Method for converting rape straw into yellow storage feed
阅读说明：本技术 一种油菜秸秆黄贮饲料化方法 (Method for converting rape straw into yellow storage feed ) 是由 伍玉鹏 王砚 王亦闻 李欣欣 胡荣桂 石祖梁 于 2021-01-18 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种油菜秸秆黄贮饲料化方法,具体是好氧-厌氧分段式饲料化方法,针对油菜秸秆饲料化的限制因子,利用筛选的特异性秸秆腐解剂在好氧条件下打破油菜秸秆中木质素-纤维素-半纤维素复合体结构,随后再利用酶菌复合剂进行厌氧黄贮发酵。该方法通过预先释放主要贮藏在秸秆中心茎髓里的营养物质,显著改善了乳酸菌厌氧发酵产酸作用效果,缩短了油菜秸秆黄贮时间,提高了油菜秸秆黄贮质量。(The invention discloses a method for converting rape straw into yellow-stored feed, in particular to an aerobic-anaerobic sectional type feed conversion method, aiming at limiting factors of rape straw feed conversion, a screened specific straw decomposition agent is utilized to break a lignin-cellulose-hemicellulose complex structure in rape straw under an aerobic condition, and then an enzyme-bacterium complexing agent is utilized to perform anaerobic yellow-stored fermentation. The method has the advantages that by releasing the nutrient substances mainly stored in the central stem pith of the straws in advance, the acid production effect of the lactobacillus anaerobic fermentation is obviously improved, the yellow storage time of the rape straws is shortened, and the yellow storage quality of the rape straws is improved.)
1. A rape straw yellow storage forage preparation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) cutting rape stalks into 2-5cm pieces, adding 0.1-1% of urea, 0.05-0.5% of decomposition agent and 0.1-1% of brown sugar according to the weight ratio, adjusting the water content to 60-70%, carrying out aerobic fermentation for 6-8 days at the temperature of 45-55 ℃,
the decomposition agent comprises the following components: 100-hundred million cfu/g of bacillus subtilis, 0.1-0.4-hundred million cfu/g of aspergillus niger, 10-50-hundred million cfu/g of bacillus pumilus, 1-5-hundred million cfu/g of saccharomycetes and 10-20-hundred million cfu/g of bacillus licheniformis;
2) spreading the rape straws after aerobic fermentation, cooling, adding ammonia, adding 0.5-3% of an enzyme-bacterium complexing agent according to the weight ratio, adjusting the water content to 60-70%, compacting, sealing, performing anaerobic fermentation, maintaining for 33-36 days to obtain rape straw yellow storage feed,
the enzyme-bacterium compound agent contains the following components per gram: 10-20 hundred million cfu/g of lactobacillus plantarum, 5-10 hundred million cfu/g of lactobacillus buchneri and 0.6-0.8g of cellulase and beta-glucanase in total.
2. The method for yellowing-storing rape straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the addition amount of the decomposition agent is 0.2 percent of the weight of the rape straws.
3. The method for yellowing-storing rape straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the aerobic fermentation is carried out at 50 ℃, and the fermentation time is 7 days.
4. The method for yellowing-storing rape straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the addition amount of the enzyme-bacterium complexing agent is 1 percent of the weight of the rape straws.
5. The method for yellowing-storing rape straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the time for anaerobic fermentation was 33 days.
6. The method for yellowing-storing rape straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the water content was 65%.
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of straw fermentation treatment, and mainly relates to an aerobic-anaerobic sectional type rape straw yellow storage feed conversion method.
Background
The feed is one of the important ways for realizing the utilization of straw resources, and is also a main way for solving the problem of raw feed sources in animal husbandry in China. In recent years, the rape planting area of China is increased year by year, and the rape planting area of China reaches 710 kilohm in 20162The annual yield of rape straws reaches 3780 ten thousand t. The contents of crude protein and crude fat of rape straws are higher than those of crop straws such as wheat, corn, soybean and the like, and the rape straw crude protein and crude fat are good sources of animal coarse feed.
The yellow corn silage is a technology that a proper amount of water and a biological agent are added into straws, the straws are packaged and stored after being compacted, acid is produced by utilizing anaerobic fermentation of microorganisms, the straws are softened, and the nutritional value of feed is improved. Lactic acid bacteria are the most important microbial agents, and in an anaerobic fermentation environment, the lactic acid bacteria are propagated in a large quantity so as to change starch and soluble sugar in the feed into lactic acid, reduce pH, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and improve the quality of fermented feed. In addition, enzyme preparations are also commonly used in silage to promote the degradation of lignocellulose in the plant cell wall.
The straws of crops such as wheat, corn, soybean and the like can obtain good-quality feed after being yellow-stored, but the yellow-storage effect of the rape straws is often poor. This is due to the chemical and physical properties of rape straw itself. Firstly, the cellulose and lignin contents in rape straws reach 53 percent and 19 percent, which are far higher than those of other straws. Secondly, the nutrient substances such as starch, soluble sugar and the like in the rape straws are mainly stored in the central stem pith wrapped by the epidermis and the surface layer, and cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the epidermis and the surface layer are connected by various chemical bonds to form a stable and complex structure, so that an enzymolysis resistance barrier is formed. This makes the enzyme preparation have poor skin strength in the face of rape straw, and the lactobacillus is difficult to contact with the starch sufficiently and exert the function, so that the aim of preparing high-quality fermented feed cannot be achieved. Therefore, at present, the rape straws are rarely used as yellow-storage feed, which greatly limits the utilization of the rape straws in feed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method for converting aerobic-anaerobic sectional rape straw yellow storage into feed. The method utilizes the prepared straw decomposition agent for pretreatment under aerobic conditions before the lactobacillus plays a role, breaks the restriction factors existing in the rape straw yellow storage, and improves the rape straw yellow storage efficiency and fermentation quality.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for converting rape straw into yellow storage feed comprises the following steps:
1) cutting rape stalks into 2-5cm pieces, adding 0.1-1% of urea, 0.05-0.5% of decomposition agent and 0.1-1% of brown sugar according to the weight ratio, adjusting the water content to 60-70%, carrying out aerobic fermentation for 6-8 days at the temperature of 45-55 ℃,
the decomposition agent comprises the following components: 100-hundred million cfu/g of bacillus subtilis, 0.1-0.4-hundred million cfu/g of aspergillus niger, 10-50-hundred million cfu/g of bacillus pumilus, 1-5-hundred million cfu/g of saccharomycetes and 10-20-hundred million cfu/g of bacillus licheniformis;
2) spreading the rape straws after aerobic fermentation, cooling, adding ammonia, adding 0.5-3% of an enzyme-bacterium complexing agent according to the weight ratio, adjusting the water content to 60-70%, compacting, sealing, performing anaerobic fermentation, maintaining for 33-36 days to obtain rape straw yellow storage feed,
the enzyme-bacterium compound agent contains the following components per gram: 10-20 hundred million cfu/g of lactobacillus plantarum, 5-10 hundred million cfu/g of lactobacillus buchneri and 0.6-0.8g of cellulase and beta-glucanase in total.
Preferably, the addition amount of the decomposition agent is 0.2 percent of the weight of the rape straws.
Preferably, the aerobic fermentation is carried out at 50 ℃ for 7 days.
Preferably, the addition amount of the enzyme-bacterium compound agent is 1% of the weight of the rape straws.
Preferably, the time period for anaerobic fermentation is 33 days.
The method provided by the invention has the following remarkable advantages:
(1) the high lignocellulose content of rape straws and the enzymolysis resistance barrier formed by cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the skin and surface layers of the rape straws are main factors for limiting the yellow storage and utilization of the rape straws. The screened specific aerobic microorganisms are utilized to break the barrier before conventional yellow storage, so that the nutrient substances in the central stem pith of the rape straws are released, and the subsequent anaerobic yellow storage efficiency and fermentation quality are greatly promoted. The method provided by the invention is targeted on the rape straw feeding restrictive factor and has strong pertinence.
(2) Previous studies have shown that initial cracking of lignin requires the presence of molecular oxygen, and thus lignin that has not been treated cannot be degraded by microorganisms in an anaerobic environment. Microorganisms such as fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria can degrade lignin under an aerobic condition, and extracellular enzymes generated by the microorganisms are utilized to degrade lignocellulose under an anaerobic condition in the traditional yellow storage, but the effect is far less than the direct effect of the microorganisms under the aerobic condition, and especially the effect is useless when the microorganisms face rape straws. The method breaks through the traditional anaerobic yellow storage process, adds an aerobic treatment link at the front end, combines the screened specific microbial flora, and can obviously improve the lignocellulose degradation efficiency compared with the traditional yellow storage.
(3) The invention breaks the restriction factor existing in rape straw yellow storage by using microorganism, and compared with a chemical method and a physical method, the invention has the advantages of environmental friendliness, low energy consumption, low cost and the like.
(4) According to the invention, the temperature and time of the aerobic fermentation stage and the addition proportion of each substance are strictly controlled, so that the loss of N element is maximally reduced and the nutrition of the straw is reserved on the premise of destroying the lignocellulose structure of the straw.
(5) The invention promotes the subsequent anaerobic yellow-storage process by adding the aerobic pretreatment step, shortens the yellow-storage and forage-making time of the rape straws as a whole and obviously improves the yellow-storage quality of the rape straws compared with the traditional yellow-storage.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a structural representation diagram of rape straw yellow storage feed prepared by different treatment methods, wherein A: SEM picture; b: an infrared spectrogram; c: XRD pattern.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to specific examples so that those skilled in the art can better understand the present invention.
Example 1
1000kg of rape straws are cut into 2-5cm, 0.5 percent of urea, 0.2 percent of decomposition agent and 0.5 percent of brown sugar are added according to the weight ratio, the water content is adjusted to 65 percent, and aerobic fermentation treatment is carried out. Wherein the decomposition agent comprises the following components: 200 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus subtilis, 0.1 hundred million cfu/g of aspergillus niger, 20 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus pumilus, 2 hundred million cfu/g of microzyme and 10 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus licheniformis (the balance is a small amount of carrier). A heat preservation measure needs to be arranged outside the rape straw pile body, and a cross-shaped ventilation ditch is arranged at the bottom of the rape straw pile body. Monitoring the temperature of the rape straw pile, heating the pile to above 50 ℃ in 2-3 days after the start of aerobic fermentation, and turning the pile to reduce the temperature if the temperature of the rape pile is higher than 55 ℃.
After the straw stack is maintained at 50 ℃ for 7 days, the rape straws are spread out and cooled, ammonia is added, and then 1% of enzyme-bacterium complexing agent is added according to the weight ratio. The enzyme-bacterium compound agent per gram contains: 13 hundred million cfu/g of lactobacillus plantarum, 5 hundred million cfu/g of lactobacillus buchneri, 0.3g of cellulase and 0.4g of beta-glucanase (the balance is a small amount of carrier). Adjusting the water content to 65%, compacting, sealing, entering an anaerobic fermentation stage, and maintaining for 33 days to obtain the rape straw yellow storage feed.
Example 2
1000kg of rape straws are cut into 2-5cm, 0.2 percent of urea, 0.5 percent of decomposition agent and 0.1 percent of brown sugar are added according to the weight ratio, the water content is adjusted to 60 percent, and aerobic fermentation treatment is carried out. Wherein the decomposition agent comprises the following components: 100 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus subtilis, 0.4 hundred million cfu/g of aspergillus niger, 50 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus pumilus, 5 hundred million cfu/g of microzyme and 10 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus licheniformis.
After the straw stack is maintained at 50 ℃ for 7 days, the rape straws are spread out and cooled, ammonia is added, and then 2% of enzyme-bacterium complexing agent is added according to the weight ratio. The enzyme-bacterium compound agent per gram contains: lactobacillus plantarum 20 hundred million cfu/g, lactobacillus buchneri 5 hundred million cfu/g, cellulase 0.5g, beta-glucanase 0.2 g. Adjusting the water content to 60%, compacting and sealing to enter an anaerobic fermentation stage, and maintaining for 33 days to obtain the rape straw yellow storage feed.
Example 3
1000kg of rape straws are cut into 2-5cm, 0.8 percent of urea, 0.1 percent of decomposition agent and 1 percent of brown sugar are added according to the weight ratio, the water content is adjusted to 70 percent, and aerobic fermentation treatment is carried out. Wherein the decomposition agent comprises the following components: 400 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus subtilis, 0.2 hundred million cfu/g of aspergillus niger, 10 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus pumilus, 1 hundred million cfu/g of microzyme and 20 hundred million cfu/g of bacillus licheniformis.
After the straw stack is maintained at 50 ℃ for 7 days, the rape straws are spread out and cooled, ammonia is added, and then 0.5% of enzyme-bacterium complexing agent is added according to the weight ratio. The enzyme-bacterium compound agent per gram contains: 10 hundred million cfu/g of lactobacillus plantarum, 10 hundred million cfu/g of lactobacillus buchneri, 0.2g of cellulase and 0.6g of beta-glucanase. Adjusting the water content to 70%, compacting and sealing to enter an anaerobic fermentation stage, and maintaining for 33 days to obtain the rape straw yellow storage feed.
Meanwhile, the traditional yellow-stored fermentation of rape straws is carried out by utilizing a commercial yellow-stored feed fermentation strain. According to the instruction of the fermentation strain of the commercially available yellow-stored feed, 1000kg of rape straws are cut into 2-5cm, 1 percent of the fermentation strain of the commercially available yellow-stored feed is added according to the weight ratio, the water content is adjusted to about 65 percent, and the yellow-stored feed of the rape straws is obtained after compaction, sealing and maintenance for 40 days.
Respectively sampling rape straw raw materials (original samples), rape straws (T7d) subjected to aerobic fermentation treatment for 7 days, rape straws (T40d) subjected to aerobic-anaerobic sectional fermentation treatment and rape straws (CK40d) treated by a traditional yellow storage technology. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with a super high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope, infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis with an FTIR spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) with an X-ray diffractometer, and analysis of structural characterization of each sample.
An electron microscope scanning image (figure 1A) shows that the cell wall structure of the naturally air-dried rape straw is clear, the structure is compact and ordered, and holes hardly exist. The rape straw (CK40d) treated by the traditional yellow storage technology has loose internal structure, but the compact structure of the rape straw cell wall can be clearly observed. In the aerobic-anaerobic sectional fermentation treatment process, the rape straws (T7d) subjected to aerobic fermentation treatment for 7 days can obviously observe the collapse of the surfaces of the rape straws, the wrinkles and the breakage of cell walls, the holes and the increase of the specific surface area; the structure of the rape straw (T40d) after aerobic-anaerobic sectional fermentation treatment becomes very loose, the surface layer is peeled layer by layer, and the surface structure under the wax layer is exposed.
The infrared spectrum (FIG. 1B) shows. Compared with the original straw, the rape straw (T7d) treated by aerobic fermentation for 7 days is obviously reduced by 3400cm-1The hydroxyl peak intensity of the rape straw (T40d) feed subjected to aerobic-anaerobic sectional fermentation treatment is further reduced. Compared with the original straw, the hydroxyl peak intensity of the rape straw (CK40d) treated by the traditional yellow storage technology is not obviously changed. The method shows that aerobic pretreatment under the straw decomposition agent can effectively break hydrogen bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose, so that the structure of the straw decomposition agent is damaged, the accessibility of cellulase is increased, and the degradation of the cellulose and the hemicellulose is promoted. 2915cm-1And 2853cm-1The peak at (A) is a saturated aliphatic-CH in lignin2C-H antisymmetric telescopic vibration in the-group, mainly comes from aliphatic compounds in the waxy layer of the rape straw. Compared with rape straw (CK40d) treated by conventional yellow storage technology, rape straw (T7d) treated by aerobic fermentation for 7 days is 2915cm-1And 2853cm-1The peak intensity is obviously reduced, which shows that the aerobic pretreatment yellow storage can effectively remove lipophilic substances on the surfaces of the rape straws. 1200cm-1～1000cm-1With a typical signal peak for hemicellulose of 1600cm-1、1511cm-1、1462cm-1Is the characteristic absorption peak of lignin. Rape straw (T40d) feed subjected to aerobic-anaerobic sectional fermentation treatmentThe peaks here are significantly reduced, indicating that aerobic pretreatment promotes the degradation of cellulose and lignin during subsequent anaerobic treatment.
The XRD pattern (figure 1C) shows that after the rape straws are treated differently, the X-ray diffraction peak positions are basically not changed, but the peak intensities are changed. Cellulose crystallization diffraction peaks exist at 15-20 degrees and 22.5 degrees, but the crystallization diffraction peak intensity of rape straws (T7d) subjected to aerobic fermentation treatment for 7 days and rape straws (T40d) subjected to aerobic-anaerobic sectional type fermentation treatment is obviously lower than that of rape straws (CK40d) which are treated by original straws and a traditional yellow storage technology. This means that the structure of the amorphous and crystalline regions in the fiber is destroyed after the surface treatment, which indicates that the degree of the damage of the aerobic pretreatment to the cellulose crystallization is the greatest and the structural change of the substance is most obvious.
In summary, fig. 1 illustrates that although the lignocellulose is not directly degraded by the aerobic treatment in the present invention, the internal structure of the rape straw fiber is changed, so that the hydrogen bonding between the fibers is weakened, and simultaneously, the ester bond between the lignin and the cellulose and hemicellulose is also broken, the mosaic structure of the lignified fiber is destroyed, and the release of nutrients such as starch is facilitated, which provides favorable conditions for the subsequent anaerobic yellow storage.
The rape stalk feed (T40d) prepared by the method and the rape stalk feed (CK40d) prepared by the traditional yellow corn silage technology are sampled, and the sensory quality and the fermentation quality are measured. The results are shown in tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1 sensory quality index of rape stalk yellow storage feed prepared by different methods
From the results in table 1, it can be seen that the overall sensory quality of the rape straw yellow storage feed prepared by the two fermentation technologies is not greatly different, but the feed prepared by the aerobic-anaerobic sectional fermentation is darker in color, more sour in taste and softer in texture, so that the palatability is better.
TABLE 2 fermentation quality index of rape stalk yellow storage fodder prepared by different methods
Note: t40d-1, T40d-2 and T40d-3 represent examples 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
From the results in table 2, the yellow-storage feed DM (dry matter content of the feed), NDF (neutral cellulose content of the feed) and ADF (acid cellulose content of the feed) prepared by the sectional fermentation are all lower than the feed prepared by the traditional yellow-storage method (CK40d), especially the lowest ADF can reach 53.4%, and the difference is significant compared with the traditional method, which shows that the method effectively degrades the crude fiber in the rape straw. Meanwhile, WSC (soluble carbohydrate content) of the yellow-storage feed prepared by adopting sectional type fermentation is obviously higher than that of the feed prepared by the traditional yellow-storage method, and CP (crude protein content) of the feed is also slightly higher than that of the feed prepared by the traditional yellow-storage method, which shows that the method of the invention improves the content of nutrient substances in the rape straw yellow-storage feed. Among them, the combined effect of example 1 is superior to the other two examples.