阅读说明：本技术 用可硬化材料制造构件的方法以及相应的构件 (Method for producing a component from a hardenable material and corresponding component ) 是由 于尔根·迈尔 于 2019-04-20 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种用可硬化材料制造构件(1)的方法,其中在周期性重复的步骤中,以3D打印法将所述材料的新层(2)打印在具有下加固元件(4)的下方层(3)上,所述下加固元件从所述新层(2)的顶侧伸出；以及一种用相应方法制造的构件。已知的方法及构件无法实现大面积增强。本发明的目的是提供一种方法,使其加固料能够承受较大负荷,本发明用以达成上述目的的解决方案为,在每个层(3)打印完毕后,在所述下加固元件(4)的延长部上将若干上加固元件(5)与所述下加固元件连接在一起,所述上加固元件形成上方的层的下加固元件。一种相应的构件是权利要求11的主题。(The invention relates to a method for producing a component (1) from a hardenable material, wherein in periodically repeating steps a new layer (2) of the material is printed in a 3D printing process on an underlying layer (3) having lower reinforcing elements (4) which project from the top side of the new layer (2); and a component manufactured by a corresponding method. The known methods and components do not allow large area reinforcement. The aim of the invention is to provide a method for making the reinforcing material thereof capable of withstanding large loads, the solution of the invention for achieving the above object being to connect upper reinforcing elements (5) to the lower reinforcing elements (4) in the extension of the lower reinforcing elements, after printing of each layer (3), the upper reinforcing elements forming the lower reinforcing elements of the upper layer. A corresponding component is the subject matter of claim 11.)

1. A method of manufacturing a component (1) from a hardenable material, wherein in periodically repeating steps a new layer (2) of the material is printed in 3D printing onto a lower layer (3) with lower stiffening elements (4) protruding from the top side of the new layer (2), characterized in that, after printing of each layer (3), a number of upper stiffening elements (5) are joined together in the extension of the lower stiffening elements (4), which form the lower stiffening elements of the layer above.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hardenable material is concrete.

3. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reinforcement elements (4, 5) consist of a rigid material, in particular steel or plastic.

4. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the superimposed reinforcement elements (4, 5) are joined by welding or screwing or gluing.

5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the stiffening elements (4, 5) are perpendicular to the layers (2, 3).

6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the stiffening elements (4, 5) are at an angle of 90 ° to 45 ° to the layers (2, 3).

7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the stiffening elements (4, 5) are rod-shaped.

8. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one additional stiffening element (10) is introduced into the layers (2, 3) in the printing direction (11).

9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the additional stiffening element (10) is constructed as a thread, rod (10a), rope, chain or roving, wherein the additional stiffening element (10) is inserted, in particular embedded or laid, before, during or after printing of each layer (3).

10. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hardenable material is mixed with fibres, in particular steel fibres, polymer fibres, glass fibres or carbon fibres.

11. A component (1) consisting of a hardened material, said component having a plurality of layers (2, 3) produced in a 3D printing process and reinforcing elements (4, 5) connecting the layers together, characterized in that the reinforcing elements (4, 5) form a strip through all the layers (2, 3) of the component (1) and are connected.

12. The component of claim 11, wherein the hardened material is concrete.

13. Component according to one of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the reinforcement elements (4, 5) consist of a rigid material, in particular steel or plastic.

14. A structure as claimed in any one of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that said strips extend vertically and/or horizontally with respect to said layers (2, 3).

15. A structure as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that said strips are at an angle of 90 ° to 45 ° to said layers (2, 3).

16. Component according to one of claims 11 to 15, characterized in that the stiffening elements (4, 5) are rod-shaped or constructed as strands, rods, ropes, chains or rovings.

17. Component according to any one of claims 11 to 16, characterized in that the hardenable material is mixed with fibres, in particular steel, polymer, glass or carbon fibres.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for producing a component from a hardenable material according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a corresponding component according to the preamble of claim 8.

Background

The construction of buildings from concrete is also mainly based on manual processes in industrial countries. Such buildings or parts of these buildings can in principle be manufactured in two different ways. One possibility is to work with the formwork on site and then to cast the so-called cast-in-place concrete into the formwork, wherein additional reinforcing material can be inserted when the load-bearing part is concerned. Then wait for a certain time until the concrete has partially or totally hardened, after which the formwork can be removed, cleaned and reused. This method is time consuming and requires a significant amount of staff to be invested in the construction site.

Another method is to cast the concrete parts of the building in advance in the factory, i.e. to make a prefabricated part and to send it to the building site. This enables not only the wall or floor elements to be manufactured as prefabricated elements from concrete, but also the entire room unit to be manufactured and transported to the building site. This method is extremely expensive but highly standardised and is therefore only suitable for the manufacture of a large number of buildings of the same or similar type or large structures requiring a large number of identical room units. The individual construction methods can be realized only at a high cost.

Starting from the known technology described above, so-called additive manufacturing methods, i.e. 3D printing of concrete, are currently emerging in the field of the production of buildings from concrete. Where the building is designed on a computer and the data is then transmitted to a printer. The printer is a fully automated door robot that is larger than the building or building portion that needs to be created. As an alternative to a portal robot, a multi-axis robot or a rack-mounted robot or a mobile robot may also be used. The portal robot has a print head and a concrete supply for delivering cast-in-place concrete to the print head. This print head then casts the building or its walls to be created, overlapping in a plurality of layers, each layer having a thickness of 1 to 10 cm. The viscosity of the concrete used is sufficient to maintain stability before hardening, at least before curing. In this way the print head can cast the wall in a number of superimposed layers.

The difficulty in creating buildings with 3D printing is the reinforcement of the walls. In principle, a steel frame or similar reinforcement element can be inserted, but this can only be carried out if the wall is at least partially printed, since the reinforcement element interferes with or blocks the movement of the printing head. However, if one waits until the wall is completely printed, the lower layer of concrete is completely or substantially hardened, so that no further reinforcing elements can be inserted.

CN 106313272 a describes a 3D printing method for manufacturing concrete buildings, wherein the concrete is reinforced with fibre material and wherein two printing heads are operated, one for printing the concrete and the other for printing steel elements. The steel elements are inserted each over two superposed layers of concrete, joining them together.

The disadvantage of this solution is that only a point-like connection of adjacent concrete layers can be achieved, without the large-area reinforcement achieved by conventional production methods, for example with steel mats.

Disclosure of Invention

The object of the invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a component from a hardenable material, in particular concrete, which allows the reinforcement thereof to withstand large loads.

The solution of the invention to achieve the above object is the characterizing feature of claim 1.

Another object of the invention is to provide a corresponding component. The solution of the invention to achieve the above object is the characterizing feature of claim 8.

Drawings

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the figure:

fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a component created in part according to a first variant (a) and a second variant (b) of the method of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the method of the present invention with a first printhead;

FIG. 3 is the view of FIG. 2 with a second printhead;

FIG. 4 is the view of FIGS. 2 and 3 with a third printhead;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a first variant of the connection of adjacent stiffening elements;

FIG. 6 is the view of FIG. 5 in a second variation;

fig. 7 is the view shown in fig. 5 in a third variation;

fig. 8 is the view shown in fig. 5 in a fourth variation;

fig. 9 is the view of fig. 5 in a fifth variation;

fig. 10 is the view of fig. 5 in a sixth variation;

fig. 11 is the view shown in fig. 5 in a seventh variation;

fig. 12 is the view shown in fig. 5 in an eighth variation;

FIG. 13 is the view of FIG. 3 in another variation;

Detailed Description

In order to implement the method of the invention, a 3D printer in the form of a fully automatic door robot is used in a known manner, which is capable of printing the walls of a certain building or a whole room unit or other vertical unit in successive layers. Fig. 1 shows the production of a component 1 consisting of a plurality of superimposed printed concrete layers, the uppermost layer of which is designated by the reference numeral 2 and the lower layer of which is designated by the reference numeral 3. The figure shows that the uppermost layer 2 is still in the process of being produced, i.e. during the printing operation. The print head 6 is only schematically shown.

Fig. 1 shows two variants of the insertion of the reinforcing elements 4 and 5 into the layers 2 and 3 of the component 1.

In both variants shown, a lower layer 3 of hardenable material (here concrete) is first printed in 3D printing, and further upper reinforcing elements are connected together with lower reinforcing elements 4 extending from this layer 3, these upper reinforcing elements being sufficiently long to also pass through the upper layer 2 to be printed on in the future and still extend from it in a small portion after the upper layer 2 has been printed by the print head 6. In a next process step, the upper layer 2 is printed thereon, wherein, as previously described, the lower reinforcing elements 4 project from the top side of the upper layer 2. In a further processing step, on the top side of the reinforcing element 4 projecting from the upper layer 2, a further reinforcing element 5 of the same type is fixedly connected to the lower reinforcing element 4, for example by a welded connection. Other connection types will be described below. Subsequently, the next layer of the hardenable material, not shown in the figure, is applied to the uppermost layer 2 in a 3D printing method, and the method is repeated periodically. Each stiffening element 4 and 5 consists of a rigid material, in particular a metal (e.g. steel) or of a rigid plastic. The reinforcing elements 4 and 5 welded to each other form one continuous strip.

In the left variant (a) of fig. 1, the strip of reinforcing elements 4, 5 is perpendicular to the layers 2, 3, and in the right variant (b) of fig. 1, the strip of reinforcing elements 4, 5 is at an angle of about 60 ° to the layers 2, 3. Other angles, preferably between 10 ° and 90 °, may also be used and are advantageous depending on the field of application. The method is also applicable to hardened materials other than concrete, in particular thixotropic materials.

In the case where the print head 6 prints the uppermost layer 2 of hardenable material, the stiffening element 4 always protrudes from this uppermost layer 2, so that a bulge is present even when the next layer is printed. It is therefore preferred to use a print head 6 as shown in fig. 2, which has recesses 7 for protruding the stiffening elements 4, 5, in order not to damage these stiffening elements or to tear them off. Particularly suitable for this case is a print head 6 of the kind having communication openings to parallel outlets of two side-by-side strips of hardenable material. The region of the print head 6 between these two communication openings can be left free and form a recess 7, so that the print head 6 can be guided over the end of the reinforcing element 4 projecting from the layers 2 and 3 below.

After the uppermost layer 2 has been printed by the print head 6, the upper stiffening element 5 is connected to the stiffening element extending from the uppermost layer 2 and back to the layer 3 below, of which the type will be further explained below. Subsequently, the print head 6 prints the next layer.

After printing, more reinforcing elements 10, generally horizontal or at right angles to the reinforcing elements using the construction scheme of the present invention, may be applied (e.g., laid) to the layers. These stiffening elements are for example rigid elements, such as bars 10 a. Wire, chain (key), rope, and the like may be laid in these layers. As this next layer is built up, the horizontal stiffening elements 10, 10a are subsequently covered and the tensile strength of the member in the printing direction is increased. The insertion is carried out fully automatically, semi-automatically or manually. It is not necessary to provide horizontally oriented stiffening elements in each layer. It is also possible to additionally insert more stiffening elements 10, 10a only in the regions which are particularly stressed.

Fig. 3 shows an alternative solution for the print head, the other method parameters being the same as before. The print head 6 shown in fig. 3 differs from the print head 6 shown in fig. 2 in that: these two outlets for the hardenable material are bent back at 90 °, i.e. the outlets for the hardenable material are not directed vertically downwards, but are directed towards the layer 2 just printed and opposite to the direction of movement of the print head 6. In this case, the print head 6 likewise has a recess 7 through which the reinforcing element 4 projecting from the underlying layers 2, 3 can pass when the print head 6 passes.

Fig. 4 shows another alternative embodiment for implementing the method with a flexible print head 6. The print head 6 shown in fig. 4 does not have a recess 7 but a central region 8, which adopts a flexible solution so that the stiffening element 4 protruding from the two lower layers 2, 3 is flexibly attached to its inner side during the passage of the print head. A flexible solution of the print head 6 can be achieved by selecting a suitable material in the area of the central region 8, such as a plastic material, a silicone material or a rubber material. Fig. 4 schematically shows the reinforcing element 4 in a specific location in the center of the central region 8 and surrounded by the flexible material of the print head 6 located there. By means of this flexible central region 8 of the printing head 6, positioning errors of the reinforcing element 4 can be compensated flexibly. In this case, the stiffening element 4 does not bear against the rigid print head 6, since the flexible sleeve (durchfur hung) will adjust itself to a certain extent. It is furthermore possible to press the two strips of hardenable material leaving the print head 6 closer together. If the reinforcing element 4 passes the print head 6, the sleeve is attached with its central region 8 to the reinforcing element 4, so that the embedding of the reinforcing element 4 in the hardenable material is improved.

In all the embodiments shown in fig. 2, 3 and 4, the print head 6 has two outlets for the hardenable material, one outlet being arranged on the left side of the recess 7 or the middle region 8 and the other outlet being arranged on the right side. This divides each layer 2 and 3 into two side-by-side layers which, in the ideal case, after the printing operation has been carried out, are intimately mixed together so that the interface is no longer visible.

Fig. 5 to 12 show different variants of connecting together the adjacent lower stiffening element 4 with the upper stiffening element 5 above it. The variants shown in fig. 5, 6 and 7 are primarily advantageous for carrying out welding methods, in particular bolt welding methods. The upper reinforcing element 5 and the lower reinforcing element 4 can be joined together in a known manner by means of a welded connection. In the embodiment shown in fig. 5, the underside of the upper stiffening element 5 is at an acute angle to the planar surface of the lower stiffening element 4 to facilitate the welded connection.

In the embodiment shown in fig. 6, the upper stiffening element has a convex button shape in the middle region of its bottom side, while the top side of the lower stiffening element 4 is flat.

In the variant shown in fig. 7, the underside of the upper stiffening element 5 and the topside of the lower stiffening element 4 are both planar in order to achieve a direct bolted joint.

Possible adhesive connections are shown in fig. 8-10. In fig. 8, the adhesive is inserted between the acute-angled underside of the upper reinforcing element 5 and the correspondingly dovetail-shaped top side of the lower reinforcing element 4 before the upper reinforcing element 5 is applied under pressure to the lower reinforcing element 4.

In the embodiment shown in fig. 9, adhesive is introduced into the gap between the tapered lower end of the upper stiffening element 5 and the complementary tapered upper end of the lower stiffening element 4.

In the embodiment shown in fig. 10, the upper reinforcing element 5 overlaps the lower reinforcing element 4, wherein the sides overlap and the adhesive is introduced into the overlapping region.

All the variants shown in fig. 8-10 are not intended to be used only for adhesive connections. In these variants, it is also possible to weld together adjacent reinforcing elements 4 and 5.

Fig. 11 and 12 show two other connection schemes. The screw connection is adopted. In the embodiment shown in fig. 11, the upper end of the lower reinforcement element 4 has an integrated nut with an internal thread, while the lower end of the upper reinforcement element 5 has an external thread, which can be screwed into the integrated nut of the lower reinforcement element 4.

In the embodiment shown in fig. 12, the upper region of the lower reinforcing element 4 and the lower region of the upper reinforcing element 5 each have an external thread, into which the two external threads of the reinforcing elements 4-5 are screwed to establish a secure connection using a compression nut with an internal thread.

As an alternative to joining adjacent reinforcing elements 4 together by welding, the joining may also be carried out by screwing or gluing. In the case of a screw connection, an external thread can be provided on each end of the reinforcing element 4, wherein a common compression nut connects the two ends. It is also possible for the end of one reinforcing element 4 to comprise an internal thread, while the adjacent reinforcing element 4 has an external thread matching it. If adjacent stiffening elements 4 are to be glued together, it is advisable to provide a larger-area end face to enhance the adhesive connection.

The advantage of the method according to the invention and the component produced with it is that the reinforcement elements 4 are connected much more closely and the reinforcement is much stronger, since a similar effect to that achieved with conventional concrete casting using steel mats can be achieved by the strip 5 of the individual reinforcement elements 4. The present invention forms the strip 5 with each reinforcing element 4 so that the same or similar strength values can be achieved in 3D printing where continuous steel mats are not available as when continuous structural steel mats are used in concrete casting.

In an advantageous development of the method according to the invention, additional reinforcing elements 10 can be inserted during or after printing. These reinforcing elements can be constructed in particular as strands, rods, ropes, chains or rovings. The advantage of the method according to the invention and the additionally constructed stiffening element 10, such as a strand, rod, rope, chain or roving, is that the tensile strength and the compressive strength of the resulting component are improved. The invention enables in particular an increase in the intensity in the printing direction. These additional stiffening elements 10 (for example strands, rods, ropes, chains or rovings) can be inserted into the extruded hardenable material during or after printing, in particular in the printing direction 11. As shown in fig. 13, the print head 6 may include additional means for placing additional stiffening elements 10 together during printing. The thread, rope, chain or roving can be unwound, for example, from a reel 6a, which is moved simultaneously with the print head 6 in the printing direction. The rod can be fed in a known manner with the aid of the print head 6 or in a print-head-independent manner, such as by laying or inserting (not shown). Alternatively, a further component, which is shown in fig. 2, can also be provided, which serves to lay additional reinforcing elements 10 on or insert them into the formed layers 2, 3. As an alternative to the rod, it is also possible to lay or insert a rope, chain, roving of some flexible element.

In a further advantageous embodiment, additional fibers, in particular polymer fibers, glass fibers or carbon fibers, can be mixed into the extruded hardenable material. Thereby further improving strength.