the fifth switch is closed and the seventh switch is opened during the offset canceling phase of the sense amplifier.
9. The sense amplifier of claim 8, further comprising:
a first end of the eighth switch is connected with a first bit line, and a second end of the eighth switch is connected with the first node;
a ninth switch, a first end of which is connected to a second bit line and a second end of which is connected to the second node;
wherein, during an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, the eighth switch and the ninth switch are both open.
10. The sense amplifier of claim 9, wherein after an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, the first switch is open with the memory cell on the first bit line or with the memory cell on the second bit line, the eighth switch and the ninth switch are closed to input a voltage difference between the first bit line and the second bit line into the sense amplifier.
11. The sense amplifier of claim 10, wherein in a case where a voltage difference between the first bit line and the second bit line is input to the sense amplifier, the source of the first PMOS transistor is connected to the power supply voltage, and the source of the first NMOS transistor is grounded to amplify the voltage difference.
12. The sense amplifier according to any of claims 8 to 11, further comprising:
a precharge unit configured to precharge the first bit line and the second bit line when the sense amplifier is in a precharge phase.
13. The sense amplifier of claim 12, wherein the precharge phase and the offset cancellation phase are configured to be performed simultaneously.
14. A memory comprising a sense amplifier as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 13.
15. A control method of a sense amplifier, the sense amplifier including an amplification block, a first offset voltage storage unit, and a second offset voltage storage unit, the control method of the sense amplifier comprising:
in the case of reading data in a storage unit on a first bit line, controlling the offset voltage of the sense amplifier to be stored in the first offset voltage storage unit in the offset elimination phase of the sense amplifier so as to realize offset compensation;
in the case of reading data in a memory cell on a second bit line, an offset voltage of the sense amplifier is controlled to be stored in the second offset voltage memory cell during an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier to implement offset compensation.
Technical Field
The disclosure relates to the technical field of semiconductor memories, in particular to a sense amplifier, a memory and a control method of the sense amplifier.
Background
With the popularization of electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers, and personal computers, semiconductor memory technology has also been rapidly developed. Memories such as Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAMs) and Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) have been widely used in various electronic devices due to their advantages of high density, low power consumption, low price, and the like.
A Sense Amplifier (SA) is an important component of a semiconductor memory, and is mainly used for amplifying a small signal on a bit line to perform a read or write operation.
As technology advances, the size of semiconductor memories is decreasing, and in this case, the performance of semiconductor memories is seriously affected by the larger and larger offset voltage caused by the mismatch of transistors in sense amplifiers.
It is to be noted that the information disclosed in the above background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the present disclosure, and thus may include information that does not constitute prior art known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The present disclosure is directed to providing a sense amplifier, a memory, and a control method of the sense amplifier, thereby overcoming, at least to some extent, the problem of affecting the performance of a semiconductor memory due to the mismatch of transistors in the sense amplifier.
According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a sense amplifier comprising: the amplifying module is used for reading data of the storage unit on the first bit line or the second bit line; the first offset voltage storage unit and the second offset voltage storage unit are respectively and electrically connected with the amplifying module; wherein, in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the first bit line, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the first offset voltage storage cell in an offset cancel stage of the sense amplifier; in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the second bit line, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the second offset voltage memory cell in an offset cancel stage of the sense amplifier.
Optionally, the amplifying module comprises: a first PMOS tube; the source electrode of the second PMOS tube is connected with the source electrode of the first PMOS tube; the drain electrode of the first NMOS tube is connected with the drain electrode of the first PMOS tube; and the drain electrode of the second NMOS tube is connected with the drain electrode of the second PMOS tube, and the source electrode of the second NMOS tube is connected with the source electrode of the first NMOS tube.
Optionally, a first end of the first offset voltage storage unit is connected with a drain of the first NMOS transistor, and a second end of the first offset voltage storage unit is connected with a gate of the second NMOS transistor; the first end of the second offset voltage storage unit is connected with the grid electrode of the first NMOS tube, and the second end of the second offset voltage storage unit is connected with the drain electrode of the second NMOS tube; wherein, in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the first bit line, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the first offset voltage storage cell in an offset cancel stage of the sense amplifier; in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the second bit line, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the second offset voltage memory cell in an offset cancel stage of the sense amplifier.
Optionally, during an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, the first PMOS transistor and the second PMOS transistor are configured as a current mirror, and the first NMOS transistor and the second NMOS transistor are both configured in a diode connection manner.
Optionally, the drain of the first PMOS transistor and the drain of the first NMOS transistor are connected to a first node, and the drain of the second PMOS transistor and the drain of the second NMOS transistor are connected to a second node; the sense amplifier further includes: the first end of the first switch is connected with the first node, and the second end of the first switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first NMOS tube; a first end of the second switch is connected with the second node, and a second end of the second switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second NMOS tube; a first end of the third switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first PMOS tube, and a second end of the third switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second PMOS tube; in the offset elimination stage of the sense amplifier, the first switch, the second switch and the third switch are all in a closed state.
Optionally, the sense amplifier further comprises: the pull-up unit is used for responding to a pull-up control signal and controlling the connection state of the source electrode of the first PMOS tube and the power supply voltage; the pull-down unit is used for responding to a pull-down control signal and controlling whether the source electrode of the first NMOS tube is grounded; in the offset elimination stage of the sense amplifier, the source electrode of the first PMOS tube is connected with the power supply voltage, and the source electrode of the first NMOS tube is grounded.
Optionally, the first switch further comprises a control terminal, configured to control a switching state of the first switch in response to the first control signal; the second switch also comprises a control end which is used for responding to the second control signal to control the switch state of the second switch; the third switch further comprises a control terminal for controlling the switching state of the third switch in response to a third control signal.
Optionally, the sense amplifier further comprises: a first end of the fourth switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first NMOS tube, and a second end of the fourth switch is connected with the second node; a first end of the fifth switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second PMOS tube, and a second end of the fifth switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second NMOS tube; a first end of the sixth switch is connected with the grid electrode of the second NMOS tube, and a second end of the sixth switch is connected with the first node; and a first end of the seventh switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first PMOS tube, and a second end of the seventh switch is connected with the grid electrode of the first NMOS tube.
Optionally, in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the first bit line, the fifth switch is turned off and the seventh switch is turned on during the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier; in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the second bit line, the fifth switch is closed and the seventh switch is opened during the offset canceling phase of the sense amplifier.
Optionally, the fourth switch further comprises a control terminal, configured to control a switching state of the fourth switch in response to a fourth control signal; the fifth switch further comprises a control terminal for controlling a switching state of the fifth switch in response to a fifth control signal.
Optionally, the sixth switch further comprises a control terminal, configured to control a switching state of the sixth switch in response to a sixth control signal; the seventh switch further comprises a control terminal for controlling the switch state of the seventh switch in response to the seventh control signal.
Optionally, the sense amplifier further comprises: a first end of the eighth switch is connected with the first bit line, and a second end of the eighth switch is connected with the first node; a first end of the ninth switch is connected with the second bit line, and a second end of the ninth switch is connected with the second node; wherein, in the offset elimination phase of the sensitive amplifier, the eighth switch and the ninth switch are both turned off.
Optionally, the eighth switch further comprises a control terminal, configured to control a switching state of the eighth switch in response to an eighth control signal; the ninth switch further comprises a control terminal for controlling a switching state of the ninth switch in response to the eighth control signal.
Optionally, after the offset canceling phase of the sense amplifier, the memory cell corresponding to the first bit line or the memory cell corresponding to the second bit line is turned on, the first switch is turned off, and the eighth switch and the ninth switch are turned on to input a voltage difference between the first bit line and the second bit line to the sense amplifier.
Alternatively, in a case where a voltage difference between the first bit line and the second bit line is input to the sense amplifier, the source of the first PMOS transistor is connected to a power supply voltage, and the source of the first NMOS transistor is grounded to amplify the voltage difference.
Optionally, the sense amplifier further comprises: and a precharge unit configured to precharge the first bit line and the second bit line when the sense amplifier is in a precharge stage.
Optionally, the pre-charge phase and the offset cancellation phase are configured to be performed simultaneously.
According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a memory comprising a sense amplifier as defined in any one of the above.
According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a control method of a sense amplifier including an amplification block, a first offset voltage storage unit, and a second offset voltage storage unit, the control method of the sense amplifier including: in the case of reading data in the memory cells on the first bit line, controlling the offset voltage of the sense amplifier to be stored in the first offset voltage memory cell during an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier to realize offset compensation; in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the second bit line, an offset voltage of the sense amplifier is controlled to be stored in the second offset voltage memory cell during an offset canceling phase of the sense amplifier to implement offset compensation.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, by configuring a first offset voltage storage unit and a second offset voltage storage unit in a sense amplifier, in the case of reading data in a storage unit on a first bit line, in an offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, an offset voltage of the sense amplifier is stored in the first offset voltage storage unit, in the case of reading data in a storage unit on a second bit line, in the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, the offset voltage of the sense amplifier is stored in the second offset voltage storage unit, on one hand, when the bit line data needs to be read, offset compensation of the sense amplifier can be achieved by means of the offset voltage stored in the corresponding offset voltage storage unit, and the influence of an offset voltage on the read bit line data due to transistor mismatch is greatly reduced, thereby improving the performance of the semiconductor memory; on the other hand, the scheme of the invention realizes offset compensation by using the first offset voltage storage unit when reading the data in the storage unit on the first bit line, and realizes offset compensation by using the second offset voltage storage unit when reading the data in the storage unit on the second bit line.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosure.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the present disclosure and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. It is to be understood that the drawings in the following description are merely exemplary of the disclosure, and that other drawings may be derived from those drawings by one of ordinary skill in the art without the exercise of inventive faculty. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a block diagram of a sense amplifier according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram schematically illustrating a specific configuration of a sense amplifier according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a timing diagram of various control signals involved in a sense amplifier when reading a first bit line, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier during an offset cancellation phase when reading a first bit line according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier during a voltage sensing phase when reading a first bit line according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier during a voltage difference amplification phase when reading a first bit line according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 8 schematically illustrates a timing diagram of control signals involved in a sense amplifier when reading a first bit line, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier during a voltage balancing phase when reading a first bit line according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a timing diagram of the control signals involved in a sense amplifier when reading a second bit line, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 11 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier during an offset cancellation phase when reading a second bit line according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 12 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier during a voltage sensing phase when reading a second bit line according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier during a voltage difference amplification phase when reading a second bit line according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 14 schematically illustrates a timing diagram of control signals involved in a sense amplifier when reading a second bit line, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 15 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier during a voltage balancing phase when reading a second bit line according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 16 schematically shows a flowchart of a control method of a sense amplifier according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Example embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of example embodiments to those skilled in the art. The described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided to give a thorough understanding of embodiments of the disclosure. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the subject matter of the present disclosure can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, devices, steps, and the like. In other instances, well-known technical solutions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the present disclosure.
Furthermore, the drawings are merely schematic illustrations of the present disclosure and are not necessarily drawn to scale. The same reference numerals in the drawings denote the same or similar parts, and thus their repetitive description will be omitted. The descriptions of "first," "second," "third," "fourth," "fifth," "sixth," "seventh," "eighth," and "ninth" are for purposes of distinction only and should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure.
It is noted that the term "coupled," as used herein, may include both direct and indirect connections. In the direct connection, there is no component between the terminals, for example, the first terminal of the switch a is connected to the first terminal of the switch B, and there may be only a connection line (e.g., a metal line) on the connection line between the first terminal of the switch a and the first terminal of the switch B, and there is no other component. In indirect connection, there may be other components between the terminals, for example, the first terminal of the switch C is connected to the first terminal of the switch D, and there may be at least one other component (e.g., the switch E, etc.) on the connection line between the first terminal of the switch C and the first terminal of the switch D in addition to the connection line.
In addition, in the following description, it is easily understood by those skilled in the art that the terms "offset" and "offset" are the same meaning, and each mean a deviation due to a difference of transistors.
In the sense amplifier, due to the difference in the manufacturing process and the influence of the operating environment, there may be differences in the sizes, mobilities, threshold voltages, etc. of the transistors, and the performances of the transistors may not be completely the same, which may cause the sense amplifier to be out of order, which is equivalent to the occurrence of out-of-order noise, and seriously affects the correctness of the read data of the memory.
For example, a sense amplifier includes two symmetrically configured NMOS transistors, and ideally, the two NMOS transistors are expected to perform exactly the same. However, in practice, the threshold voltages of the two NMOS transistors may be different, which may cause a circuit mismatch. At this time, if no measure is taken, when data is read from the memory cell, it is possible to read "1" originally stored as "0" error output or read "0" originally stored as "1" error output.
To address this problem, the present disclosure provides a new sense amplifier.
Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a block diagram of a sense amplifier according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 1, the
The amplifying module 10 is used for reading data of a memory cell on a first bit line or a second bit line;
the first offset voltage storage unit 11 is electrically connected to the amplification module 10, and the second offset voltage storage unit 12 is electrically connected to the amplification module 10.
In the case of reading data in memory cells on the first bit line, in the offset cancel phase of the
It should be noted that the offset voltage of the
The amplifying module 10 may include a first PMOS transistor (hereinafter, referred to as a transistor P1), a second PMOS transistor (hereinafter, referred to as a transistor P2), a first NMOS transistor (hereinafter, referred to as a transistor N1), and a second NMOS transistor (hereinafter, referred to as a transistor N2).
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first offset voltage storage unit 11 may be configured as one capacitor, and the second offset voltage storage unit 12 may also be configured as one capacitor. However, any device or unit having a voltage storage function may be used as the first offset voltage storage unit 11 and the second offset voltage storage unit 12 in the present disclosure, and the present disclosure is not limited to a specific configuration.
Fig. 2 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Referring to fig. 2, a source of the transistor P1 is connected to a source of the transistor P2, and a drain of the transistor P1 is connected to a drain of the transistor N1. Here, for convenience of description later, a first node nL may be defined in the sense amplifier, and a drain of the transistor P1 and a drain of the transistor N1 are connected to the first node nL.
The drain of the transistor N2 is connected to the drain of the transistor P2, and the source of the transistor N2 is connected to the source of the transistor N1. Here, for convenience of description later, a second node nR may be defined in the sense amplifier, and a drain of the transistor N2 and a drain of the transistor P2 are connected to the second node nR.
A first terminal of the first offset voltage storage element is connected to the first node nL, and a second terminal of the first offset voltage storage element is connected to the gate of the transistor N2.
A first terminal of the second offset voltage storage unit is connected to the second node nR, and a second terminal of the second offset voltage storage unit is connected to the gate of the transistor N1.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, data on different bit lines is read, with different offset voltage storage strategies. Specifically, in the case of reading data in a memory cell on a first bit line, in an offset cancel phase of a sense amplifier, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in a first offset voltage memory cell; in the case of reading data in the memory cell on the second bit line, the sense amplifier is configured to store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the second offset voltage memory cell in an offset cancel stage of the sense amplifier.
It should be noted that the offset voltage of the sense amplifier refers to the offset voltage of at least two transistors (or components) in the sense amplifier. Specifically, the offset voltage may be the offset voltage of the transistor P1 and the transistor P2, the offset voltage of the transistor N1 and the transistor N2, or the offset voltage obtained by combining the two, which is not limited in the present disclosure.
Referring to fig. 2, in the following description, the bit line BLL is determined as a first bit line and the bit line BLR is determined as a second bit line. However, it should be understood that in other embodiments of the present disclosure, bit line BLR may also be identified as the first bit line and bit line BLL may also be identified as the second bit line.
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with respect to reading data on different bit lines, respectively.
For the case of reading data in a memory cell on bit line BLL:
in the sense amplifier shown in fig. 2, in the case of reading data in a memory cell on the bit line BLL, the sixth switch (hereinafter, referred to as the switch K6) is in an open state, and the seventh switch (hereinafter, referred to as the switch K7) is in a closed state. A first terminal of the switch K6 is connected to the gate of the transistor N2, and a second terminal of the switch K6 is connected to the first node nL; a first terminal of the switch K7 is connected to the gate of the transistor P1, and a second terminal of the switch K7 is connected to the gate of the transistor N1.
The operation phase of the sense amplifier of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be divided into: the device comprises an offset elimination stage, a voltage induction stage and a voltage difference amplification stage.
In the offset canceling phase, the sense amplifier may store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier, which is generated due to a difference in size, mobility, threshold voltage, and the like of the transistors, in the first offset voltage storage unit. In the voltage sensing phase, the sense amplifier can suppress the influence of the offset according to the offset voltage stored in the first offset voltage storage unit, so that the data on the bit line can be accurately read.
For the offset canceling phase of the sense amplifier, the transistor P1 and the transistor P2 may be configured as a current mirror, and the transistor N1 and the transistor N2 may each be configured in a diode connection manner to store the offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the first offset voltage storage unit.
Referring to fig. 2, the sense amplifier further includes a first switch (hereinafter, referred to as switch K1), a second switch (hereinafter, referred to as switch K2), and a third switch (hereinafter, referred to as switch K3) to implement the configuration of the transistors N1, N2, P1, and P2 during the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier.
A first terminal of the switch K1 is connected to the first node nL, and a second terminal of the switch K1 is connected to the gate of the transistor N1; a first terminal of the switch K2 is connected to the second node nR, and a second terminal of the switch K2 is connected to the gate of the transistor N2; a first terminal of the switch K3 is connected to the gate of the transistor P1, and a second terminal of the switch K3 is connected to the gate of the transistor P2.
In the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, the switch K1, the switch K2, and the switch K3 are all in a closed state.
Among them, the present disclosure does not limit the types of the switch K1, the switch K2, and the switch K3. For example, the switch K1 may be a PMOS transistor, an NMOS transistor, or a CMOS transmission gate; the switch K2 can be a PMOS tube, an NMOS tube or a CMOS transmission gate; the switch K3 may be a PMOS transistor, an NMOS transistor, or a CMOS transmission gate.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the switch K1 may include a control terminal for controlling a switching state of the switch K1 in response to a first control signal; the switch K2 may also include a control terminal for controlling the switch state of the switch K2 in response to a second control signal; the switch K3 may also include a control terminal for controlling the switch state of the switch K3 in response to a third control signal.
The sense amplifier of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure further includes a pull-up unit and a pull-down unit. The pull-up unit is used for connecting the source of the transistor P1 with the power supply voltage VDD in response to a pull-up control signal. The pull-down unit is used for grounding the source of the transistor N1 in response to a pull-down control signal.
In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the pull-up unit may include a pull-up PMOS transistor, and the pull-down unit may include a pull-down NMOS transistor. However, the pull-up unit may also be implemented by using an NMOS transistor, the pull-down unit may also be implemented by using a PMOS transistor, and the pull-up unit or the pull-down unit may include more than one device, and may also include a plurality of devices that are controlled to be turned on or off by different control signals, which is not limited in this disclosure.
With continued reference to fig. 2, the sense amplifier of the present disclosure may further include a fourth switch (hereinafter referred to as switch K4) and a fifth switch (hereinafter referred to as switch K5).
A first terminal of the switch K4 is connected to the gate of the transistor N1, and a second terminal of the switch K4 is connected to the second node nR; a first terminal of the switch K5 is connected to the gate of the transistor P2, and a second terminal of the switch K5 is connected to the gate of the transistor N2.
Similarly, the present disclosure does not limit the type of switch K4 and switch K5. For example, the switch K4 may be a PMOS transistor, an NMOS transistor, or a CMOS transmission gate; the switch K5 may be a PMOS transistor, an NMOS transistor, or a CMOS transmission gate.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the switch K4 may include a control terminal for controlling a switching state of the switch K4 in response to a fourth control signal; the switch K5 may also include a control terminal for controlling the switch state of the switch K5 in response to a fifth control signal.
During the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, switch K4 and switch K5 are both in an open state.
In addition, in addition to the above examples, the switch K4 may be in a closed state before the voltage sensing phase, which is not limited by this disclosure.
In addition, the sense amplifier of the present disclosure may further include an eighth switch (hereinafter, simply referred to as switch K8) and a ninth switch (hereinafter, simply referred to as switch K9).
A first terminal of the switch K8 is connected to the bit line BLL, and a second terminal of the switch K8 is connected to the first node nL; a first terminal of the switch K9 is connected to the bit line BLR, and a second terminal of the switch K9 is connected to the second node nR. It is easily understood by those skilled in the art that each of the bit lines BLR and BLL has a corresponding memory cell thereon.
Similarly, the present disclosure does not limit the type of switch K8 and switch K9. For example, the switch K8 may be a PMOS transistor, an NMOS transistor, or a CMOS transmission gate; the switch K9 may be a PMOS transistor, an NMOS transistor, or a CMOS transmission gate.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the switch K8 may include a control terminal for controlling a switching state of the switch K8 in response to the eighth control signal; the switch K9 may also include a control terminal for controlling the switch state of the switch K9 in response to an eighth control signal. That is, the control terminals of the switches K8 and K9 can both receive the eighth control signal.
During the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, switch K8 and switch K9 are both in an open state.
In conjunction with the above-described exemplary circuit configuration, the offset voltage of the sense amplifier may be stored in the first offset voltage storage unit during the offset canceling stage of the sense amplifier.
In a voltage sensing stage after the offset canceling stage of the sense amplifier, the memory cell corresponding to the bit line BLL is turned on, the switch K1 is turned off, the switches K2 and K3 are turned off, the source of the transistor P1 and the source of the transistor P2 are turned off from the power voltage, the source of the transistor N1 and the source of the transistor N2 are turned off from the ground, the switches K4 and K5 are turned on, and the switches K8 and K9 are turned on to input the voltage difference between the bit line BLR and the bit line BLL to the sense amplifier.
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the memory cell being turned on means that the word line of the memory cell is activated, so that the data (0 or 1) stored in the memory cell is transferred to the bit line.
In a case where a voltage difference between the bit lines BLR and BLL is input to the sense amplifier, the source of the transistor P1 is connected to a power supply voltage, and the source of the transistor N1 is grounded, so that the sense amplifier amplifies the voltage difference.
Further, still referring to fig. 2, the sense amplifier of the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure further includes a precharge unit configured to precharge the bit lines BLR and BLL when the sense amplifier is in a precharge stage.
It can be seen that, with the sense amplifier structure of the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, since both the switch K8 and the switch K9 are in the off state during the offset canceling phase, the operation of storing the offset voltage of the sense amplifier into the offset voltage storage unit is not affected while the bit lines BLR and BLL are precharged. Thus, in an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the pre-charge phase and the offset cancellation phase described above may be configured to be performed simultaneously.
For the case of reading data in a memory cell on bit line BLR:
note that, in the sense amplifier shown in fig. 2, the switch K5 is in a closed state and the switch K4 is in an open state in the case of reading data in a memory cell on the bit line BLR.
The operation phase of the sense amplifier of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be divided into: the device comprises an offset elimination stage, a voltage induction stage and a voltage difference amplification stage.
In the offset canceling stage, the sense amplifier may store an offset voltage of the sense amplifier, which is generated due to a difference in size, mobility, threshold voltage, and the like of the transistors, in the second offset voltage storage unit. In the voltage sensing phase, the sense amplifier can suppress the influence of the offset according to the offset voltage stored in the second offset voltage storage unit, so that the data on the bit line can be accurately read.
For the offset canceling phase of the sense amplifier, the transistor P1 and the transistor P2 may be configured as a current mirror, and the transistor N1 and the transistor N2 may each be configured in a diode connection manner to store the offset voltage of the sense amplifier in the second offset voltage storage unit.
In the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier, the switch K1, the switch K2, and the switch K3 are all in a closed state. K6, K7, K8 and K9 are all in an open state.
In conjunction with the above-described exemplary circuit configuration, the offset voltage of the sense amplifier may be stored in the second offset voltage storage unit during the offset canceling stage of the sense amplifier.
In a voltage sensing stage after the offset canceling stage of the sense amplifier, the memory cell corresponding to the bit line BLR is turned on, the switch K1 is turned off, the switch K2 and the switch K3 are turned off, the source of the transistor P1 and the source of the transistor P2 are turned off from the power voltage, the source of the transistor N1 and the source of the transistor N2 are turned off from the ground, the switch K6 and the switch K7 are turned on, and the switch K8 and the switch K9 are turned on to input the voltage difference between the bit line BLR and the bit line BLL to the sense amplifier.
In addition, in addition to the above examples, the switch K6 may be in a closed state before the voltage sensing phase, which is not limited by this disclosure.
In a case where a voltage difference between the bit lines BLR and BLL is input to the sense amplifier, the source of the transistor P1 is connected to a power supply voltage, and the source of the transistor N1 is grounded, so that the sense amplifier amplifies the voltage difference.
In addition, the configuration of the precharge stage is similar to the process of reading data in the memory cells on the bit line BLL, and thus is not described again.
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a circuit diagram of a sense amplifier according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the first offset voltage storage unit is configured as a capacitor C0 and the second offset voltage storage unit is configured as a capacitor C4.
The switch K1 is configured as a transistor N3, controlling the switch state in response to a first control signal S1; the switch K2 is configured as a transistor N4, controlling the switch state in response to a second control signal S2; the switch K3 is configured as a transistor N5, which controls the switch state in response to a third control signal S3.
The pull-up unit is configured as a transistor P3, controlling the switch state in response to a pull-up control signal Sense _ P; the pull-down unit is configured as a transistor N6, controlling the switch state in response to a pull-down control signal Sense _ N.
The switch K4 is configured as a transistor N7, controlling the switch state in response to a fourth control signal S4; the switch K5 is configured as a transistor N8, controlling the switch state in response to a fifth control signal S5.
The switch K8 is configured as a transistor N9, controlling the switch state in response to an eighth control signal S6; the switch K9 is configured as a transistor N10, controlling the switch state in response to an eighth control signal S6.
The precharge unit may include a transistor N11, a transistor N12, and a transistor N13. The gates of transistor N11, transistor N12, and transistor N13 may each receive the precharge control signal BLP. The source of transistor N11 is connected to bit line BLL, and the drain of transistor N11 is connected to bit line BLR; the source of the transistor N12 is connected to the bit line BLL, and the drain of the transistor N12 is connected to the precharge voltage VBLP, wherein the precharge voltage VBLP may be configured to VDD/2; the source of the transistor N13 is connected to the bit line BLR, and the drain of the transistor N13 is connected to the precharge voltage VBLP.
A memory cell corresponding to the bit line BLL is configured to include a transistor N14 and a capacitor C1, the transistor N14 controlling a switching state in response to a word line
In addition, the switch K6 is configured as a transistor N16, controlling the switch state in response to a sixth control signal S7; the switch K7 is configured as a transistor N17, controlling the switch state in response to a seventh control signal S8.
FIG. 4 schematically shows a timing diagram of various control signals involved in a sense amplifier when reading a first bit line, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. During the process of reading the data on the first bit line, the sixth control signal S7 is always 0, and the transistor N16 is in an off state (corresponding to the off state of the switch); the seventh control signal S8 is always 1, and the transistor N17 is in a conducting state (corresponding to the closed state of the switch).
The operation stages of the sense amplifier when reading the first bit line according to the embodiment of the disclosure are described with reference to fig. 5, fig. 6 and fig. 7, respectively, in conjunction with the timing diagram of fig. 4.
FIG. 5 shows the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier during reading the first bit line, wherein the first control signal S1 is high and the transistor N3 is turned on; the second control signal S2 is at high level, and the transistor N4 is turned on; the third control signal S3 is high, and the transistor N5 is turned on.
The pull-up control signal Sense _ P is low level, and the transistor P3 is turned on; the pull-down control signal Sense _ N is high and the transistor N6 is turned on.
Thus, the transistor P1 and the transistor P2 are configured as a current mirror, and the transistor N1 and the transistor N2 are both configured in a diode connection manner. In this case, the offset voltage of the sense amplifier is stored in the capacitor C0, and the voltage on the side of the capacitor C0 close to the bit line BLL can be denoted as VLThe voltage near the bit line BLR is denoted as VR。
In addition, in the offset cancellation phase. The word line control signal WL1 is low, and the corresponding transistor N14 is in an off state. That is, there is no data to be read on the bit line BLL.
The precharge control signal BLP is high, that is, the precharge is performed, and the bit lines BLR and BLL are precharged to the precharge voltage VBLP.
FIG. 6 shows the voltage sensing phase of the sense amplifier with the first control signal S1 being low and the transistor N3 being off; the second control signal S2 is low, and the transistor N4 is turned off; the third control signal S3 is low, and the transistor N5 is turned off; the fourth control signal S4 is high, and the transistor N7 is turned on; the fifth control signal S5 is high, and the transistor N8 is turned on; the eighth control signal S6 goes low and then goes high, and the transistor N9 and the transistor N10 are turned off and then turned on.
The pull-up control signal Sense _ P is high, and the transistor P3 is turned off; the pull-down control signal Sense _ N is low and the transistor N6 is turned off.
The precharge control signal BLP is at a low level, and the precharge is completed.
First, the word line control signal WL1 is high, the transistor N14 is turned on, and the data stored in the capacitor C1 is transferred to the bit line. A small voltage difference is created between bit line BLR and bit line BLL due to the influence of data on the bit lines.
Next, the eighth control signal S6 goes high, the transistors N9 and N10 are turned on, so that the small voltage difference is transmitted to the interior of the sense amplifier, and the voltage actually transmitted to the gate of the transistor N2 is V due to the capacitor C0BLL+VR-VLWherein V isBLLIs the voltage on the bit line BLL. Therefore, the voltage difference is prevented from being amplified by mistake due to the inconsistency of at least two transistors in the sensitive amplifier, and the error rate is reduced.
FIG. 7 is a timing diagram of FIG. 4 showing the voltage difference amplifying phase of the Sense amplifier, wherein the pull-up control signal Sense _ P is low and the transistor P3 is turned on, compared to the voltage sensing phase; the pull-down control signal Sense _ N is high and the transistor N6 is turned on.
In this case, the transistor P1, the transistor P2, the transistor N1, and the transistor N2 form two cross-coupled inverter positive feedback circuits, so that the voltage difference on the bit line can be quickly amplified and written back to the corresponding memory cell.
By the configuration mode of the sense amplifier of the exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, offset compensation of the sense amplifier can be realized, the influence of offset voltage on reading bit line data caused by mismatch of transistors is greatly reduced, and the performance of a semiconductor memory is further improved.
In addition, in other embodiments of the present disclosure, between the offset canceling phase and the voltage sensing phase of the sense amplifier, a voltage balancing phase may also exist to make the voltage of the first node nL coincide with the voltage of the second node nR.
Fig. 8 shows a timing diagram of the control signals including the voltage balancing phase.
Referring to fig. 9, a voltage balancing phase of the sense amplifier when reading the first bit line in other embodiments of the present disclosure is described with reference to the timing diagram of fig. 8.
Compared with the offset cancellation phase, in the voltage balance phase of the sense amplifier, the second control signal S2 is at a low level, and the transistor N4 is turned off; the third control signal S3 is low, and the transistor N5 is turned off; the fourth control signal S4 is high, and the transistor N7 is turned on; the fifth control signal S5 is high, and the transistor N8 is turned on.
The pull-up control signal Sense _ P is high, and the transistor P3 is turned off; the pull-down control signal Sense _ N is low and the transistor N6 is turned off.
Therefore, the voltage of the first node nL in the sensitive amplifier is consistent with the voltage of the second node nR, the purpose of charge balance is achieved, and the influence of the voltage difference formed in the offset elimination stage on data reading is eliminated.
In embodiments including a voltage balancing phase, the precharge phase may be performed when the offset cancellation phase is performed, or the precharge phase may be performed when the voltage balancing phase is performed, or the precharge phase may be performed when the offset cancellation phase and the voltage balancing phase are performed.
FIG. 10 schematically shows a timing diagram of various control signals involved in a sense amplifier when reading a second bit line, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In the process of reading the data on the second bit line, the fourth control signal S4 is always 0, and the transistor N7 is in an off state; the fifth control signal S5 is always 1, and the transistor N8 is in a conductive state.
The operation stages of the sense amplifier when reading the second bit line according to the embodiment of the disclosure are described with reference to fig. 11, fig. 12 and fig. 13, respectively, in conjunction with the timing diagram of fig. 10.
FIG. 11 shows the offset cancellation phase of the sense amplifier during reading the second bit line, wherein the first control signal S1 is high and the transistor N3 is turned on; the second control signal S2 is at high level, and the transistor N4 is turned on; the third control signal S3 is high, and the transistor N5 is turned on.
The pull-up control signal Sense _ P is low level, and the transistor P3 is turned on; the pull-down control signal Sense _ N is high and the transistor N6 is turned on.
Thus, the transistor P1 and the transistor P2 are configured as a current mirror, and the transistor N1 and the transistor N2 are both configured in a diode connection manner. In this case, the offset voltage of the sense amplifier is stored in the capacitor C4, and the voltage on the side of the capacitor C4 close to the bit line BLL can be denoted as VLThe voltage near the bit line BLR is denoted as VR。
In addition, in the offset cancellation phase. The word line control signal WL2 is low, and the corresponding transistor N15 is in an off state. That is, there is no data to be read on the bit line BLR.
The precharge control signal BLP is high, that is, the precharge is performed, and the bit lines BLR and BLL are precharged to the precharge voltage VBLP.
FIG. 12 shows the voltage sensing phase of the sense amplifier with the first control signal S1 being low and the transistor N3 being off; the second control signal S2 is low, and the transistor N4 is turned off; the third control signal S3 is low, and the transistor N5 is turned off; the sixth control signal S7 is high, and the transistor N16 is turned on; the seventh control signal S8 is high, and the transistor N17 is turned on; the eighth control signal S6 goes low and then goes high, and the transistor N9 and the transistor N10 are turned off and then turned on.
The pull-up control signal Sense _ P is high, and the transistor P3 is turned off; the pull-down control signal Sense _ N is low and the transistor N6 is turned off.
The precharge control signal BLP is at a low level, and the precharge is completed.
First, the word line control signal WL2 is high, the transistor N15 is turned on, and the data stored in the capacitor C2 is transferred to the bit line. A small voltage difference is created between bit line BLR and bit line BLL due to the influence of data on the bit lines.
Next, the eighth control signal S6 goes high, the transistors N9 and N10 are turned on, so that the small voltage difference is transmitted to the interior of the sense amplifier, and the voltage actually transmitted to the gate of the transistor N1 is V due to the capacitor C4BLR+VL-VRWherein V isBLRIs the voltage on the bit line BLR. Therefore, the voltage difference is prevented from being amplified by mistake due to the inconsistency of at least two transistors in the sensitive amplifier, and the error rate is reduced.
FIG. 13 is a timing diagram of FIG. 10 showing the voltage difference amplifying phase of the Sense amplifier, wherein the pull-up control signal Sense _ P is low and the transistor P3 is turned on, compared to the voltage sensing phase; the pull-down control signal Sense _ N is high and the transistor N6 is turned on.
In this case, the transistor P1, the transistor P2, the transistor N1, and the transistor N2 form two cross-coupled inverter positive feedback circuits, so that the voltage difference on the bit line can be quickly amplified and written back to the corresponding memory cell.
By the configuration mode of the sense amplifier of the exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, offset compensation of the sense amplifier can be realized, the influence of offset voltage on reading bit line data caused by mismatch of transistors is greatly reduced, and the performance of a semiconductor memory is further improved.
In addition, in other embodiments of the present disclosure, between the offset canceling phase and the voltage sensing phase of the sense amplifier, a voltage balancing phase may also exist to make the voltage of the first node nL coincide with the voltage of the second node nR.
Fig. 14 shows a timing diagram of the control signals including the voltage balancing phase.
Referring to fig. 15, a voltage balancing phase of the sense amplifier when reading the second bit line in other embodiments of the present disclosure is described with reference to the timing diagram of fig. 14.
Compared with the offset cancellation phase, in the voltage balance phase of the sense amplifier, the first control signal S1 is at a low level, and the transistor N3 is turned off; the third control signal S3 is low, and the transistor N5 is turned off; the sixth control signal S7 is high, and the transistor N16 is turned on; the seventh control signal S8 is high, and the transistor N17 is turned on.
The pull-up control signal Sense _ P is high, and the transistor P3 is turned off; the pull-down control signal Sense _ N is low and the transistor N6 is turned off.
Therefore, the voltage of the first node nL in the sensitive amplifier is consistent with the voltage of the second node nR, the purpose of charge balance is achieved, and the influence of the voltage difference formed in the offset elimination stage on data reading is eliminated.
In embodiments including a voltage balancing phase, the precharge phase may be performed when the offset cancellation phase is performed, or alternatively, the precharge phase may be performed when the voltage balancing phase is performed.
Based on the sense amplifier of the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, on one hand, when bit line data needs to be read, offset compensation of the sense amplifier can be realized by using an offset voltage stored in a corresponding offset voltage storage unit, so that the influence of an offset voltage on reading of the bit line data due to mismatch of transistors is greatly reduced, and further, the performance of a semiconductor memory is improved; on the other hand, the scheme of the invention realizes offset compensation by using the first offset voltage storage unit when reading the data in the storage unit on the first bit line, and realizes offset compensation by using the second offset voltage storage unit when reading the data in the storage unit on the second bit line.
Further, the present disclosure also provides a control method of the sense amplifier.
Fig. 16 schematically shows a flowchart of a control method of a sense amplifier according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As described above, the sense amplifier may include an amplification block, a first offset voltage storage unit, and a second offset voltage storage unit.
Referring to fig. 16, the control method of the sense amplifier may include the steps of:
s162, under the condition of reading data in a storage unit on a first bit line, controlling the offset voltage of the sense amplifier to be stored in a first offset voltage storage unit in the offset elimination stage of the sense amplifier so as to realize offset compensation;
and S164, in the case of reading data in the storage unit on the second bit line, controlling the offset voltage of the sense amplifier to be stored in the second offset voltage storage unit in the offset elimination stage of the sense amplifier so as to realize offset compensation.
As described above, the sense amplifier may also include a voltage difference amplification stage to amplify the voltage difference on the bit lines and write the voltage back to the memory cells. Additionally, in other embodiments, the sense amplifier may further include a voltage balancing stage. The details of these are described in the above description of the sense amplifier and will not be described herein.
By the control method of the sense amplifier of the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, offset compensation of the sense amplifier can be realized by the offset voltage stored in the offset voltage storage unit, so that the influence of offset voltage on reading bit line data due to mismatch of transistors is greatly reduced, and the performance of the semiconductor memory is further improved.
Further, the present disclosure also provides a memory, which includes the above sense amplifier.
By means of the sensitive amplifier of the disclosed exemplary embodiment, the reading error rate of the memory is reduced, the reading speed is improved, and the reading power consumption is reduced. Therefore, the performance of the memory is greatly improved.
Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosure disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the disclosure following, in general, the principles of the disclosure and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the disclosure pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims.
It will be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the precise arrangements described above and shown in the drawings and that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims.
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