阅读说明：本技术 致癌基因驱动的癌症的治疗 (Oncogene driven treatment of cancer ) 是由 J·B·L·丹 A·R·乌迪亚瓦尔 S·W·杨 于 2020-03-11 设计创作，主要内容包括：本公开文本提供了治疗被鉴定为患有致癌基因驱动的癌症的受试者的方法,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用靶向腺苷的细胞外产生的药剂和/或拮抗腺苷对其受体之一的激活的药剂。(The present disclosure provides methods of treating a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject an agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine and/or an agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine.)

1. A method of treating a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject an agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine and/or an agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is administered an agent that targets the extracellular production of adenosine.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is administered an agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from: KRAS, BRAF, MET, FUBP, RAC, EGFR, CDK, CTCF, PGR, RET, RASA, JAK, PHF, NF, CIC, ARID1, ZHFX, ZCCHC, GNA, SMAD, USP9, CDKN2, FAT, PIK3R, SCAF, PMS, RNF, SMC1, BCOR, FGFR, COL5A, ATM, KMT2, CTNNB, MYC, RAD, PTEN, AXL, HIF/2, RHOB, TBL1XR, KEAP, ZFP36L, FGFR, FOXA, FLT, TRAF, RNF111, PPP2R1, TXNIP, STAG, RIT, TGIF, FOSLQ, ATR, CYTR, PCBP, PIK3R, XL, HIST1H1, KLF, PIK3, SPNA, MEOP, XPCOM, MUDAB, CTDAB, MUXBO, CTXBOX, BCN, BCKN 2, BCK 3R, BCR, BC.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from: KRAS, BRAF, MET, FUBP1, RAC1, EGFR, CDK4, CTCF, PGR, RET, RASA1, JAK1, PHF6, NF1, CIC, ARID1A, ZFHX3, ZCCHC12, GNA11, SMAD4, USP9X, CDKN2A, FAT1, PIK3R1, SCAF4, PMS2, RNF43, SMC1A, BCOR, FGFR2, COL5a1, ATM, KMT2B, CTNNB1, MYC, RAD21, PTEN, AXL, HIF1/2A, and PAK 4.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from: EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, MET, FUBP1, CDK4, CTCF, PGR, RET, RASA1, JAK1, NF1, CIC, ARID1A, ZFXX 3, SMAD4, USP9X, CDKN2A, FAT1, AXL, HIF1/2A, PAK4 and ATM.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from: MYC, PMS2, CTNNB1, and SMAD 4.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from: KRAS, BRAF, RASA1, AXL, HIF1/2A, PAK4, and RAC 1.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from: EGFR, KRAS and BRAF.

10. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, or 4 to 9, wherein the agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine is selected from the group consisting of a tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) inhibitor, a CD73 inhibitor, an ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1(ENPP1) inhibitor, a CD38 inhibitor, and a CD39 inhibitor.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 or 3 to 9, wherein the agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine is an adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) antagonist, an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or an adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist or an adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) antagonist.

12. The method of any one of claims 1 or 3 to 9, wherein the agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine is an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or an adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is of formula (I)

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein,

G¹is N or CR^3a；

G²Is N or CR^3b；

G³Is N or CR^3c；

R^3a、R^3bAnd R^3cEach independently is H or C_1-3An alkyl group;

R^1aand R^1bEach independently selected from

viii)H，

ix) is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3R⁵C substituted by substituents_1-8An alkyl group, a carboxyl group,

x) is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3R⁵substituent-substituted-X¹-O-C_1-8An alkyl group, a carboxyl group,

xi)-C(O)-R⁶，

xii) is optionally substituted with 1-3R⁷Y substituted by a substituent, and

xiii) optionally substituted with 1-3R⁷substituent-substituted-X¹-Y; or

xiv)R^1aAnd R^1bTogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached form optionally substituted radicals of 1-3R⁸A 5-6 membered heterocycloalkyl ring substituted with a substituent, wherein said heterocycloalkyl has 0-2 additional heteroatom ring vertices selected from O, N and S;

each Y is C_3-8Cycloalkyl or 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-3 heteroatom ring vertices selected from O, N and S;

R²and R⁴Each independently is H or C_1-3An alkyl group;

Ar¹is phenyl or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3R⁹Substitution;

Ar²is phenyl or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3R¹⁰Substitution;

wherein Ar is¹And Ar²Each of said 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl groups of (a) independently has 1-3 heteroatom ring vertices selected from O, N and S;

each X¹Is C_1-6An alkylene group;

each R⁵Independently selected from hydroxy, C_3-8Cycloalkyl, phenyl, -O-phenyl, -C (O) OR^aAnd an oxo group;

each R⁶Is C_1-8Alkyl or Y, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from hydroxy, -O-phenyl, phenyl and-O-C_1-8Alkyl substituent substitution;

each R⁷Independently selected from C_1-8Alkyl, hydroxy, -O-C_1-8Alkyl, oxo and C (O) OR^a；

Each R⁸Independently selected from C_1-8Alkyl, hydroxy and oxo;

each R⁹Independently selected from C_1-8Alkyl, -O-C_1-8Alkyl, -X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -O-X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -X¹-O-X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -C (O) OR^aHalogen, cyano, -NR^bR^c、Y、-X¹-C_3-8Cycloalkyl and-X²-Z, wherein X²Is selected from C_1-6Alkylene radical, -C_1-6alkylene-O-, -C (O) -and-S (O)₂-, Z is a4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-3 vertices of the heteroatom ring selected from O, N and S, and wherein said R is⁹Each of the substituents is optionally substituted with 1-3R¹¹Substitution;

each R¹⁰Independently selected from C_1-8Alkyl, halo, cyano, -O-C_1-8Alkyl, -X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -O-X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -S (O)₂-C_1-6Alkyl, -C (O) NR^dR^eAnd

4-6 membered heteroaryl having from 1-3 heteroatom ring vertices selected from O, N and S, wherein R is¹⁰Each of the substituents is optionally substituted with 1-3R¹²Substituted or in Ar²Two R on the vertex of the adjacent ring¹⁰Optionally combine to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-2 halogens;

each R¹¹Independently selected from hydroxy, halo, cyano, -NR^dR^e、-C(O)OR^aPhenyl, C_3-8Cycloalkyl and optionally substituted by C (O) OR^aSubstituted C_1-4An alkyl group;

each R¹²Independently selected from halo, cyano, hydroxy, -C (O) OR^a(ii) a And is

Each R^aIs H or C_1-6An alkyl group;

each R^bAnd R^cIs independently selected from H, C_1-8Alkyl, -S (O)₂-C_1-6Alkyl, -C (O) OR^aand-X¹-C(O)OR^a；

Each R^dAnd R^eIs independently selected from H, C_1-8Alkyl, -S (O)₂-C_1-6An alkyl group; and is

With the proviso that when G¹And G²Each is N, G³Is CH, R²Is CH₃And R is^1aAnd R^1bEach is H, then Ar²Is not 2-thienyl, phenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl or 4-methoxyphenyl, 3-halophenyl or 4-halophenyl, 2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2, 4-dichlorophenyl or 2-methylphenyl or 4-methylphenyl.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is compound 1

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is compound 2

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

16. The method of claim 12, wherein the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is compound 3

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is selected from AZD4635, ciferadienant (CPI-444), NIR178, and PBF-1129.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein the agent that targets the extracellular production of adenosine is an A1R antagonist.

19. The method of claim 11, wherein the agent that targets the extracellular production of adenosine is an A3R antagonist.

20. The method of claim 10, wherein the agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine is a CD73 inhibitor.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the CD73 inhibitor has formula (i)

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein,

each R¹Independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆Alkyl, optionally substituted aryl and-C (R)²R²)-O-C(O)-OR³Or two R¹The groups optionally combine to form a 5-to 7-membered ring;

each R²Independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁-C₆An alkyl group;

each R³Is independently selected from H, C₁-C₆Alkyl and optionally substituted aryl;

R⁵selected from H and optionally substituted C₁-C₆An alkyl group;

x is selected from O, CH₂And S;

a is selected from:

each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5R⁶Substituents, and wherein subscript n is an integer from 0 to 3;

z is selected from CH₂、CHR⁶、NR⁶And O;

each R⁶Is independently selected from H, CH₃OH, CN, F, optionally substituted C₁-C₆Alkyl and OC (O) -C₁-C₆An alkyl group; and optionally two R at the vertices of adjacent rings⁶The groups are linked together to form a 5-to 6-membered ring having at least one heteroatom as a ring vertex; and is

Het is selected from:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the remainder of the compound, and wherein:

R^ais selected from H, NH₂、NHR⁷、NHC(O)R⁷、NR⁷R⁷、R⁷、OH、SR⁷And OR⁷；

R^bSelected from H, halogen, NH₂、NHR⁷、NR⁷R⁷、R⁷OH and OR⁷；

R^cAnd R^dIndependently selected from H, halogen, haloalkyl, NH₂、NHR⁷、NR⁷R⁷、R⁷、OH、OR⁷、SR⁷、SO₂R⁷、-X¹-NH₂、-X¹-NHR⁷、-X¹-NR⁷R⁷、-X¹-OH、-X¹-OR⁷、-X¹-SR⁷and-X¹-SO₂R⁷；

R^eAnd R^fIndependently selected from H, halogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₆An alkyl group;

each X¹Is C₁-C₄An alkylene group; and is

Each R⁷Independently selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀Alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₀Alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₀Alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₇Cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₇Cycloalkyl radical C₁-C₄Alkyl, optionally substituted 4-7 membered cycloheteroalkyl C₁-C₄Alkyl, optionally substituted aryl C₁-C₄Alkyl, optionally substituted aryl C₂-C₄Alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl C₂-C₄Alkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl C₁-C₄Alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl C₁-C₄Alkenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl C₂-C₄Alkynyl and optionally, two R attached to a nitrogen atom⁷The groups are linked together to form a 4-to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally fused to an aryl ring;

with the proviso that the compounds are not those in which the combination of X, A and Het gives

Wherein R is^gIs H or two R^gThe groups combine to form acetonide; and is

(1)R^cAnd R^eIs hydrogen and R^ais-OEt, -OCH₂Ph、-SCH₂Ph、-NH₂Methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, phenylamino, benzylamino, 2-phenylethylamino, N-benzyl-N-ethylamino, dibenzylamino, 4-aminobenzylamino, 4-chlorobenzylamino, 4-nitrobenzylamino or 4-sulfamoylbenzylamino; or

(2)R^cIs hydrogen, R^ais-NH₂And R is^eIs bromo, chloro, aminomethyl or thioethyl; or

(3)R^cIs hydrogen, R^aIs a benzylamino group, and R^eIs bromine.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the CD73 inhibitor is compound a

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein the CD73 inhibitor is compound B

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein the CD73 inhibitor is compound C

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

25. The method of claim 20, wherein the CD73 inhibitor is selected from olaratumab (MEDI-9447), CPI-006, NZV930/SRF373, BMS-986179, and TJ 4309.

26. The method of claim 10, wherein the agent that targets the extracellular production of adenosine is a TNAP inhibitor.

27. The method of claim 10, wherein the agent that targets the extracellular production of adenosine is an ENPP1 inhibitor.

28. The method of claim 10, wherein the agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine is a CD38 inhibitor.

29. The method of claim 10, wherein the agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine is a CD39 inhibitor.

30. The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, further comprising administering one or more additional therapeutic agents.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor blocks the activity of at least one of: PD1, PDL1, BTLA, LAG3, B7 family member, TIM3, TIGIT, or CTLA 4.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the immune checkpoint is a PD1 and/or PDL1 inhibitor selected from: pembrolizumab, nivolumab, MEDI-0680, BGB-108, GB-226, PDR-001, mDX-400, SHR-1210, IBI-308, PF-06801591, atelizumab, Duvaluzumab, Avermelimumab, BMS-936559, KD-033, CA-327, CA-170, ALN-PDL, TSR-042 and STI-1014.

34. The method of claim 32, wherein the PD1 and/or PDL1 inhibitor is selected from pembrolizumab, nivolumab, astuzumab, dolvacizumab, and avizumab.

35. The method of claim 30, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent comprises a platinum-based or anthracycline-based chemotherapeutic agent.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is selected from cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and doxorubicin.

38. The method of any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein

A subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: EGFR, KRAS and BRAF, and

the agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine is a CD73 inhibitor and/or the agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine is an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or an adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist or CD73 inhibitor is a compound according to any one of claims 13 to 25.

40. The method of any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein

A subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: MYC, PMS2, CTNNB1 and SMAD4, and

the agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine is a CD73 inhibitor and/or the agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine is an adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or an adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist or CD73 inhibitor is a compound according to any one of claims 13 to 25.

42. The method of any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein the oncogene driven cancer is a cancer of the prostate, colon, rectum, pancreas, cervix, stomach, endometrium, brain, liver, bladder, ovary, testis, head, neck, skin (including melanoma and basal carcinoma), mesothelial lining, white blood cells (including lymphoma and leukemia), esophagus, breast (including triple negative breast cancer), muscle, connective tissue, lung (including small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer), adrenal gland, thyroid, kidney or bone; or glioblastoma, mesothelioma, renal cell carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, sarcomas (including kaposi's sarcoma), choriocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma of the skin, or testicular seminoma.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the cancer is selected from melanoma, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, leukemia, brain tumors, lymphoma, ovarian cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancer, and esophageal cancer.

44. The method of any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein the oncogene driven cancer is a cancer of the thyroid, adrenal gland, mesothelial lining, bile duct, pancreas, brain, kidney, esophagus, rectum, colon, stomach, head, neck, skin, testis, ovary, lung, endometrium, eye, prostate, breast or liver; or a glioblastoma, mesothelioma or sarcoma.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the cancer is selected from a cancer of the thyroid, adrenal gland, mesothelial lining, bile duct, pancreas, brain, kidney, esophagus, rectum, colon, stomach, head, neck, or skin; or a glioblastoma, mesothelioma or sarcoma.

46. The method of claim 44, wherein the cancer is selected from cancers of the testis, ovary, lung, endometrium, and adrenal gland.

47. The method of claim 44, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of cancers of the eye, prostate, breast, kidney, liver and lung.

48. The method of any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein the subject is a human subject.

Disclosure of Invention

In some aspects, provided herein are methods of treating a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject an agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine and/or an agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

Drawings

This patent or application document contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG.1 CD73/TNAP ratio of TCGA across pan-cancer. CD73 and TNAP expression were derived from pan-cancer TCGA profile dataset. The numbers indicate the ratio of the log2 CPM values for CD73 and TNAP. The left tumor was high in CD73 and low in TNAP, while the right tumor was high in TNAP and low in CD 73.

Figure 2A identification of oncogenic drivers expressed by CD 73. Linear model estimates of alterations in cancer driver genes predictive of CD73 expression for tumor type modulation.

Fig.2B and 2C plot CD73 expression in representative examples of oncogenic cancer drivers, kras (B) and TBL1XR1 (C). The left panel is WT expression and the right panel is mutant expression (ALT) of the oncogenic cancer driver mentioned.

Fig.2D and fig.2E identification of oncogenic regulators of adenosine pathway genes. Positive regulator (D) of CD73 and negative regulator (E) of CD73 are plotted, where the X-axis indicates oncogenes from panel a and the Y-axis shows linear model estimates of specific adenosine pathway genes adjusted for tumor type.

Fig. 3A-3D show forest plots showing the risk ratio for progression-free survival adjusted for tumor type for CD73 expression in WT patients (a, B) and mutated (ALT) patients (C, D) for each cancer driver with 95% confidence intervals in the pan-cancer TCGA dataset. The X-axis is the hazard ratio, while the Y-axis lists different oncogenic proteins. The hazard ratio shown herein is an index of coefficients derived from a Cox regression model. p values are also from the same model, indicating whether differences in survival between WT and ALT groups are significant.

Figure 3E shows a Kaplan-Meier curve of CD73 expression in EGFR mutant patients compared to wild type patients. The X-axis indicates time (in years), while the Y-axis indicates the likelihood that the patient has progression-free survival. Patients with EGFR ALT and high CD73 had the worst survival, while patients with EGFR ALT and low CD73 had a survival closer to that of EGFR WT patients.

Fig.4A and 4B correlate pembrolizumab response in NSCLC with the mutational status of the cancer driver that modulates CD 73. Panels a and B show stacked bar graphs of cancer driver changes positively and negatively correlated to CD73 from figure 1. The Y-axis indicates the percentage of patients who achieved or did not achieve a sustained clinical benefit of more than 6 months with pembrolizumab. The X-axis indicates the WT and ALT for each oncogenic driver listed.

Figure 4C shows forest plots indicating risk ratio of progression-free survival for cancer drivers that are positive and negative regulators of CD 73. The X-axis indicates the hazard ratio and the Y-axis lists the specific oncogenic drivers. The hazard ratio shown herein is an index of coefficients derived from a Cox regression model. p values are also from the same model, indicating whether differences in survival between WT and ALT groups are significant.

Detailed Description

I. Overview

The present disclosure is drawn to the discovery that oncogene driven cancers (i.e., cancers in which at least one gene involved in normal cell growth is mutated) typically alter the expression levels of one or more proteins involved in the extracellular production of adenosine and/or the expression levels of one or more adenosine receptor signaling proteins. Altered expression levels of these proteins may lead to increased amounts of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment and/or overactivation of adenosine-mediated signaling pathways. It has been shown that increased adenosine levels in the tumor microenvironment and the presence of activation of specific adenosine-mediated signaling pathways can provide immunosuppressive effects in tumor models. Thus, subjects identified as having oncogene driven cancers are the top candidates for therapy with agents that target proteins involved in the extracellular production of adenosine and/or agents that antagonize the activation of one of its receptors by adenosine. Advantageously, by administering one or more of these agents, the effects of altered expression of proteins involved in extracellular adenosine production and/or adenosine-mediated signaling can be reduced, minimized or eliminated. As a non-limiting example, EGFR, BRAF and KRAS mutations each up-regulate CD73 expression, which will increase local levels of adenosine. Administration of a CD73 inhibitor would provide a positive clinical benefit by reducing or eliminating the effects of up-regulated CD73 levels in these cancer types.

Definition of

Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms are intended to have the meanings set forth below. Other terms are defined elsewhere throughout the specification.

Unless otherwise specified, the term "alkyl" by itself or as part of another substituent means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical (i.e., C) having the indicated number of carbon atoms_1-8Meaning one to eight carbons). The alkyl group may include any number of carbons, such as C_1-2、C_1-3、C_1-4、C_1-5、C_1-6、C_1-7、C_1-8、C_1-9、C_1-10、C_2-3、C_2-4、C_2-5、C_2-6、C_3-4、C_3-5、C_3-6、C_4-5、C_4-6And C_5-6. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexylN-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like.

The term "alkylene" refers to a straight or branched chain saturated aliphatic group, i.e., a divalent hydrocarbon group, having the indicated number of carbon atoms and linking at least two other groups. The two moieties attached to the alkylene group may be attached to the same atom or to different atoms of the alkylene group. For example, the linear alkylene group may be- (CH)₂)_n-wherein n is 1, 2,3, 4, 5 or 6. Representative alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, pentylene, and hexylene. Alkylene (commonly referred to as X in this application)¹Or X²Groups) may be substituted or unsubstituted. When containing X¹Or X²Is optionally substituted, it being understood that the optional substituents may be on the alkylene portion of the moiety.

The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a cyclic group having the indicated number of ring atoms (e.g., C)_3-6Cycloalkyl) and fully saturated or having no more than one double bond between ring vertices. "cycloalkyl" is also intended to mean bicyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbon rings, such as, for example, bicyclo [2.2.1 ]]Heptane, bicyclo [2.2.2]Octane, and the like. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl compound of the present disclosure is monocyclic C_3-6A cycloalkyl moiety.

The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl ring having the indicated number of ring vertices (or members) and having from one to five heteroatoms selected from N, O and S (which replace one to five carbon vertices, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and one or more nitrogen atoms are optionally quaternized). The cycloheteroalkyl group may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic ring system. Non-limiting examples of cycloheteroalkyl groups include pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, butyrolactam, valerolactam, imidazolidinone, hydantoin, dioxolane, phthalimide, piperidine, 1, 4-dioxane, morpholine, thiomorpholine-S-oxide, thiomorpholine-S, S-oxide, piperazine, pyran, pyridone, 3-pyrroline, thiopyran, pyrone, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, quinuclidine, and the like. Cycloheteroalkyl groups may be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a ring carbon or a heteroatom.

As used herein, a wavy line intersecting a single, double, or triple bond in any chemical structure depicted hereinRepresents the point of attachment of a single, double or triple bond to the rest of the molecule. In addition, a bond extending to the center of a ring (e.g., a phenyl ring) is intended to indicate attachment at any available ring vertex. One skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple substituents shown as attached to a ring will occupy ring vertices that provide stable compounds and are otherwise sterically compatible. For divalent components, the representation is intended to include either orientation (forward or reverse). For example, the group "-c (o) NH-" is intended to include linkages in either orientation: -C (O) NH-or-NHC (O) -, and similarly, "-O-CH₂CH₂- "is intended to include-O-CH₂CH₂-and-CH₂CH₂-O-both.

Unless otherwise specified, the term "halo" or "halogen" by itself or as part of another substituent means a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as "haloalkyl" are intended to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term "C_1-4Haloalkyl "is intended to include trifluoromethyl, 2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term "aryl" means a polyunsaturated, typically aromatic, hydrocarbon group that can be a single ring or multiple rings (up to three rings) fused together or covalently linked. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenyl.

The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aryl (or ring) containing from one to five heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and one or more nitrogen atoms are optionally quaternized. The heteroaryl group may be attached to the rest of the molecule through a heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, benzotriazinyl, purinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzotriazinyl, thienopyridyl, thienopyrimidinyl, pyrazolopyrimidyl, imidazopyridine, benzothiazolyl (benzothiazolyloxyl), benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, pteridinyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, and the like. The substituents of the heteroaryl ring may be selected from the acceptable substituents described below.

In some embodiments, the above terms (e.g., "alkyl," "aryl," and "heteroaryl") will be optionally substituted. Selected substituents for each type of group are provided below.

Optional substituents for alkyl groups (including those groups commonly referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups) can be a variety of groups selected from: halogen, -OR ', -NR' R ', -SR', -SiR 'R' ", -OC (O) R ', -C (O) R', -CO₂R’、-CONR’R”、-OC(O)NR’R”、-NR”C(O)R’、-NR’-C(O)NR”R”’、-NR”C(O)₂R’、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NH、-NR’C(NH₂)＝NH、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NR’、-S(O)R’、-S(O)₂R’、-S(O)₂NR’R”、-NR’S(O)₂R ", -CN (cyano), -NO₂Aryl, aryloxy, oxo, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl, in numbers ranging from zero to (2m '+ 1), where m' is the total number of carbon atoms in such groups. R ', R "and R'" each independently mean hydrogen, unsubstituted C_1-8Alkyl, unsubstituted aryl, aryl substituted by 1 to 3 halogens, C_1-8Alkoxy or C_1-8Thioalkoxy, or unsubstituted aryl-C_1-4An alkyl group. When R' and R "are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they may combine with the nitrogen atom to form a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-or 7-membered ring. For example, -NR' R "is intended to include 1-pyrroleAlkyl and 4-morpholinyl.

The optional substituents for cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl groups may be a variety of groups selected from: alkyl optionally substituted by C (O) OR ', halogen, -OR', -NR 'R ", -SR', -SiR 'R" R' ", -OC (O) R ', -C (O) R', -CO₂R’、-CONR’R”、-OC(O)NR’R”、-NR”C(O)R’、-NR’-C(O)NR”R”’、-NR”C(O)₂R’、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NH、-NR’C(NH₂)＝NH、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NR’、-S(O)R’、-S(O)₂R’、-S(O)₂NR’R”、-NR’S(O)₂R ", -CN (cyano), -NO₂Aryl, aryloxy and oxo. R ', R "and R'" each independently mean hydrogen, unsubstituted C_1-8Alkyl, unsubstituted aryl, aryl substituted by 1 to 3 halogens, C_1-8Alkoxy or C₁-₈Thioalkoxy, or unsubstituted aryl-C_1-4An alkyl group.

Similarly, the optional substituents for aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are typically selected from: -halogen, -OR ', -OC (O) R ', -NR ' R ", -SR ', -R ', -CN, -NO₂、-CO₂R’、-CONR’R”、-C(O)R’、-OC(O)NR’R”、-NR”C(O)R’、-NR”C(O)₂R’、-NR’-C(O)NR”R”’、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NH、-NR’C(NH₂)＝NH、-NH-C(NH₂)＝NR’、-S(O)R’、-S(O)₂R’、-S(O)₂NR’R”、-NR’S(O)₂R”、-N₃Perfluoro (C)₁-C₄) Alkoxy and perfluoro (C)₁-C₄) Alkyl groups in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and wherein R ', R "and R'" are independently selected from hydrogen, C_1-8Alkyl radical, C_1-8Haloalkyl, C_3-6Cycloalkyl radical, C_2-8Alkenyl and C_2-8Alkynyl. Other suitable substituents include any of the above aryl substituents attached to a ring atom by an alkylene tether of 1-6 carbon atoms.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be of formula-T-C(O)-(CH₂) q-U-wherein T and U are independently-NH-, -O-, -CH₂-or a single bond, and q is an integer from 0 to 2. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be substituted by a group of formula-A- (CR)^fR^g)_rSubstitution of substituents of-B-, wherein A and B are independently-CH₂-、-O-、-NH-、-S-、-S(O)-、-S(O)₂-、-S(O)₂NR' -or a single bond, R is an integer from 1 to 3, and R^fAnd R^gEach independently is H or halogen. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced by a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be substituted by a group of formula- (CH)₂)_s-X-(CH₂)_t-wherein S and t are independently integers from 0 to 3, and X is-O-, -NR' -, -S (O)₂-or-S (O)₂NR' -. -NR' -and-S (O)₂The substituent R 'in NR' is selected from hydrogen or unsubstituted C_1-6An alkyl group.

As used herein, the term "heteroatom" is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and silicon (Si).

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" is intended to include salts of the active compounds prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein. When the compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidic functional groups, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral forms of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines (including substituted amines, cyclic amines, naturally occurring amines, and the like, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N' -dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucosamine (glucamine), glucosamine (gluconamine), histidine, hydrabamine (hydrabamine), isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine (methylglucamine), morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like). When the compounds of the present invention contain relatively basic functional groups, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral forms of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid, monohydrogencarbonic acid, phosphoric acid, monohydrogenphosphoric acid, dihydrogenphosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, monohydrogensulfuric acid, hydroiodic acid, or phosphorous acid, etc.; and salts derived from relatively non-toxic organic acids like: acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, malonic acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, suberic acid, fumaric acid, mandelic acid, phthalic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, methanesulfonic acid, and the like. Also included are Salts of amino acids (such as arginine Salts and the like) and Salts of organic acids (such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid and the like) (see, e.g., Berge, s.m. et al, "Pharmaceutical Salts", Journal of Pharmaceutical Science,1977,66, 1-19). Certain specific compounds of the invention contain both basic and acidic functional groups that allow the compounds to be converted into base addition salts or acid addition salts.

The neutral form of the compound can be regenerated by: the salt is contacted with a base or acid and the parent compound is isolated in conventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the purposes of this invention. In addition to salt forms, the present invention also provides compounds in prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention. In addition, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, a prodrug may be slowly converted to a compound of the invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical agent. Prodrugs are described in more detail elsewhere herein.

In addition to salt forms, the present invention also provides compounds in prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention. In addition, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, a prodrug may be slowly converted to a compound of the invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical agent.

Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms (including hydrated forms). In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in a variety of crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.

Certain compounds of the present invention have asymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; racemates, diastereomers, geometric isomers, regioisomers, and individual isomers (e.g., individual enantiomers) are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. When displaying a stereochemical depiction, it is intended to refer to a compound that exists in one of the isomers and is substantially free of the other isomer. "substantially free" of the other isomer indicates that the ratio of the two isomers is at least 80/20, more preferably 90/10 or 95/5 or higher. In some embodiments, one of the isomers will be present in an amount of at least 99%.

The compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. Unnatural proportions of isotopes can be defined as ranging from amounts found in nature to amounts consisting of 100% of the atoms in question. For example, the compounds may incorporate radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (A), (B), (C) and C)³H) Iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) Or carbon-14 (¹⁴C) (ii) a Or a non-radioactive isotope, such as deuterium (A), (B), (C) and C)²H) Or carbon-13 (¹³C) In that respect Such isotopic variations may provide additional utility to those described elsewhere within this application. For example, isotopic variants of the compounds of the present invention can have additional utility, including but not limited to as diagnostic and/or imaging agents, or as cytotoxic/radiotoxic therapeutic agents. In addition, isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention can have altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, which can contribute to enhanced safety, tolerability, or efficacy during treatment. All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

The terms "patient" or "subject" are used interchangeably to refer to a human or non-human animal (e.g., a mammal).

The terms "administration", "administering", and the like, when applied to, for example, a subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid, refer to contact of an inhibitor, e.g., A2aR/A2bR (or another inhibitor or antagonist described herein), or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, with the subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid. In the context of a cell, administration includes contact of an agent with the cell (e.g., in vitro or ex vivo), as well as contact of an agent with a fluid, wherein the fluid is in contact with the cell.

The terms "treat," "treating," "treatment," and the like refer to a series of actions initiated after a disease, disorder, or condition, or symptom thereof, has been diagnosed, observed, or the like (such as administration of an inhibitor of A2aR/A2bR, or another inhibitor or antagonist described herein) to temporarily or permanently eliminate, reduce, suppress, alleviate, or ameliorate at least one of the underlying causes of the disease, disorder, or condition afflicting a subject, or at least one of the symptoms associated with the disease, disorder, or condition afflicting a subject. Thus, treatment includes inhibiting (e.g., arresting the development or further development of the disease, disorder or condition or clinical symptoms associated therewith) active disease.

The term "in need of treatment" as used herein refers to the judgment made by a physician or other caregiver that a subject is in need of treatment or will benefit from treatment. This determination is made based on various factors in the field of expertise of the doctor or caregiver.

The terms "prevent", "preventing", "prevention", and the like refer to a series of actions (such as administration of an A2aR/A2bR inhibitor or another inhibitor or antagonist described herein) initiated in such a manner (e.g., prior to onset of the disease, disorder, condition, or symptoms thereof) to temporarily or permanently prevent, suppress, inhibit, or reduce the risk of developing the disease, disorder, condition, or the like (as determined, for example, by the absence of clinical symptoms) or delay the onset thereof, typically in the context of a subject susceptible to a particular disease, disorder, or condition. In certain instances, the term also refers to slowing the progression of a disease, disorder, or condition or inhibiting its progression to a deleterious or otherwise undesirable state.

The term "in need of prevention" as used herein refers to a judgment made by a physician or other caregiver that a subject is in need of or will benefit from prophylactic care. This determination is made based on various factors in the field of expertise of the doctor or caregiver.

The phrase "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of an agent administered to a subject, either alone or as part of a pharmaceutical composition and in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount capable of having any detectable positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or feature of a disease, disorder, or condition when administered to the subject. A therapeutically effective amount can be determined by measuring the relevant physiological effects, and it can be adjusted in conjunction with dosing regimens and diagnostic assays of the subject's condition, etc. For example, measurement of serum levels of A2aR/A2bR inhibitor (or, e.g., another inhibitor or antagonist described herein) at a particular time after administration can indicate whether a therapeutically effective amount has been used.

The phrase "in an amount sufficient to effect an alteration" means that there is a detectable difference between the level of the indicator measured before (e.g., the baseline level) and after administration of the particular therapy. The index includes any objective parameter (e.g., serum concentration) or subjective parameter (e.g., the subject's well-being).

The term "small molecule" refers to a chemical compound having a molecular weight of less than about 10kDa, less than about 2kDa, or less than about 1 kDa. Small molecules include, but are not limited to, inorganic molecules, organic molecules containing inorganic components, molecules containing radioactive atoms, and synthetic molecules. Therapeutically, small molecules may be more permeable to cells, less degradable, and less likely to elicit an immune response than large molecules.

The term "ligand" refers to a peptide, polypeptide, membrane-associated or membrane-bound molecule or complex thereof, which may, for example, act as an agonist or antagonist of a receptor. Ligands include natural and synthetic ligands, such as cytokines, cytokine variants, analogs, muteins, and antibody-derived binding compositions, as well as small molecules. The term also includes agents that are neither agonists nor antagonists but that can bind to a receptor without significantly affecting its biological properties (e.g., signaling or adhesion). In addition, the term includes membrane-bound ligands that have been altered to a soluble form of the membrane-bound ligand by, for example, chemical or recombinant means. The ligand or receptor may be entirely intracellular, that is, it may reside in the cytosol, nucleus or some other intracellular compartment. The complex of ligand and receptor is referred to as a "ligand-receptor complex".

The terms "inhibitor" and "antagonist" or "activator" and "agonist" refer to, for example, inhibitory or activating molecules, respectively, for activation of, for example, a ligand, receptor, cofactor, gene, cell, tissue, or organ. An inhibitor is a molecule that reduces, blocks, prevents, delays activation, inactivates, desensitizes, or down regulates, for example, a gene, protein, ligand, receptor, or cell. An activator is a molecule that increases, activates, facilitates, enhances activation, sensitizes, or upregulates, for example, a gene, protein, ligand, receptor, or cell. An inhibitor may also be defined as a molecule that reduces, blocks or inactivates constitutive activity. An "agonist" is a molecule that interacts with a target to cause or promote increased activation of the target. An "antagonist" is a molecule that antagonizes one or more actions of an agonist. Antagonists prevent, reduce, inhibit, or neutralize the activity of an agonist, and antagonists may prevent, inhibit, or reduce the constitutive activity of a target (e.g., a target receptor), even in the absence of an identified agonist.

The terms "modulate", "modulation" and the like refer to the ability of a molecule (e.g., an activator or inhibitor) to directly or indirectly increase or decrease the function or activity of an adenosine-related protein described herein. The modulator may act alone, or it may use a cofactor, such as a protein, metal ion, or small molecule. Examples of modulators include small molecule compounds and other bio-organic molecules. Many libraries (e.g., combinatorial libraries) of small molecule compounds are commercially available and can be used as a starting point for identifying modulators. The skilled artisan is able to develop one or more assays (e.g., biochemical assays or cell-based assays) in which libraries of such compounds can be screened to identify one or more compounds having a desired property; thereafter, the skilled pharmaceutical chemist can optimize such one or more compounds, for example, by synthesizing and evaluating analogs and derivatives thereof. Synthetic and/or molecular modeling studies can also be used to identify activators.

The "activity" of a molecule may describe or refer to the binding of the molecule to a ligand or receptor; catalytic activity; the ability to stimulate gene expression or cell signaling, differentiation or maturation; an antigenic activity; modulating the activity of other molecules; and so on. The term "proliferative activity" includes activities which promote (i.e. are required for) e.g. normal cell division as well as cancer, tumor, dysplasia, cell transformation, metastasis and angiogenesis or are particularly relevant thereto.

As used herein, "comparable", "comparable activity to … …", "comparable effect to … …" and the like are relative terms that can be viewed quantitatively and/or qualitatively. The meaning of the terms often depends on the context in which they are used. For example, two agents that both activate a receptor may be considered to have comparable effects from a qualitative perspective, but if one agent only achieves 20% of the activity of the other agent (as determined in art-accepted assays (e.g., dose-response assays) or in art-accepted animal models), then from a quantitative perspective, the two agents may be considered to lack comparable effects. "comparable" when comparing one result to another (e.g., one result to a reference standard) often (although not always) means that one result deviates from the reference standard by less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 7%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%. In particular embodiments, a result is comparable to a reference standard if the result deviates from the reference standard by less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. By way of example, but not limitation, activity or effect may refer to efficacy, stability, solubility, or immunogenicity.

"substantially pure" indicates that the component comprises greater than about 50% of the total content of the composition, typically greater than about 60% of the total polypeptide content. More typically, "substantially pure" refers to a composition in which at least 75%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or more of the total composition is a component of interest. In some cases, the polypeptide will comprise greater than about 90% or greater than about 95% of the total content of the composition.

The term "specific binding" or "selective binding" when referring to a ligand/receptor, antibody/antigen or other binding pair indicates a binding reaction that determines the presence of a protein in a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, under the conditions specified, the specified ligand binds to a particular receptor and does not bind in significant amounts to other proteins present in the sample. The antibody or binding composition derived from the antigen binding site of the antibody of the contemplated method binds to its antigen or a variant or mutein of said antigen, wherein the affinity is at least two times, at least ten times, at least 20 times or at least 100 times the affinity of any other antibody or binding composition derived therefrom.In a specific embodiment, the antibody will have a size greater than about 10⁹The affinity in liters/mol is determined, for example, by Scatchard analysis (Munsen et al 1980 analytical. biochem.107: 220-.

The term "response" (e.g., of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism) includes a change in biochemical or physiological behavior (e.g., concentration, density, adhesion, or migration), gene expression rate, or differentiation state within a biological compartment, wherein the change is associated with activation, stimulation, or therapy, or with an internal mechanism such as genetic programming. In certain contexts, the terms "activation," "stimulation," and the like refer to activation of a cell, as regulated by internal mechanisms, as well as by external or environmental factors; while the terms "inhibit", "downregulate" and the like refer to the opposite effect.

The term "oncogene driven cancer" refers to various malignant neoplasms characterized by a mutation in at least one gene involved in normal cell growth. Genes involved in normal cell growth include, but are not limited to, KRAS, BRAF, MET, FUBP, RAC, EGFR, CDK, CTCF, PGR, RET, RASA, JAK, PHF, NF, CIC, ARID1, ZFLX, ZCCHC, GNA, SMAD, USP9, CDKN2, FAT, PIK3R, SCAF, PMS, RNF, SMC1, BCOR, COL5A, ATM, KMT2, CTNNB, MYC, RAD, PTEN, AXL, HIF/2, RHOB, TBL1XR, KEAP, ZFP36L, FGFR, FOXA, FLT, TRAF, RNF111, PPP2R1, TXNIP, STAG, RIT, TGATR, FOXQ, NNCYTRR, PCBP, PIK3R, ASXL, KLST 1H1, KLF, PIK3, XP, MUOP, ZNIC, CTIF, FOXQ, ATR, FOXBQ, NNCYTRX, CTTB, BCA, BCX, BCH, BCA, BC. Mutations in genes involved in normal cell growth typically alter the expression levels of one or more proteins involved in the extracellular production of adenosine and/or the expression levels of one or more adenosine receptor signaling proteins. These proteins include, but are not limited to, adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR), adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR), adenosine A1 receptor (A1R), tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), CD73, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1(ENPP1), CD38, and/or CD 39.

The term "agent targeting the extracellular production of adenosine" refers to a modulator of one or more proteins involved in the extracellular production of adenosine. Exemplary modulators include small molecule compounds, antibodies, and interfering RNAs. Proteins involved in the extracellular production of adenosine include, but are not limited to, tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), CD73, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1(ENPP1), CD38, and/or CD 39. Thus, modulators targeting these proteins are known to be relevant to the present disclosure.

The term "agent that antagonizes the activation of one of its receptors by adenosine" refers to an antagonist that reduces or completely prevents adenosine binding to an adenosine receptor protein (typically an integral membrane protein). Protein receptors activated by adenosine include, but are not limited to, the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R), the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR), and/or the adenosine A2b receptor (A2 bR). Thus, antagonists targeting these receptors are known to be relevant to the present disclosure.

Detailed description of embodiments

Provided herein are, for example, methods of treating a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject an agent that targets extracellular production of adenosine and/or an agent that antagonizes activation of one of its receptors by adenosine.

Oncogene driven cancers

Oncogene driven cancers refer to various malignant neoplasms characterized by a mutation in at least one gene involved in normal cell growth. As demonstrated herein, pan-cancer analysis of the cancer genomic map (TCGA) demonstrates that specific mutated oncogenes in oncogene driven cancers act as proteins in the adenosine pathway as well as regulators of adenosine receptor signaling proteins, altering their expression levels. As previously explained, increased adenosine levels in the tumor microenvironment and/or excessive activation of specific adenosine-mediated signaling pathways provide immunosuppressive effects. Thus, the methods described herein aid medical practitioners by advantageously identifying appropriate treatment options that improve a subject's response to an oncogene-driven cancer-based therapy of the subject.

There are many known oncogenes, and the disclosure herein establishes a correlation between certain oncogenes and altered expression levels of proteins involved in the extracellular production of adenosine and/or altered expression levels of one or more adenosine receptor signaling proteins. Thus, subjects suitable for treatment described herein include those identified as having an oncogene driven cancer, the subject having a mutation in at least one gene selected from: KRAS, BRAF, MET, FUBP, RAC, EGFR, CDK, CTCF, PGR, RET, RASA, JAK, PHF, NF, CIC, ARID1, ZHFX, ZCCHC, GNA, SMAD, USP9, CDKN2, FAT, PIK3R, SCAF, PMS, RNF, SMC1, BCOR, FGFR, COL5A, ATM, KMT2, CTNNB, MYC, RAD, PTEN, AXL, HIF/2, RHOB, TBL1XR, KEAP, ZFP36L, FGFR, FOXA, FLT, TRAF, RNF111, PPP2R1, TXNIP, STAG, RIT, TGIF, FOSLQ, ATR, CYTR, PCBP, PIK3R, XL, HIST1H1, KLF, PIK3, SPNA, MEOP, XPCOM, MUDAB, CTDAB, MUXBO, CTXBOX, BCN, BCKN 2, BCK 3R, BCR, BC.

In some embodiments, a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: KRAS, BRAF, MET, FUBP1, RAC1, EGFR, CDK4, CTCF, PGR, RET, RASA1, JAK1, PHF6, NF1, CIC, ARID1A, ZFHX3, ZCCHC12, GNA11, SMAD4, USP9X, CDKN2A, FAT1, PIK3R1, SCAF4, PMS2, RNF43, SMC1A, BCOR, FGFR2, COL5a1, ATM, KMT2B, CTNNB1, MYC, RAD21, PTEN, AXL, HIF1/2A, and PAK 4.

In some embodiments, a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, MET, FUBP1, CDK4, CTCF, PGR, RET, RASA1, JAK1, NF1, CIC, ARID1A, ZFXX 3, SMAD4, USP9X, CDKN2A, FAT1, and ATM.

In some embodiments, a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: MYC, PMS2, CTNNB1, and SMAD 4.

In some embodiments, a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: KRAS, BRAF, RASA1, AXL, HIF1/2A, PAK4, and RAC 1.

In some embodiments, a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer has a mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of: EGFR, KRAS and BRAF.

Mutations in the above-mentioned oncogenes can be tested and identified using known laboratory techniques and commercially available kits. For example, SNP arrays, Foundation One testing by Foundation Medicine, RNA sequencing, or whole genome/exome sequencing. These mutations can be identified using various patterns like variant calling algorithms (such as Mutect2, Varscan, RADIA, etc.) (Ellrott K et al Cell Systems 2018).

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for treating a subject identified as having an oncogene driven cancer with an agent that targets the extracellular production of adenosine and/or antagonizes the activation of one of its receptors by adenosine and at least one additional therapeutic agent, examples of which are set forth elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, the cancer is non-responsive to PD-1 and/or PD-L1 treatment.

Agents targeting extracellular production of adenosine

Many proteins are known to be involved in the extracellular production of adenosine in vivo. For example, the dominant pathway leading to extracellular adenosine production is the continuous dephosphorylation of ATP by CD39 (which hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and then to AMP) and CD73 (which hydrolyzes AMP to adenosine). TNAP also contributes to the production of adenosine from AMPs. An alternative mechanism leading to extracellular adenosine production is that CD38 hydrolyzes NAD + to ADPR, and ENPP1 hydrolyzes ADPR to AMP. ENPP1 can also hydrolyze NAD + to produce AMP. Thus, proteins involved in the extracellular production of adenosine include, but are not limited to, tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), CD73, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1(ENPP1), CD38, and/or CD 39. As discussed above, mutations in one or more oncogenes may alter the expression levels of one or more proteins involved in the production of adenosine. Thus, agents that can modulate the activity of proteins involved in adenosine production are useful because they can be used to reduce or eliminate the effects of altered protein expression and increased adenosine levels caused by oncogene driven cancers.

As contemplated herein, the present disclosure provides methods of treating an oncogene driven cancer in a subject using one or more agents targeting the extracellular production of adenosine.

Inhibitors of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Several TNAP inhibitors are known in the art. In some embodiments, the TNAP inhibitor useful in the methods is an agent disclosed in WO/2013/126608, WO/2006/039480, or WO/2002/092020, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

CD73 inhibitors. In some embodiments, the CD73 inhibitor useful in the methods is a compound of formula (i)

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein,

each R¹Independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆Alkyl, optionally substituted aryl and-C (R)²R²)-O-C(O)-OR³Or two R¹The groups optionally combine to form a 5-to 7-membered ring;

each R²Independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁-C₆An alkyl group;

each R³Is independently selected from H, C₁-C₆Alkyl and optionally substituted aryl;

R⁵selected from H and optionally substituted C₁-C₆An alkyl group;

x is selected from O, CH₂And S;

a is selected from:

each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5R⁶Substituents, and wherein subscript n is an integer from 0 to 3;

z is selected from CH₂、CHR⁶、NR⁶And O;

each R⁶Is independently selected from H, CH₃OH, CN, F, optionally substituted C₁-C₆Alkyl and OC (O) -C₁-C₆An alkyl group; and optionally two R at the vertices of adjacent rings⁶The groups are linked together to form a 5-to 6-membered ring having at least one heteroatom as a ring vertex; and is

Het is selected from:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the remainder of the compound, and wherein:

R^ais selected from H, NH₂、NHR⁷、NHC(O)R⁷、NR⁷R⁷、R⁷、OH、SR⁷And OR⁷；

R^bSelected from H, halogen, NH₂、NHR⁷、NR⁷R⁷、R⁷OH and OR⁷；

R^cAnd R^dIndependently selected from H, halogen, haloalkyl, NH₂、NHR⁷、NR⁷R⁷、R⁷、OH、OR⁷、SR⁷、SO₂R⁷、-X¹-NH₂、-X¹-NHR⁷、-X¹-NR⁷R⁷、-X¹-OH、-X¹-OR⁷、-X¹-SR⁷and-X¹-SO₂R⁷；

R^eAnd R^fIndependently selected from H, halogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₆An alkyl group;

each X¹Is C₁-C₄An alkylene group; and is

Each R⁷Independently selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀Alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₀Alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₁₀Alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₇Cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₇Cycloalkyl radical C₁-C₄Alkyl, optionally substituted 4-7 membered cycloheteroalkyl C₁-C₄Alkyl, optionally substituted aryl C₁-C₄Alkyl, optionally substituted aryl C₂-C₄Alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl C₂-C₄Alkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl C₁-C₄Alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl C₁-C₄Alkenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl C₂-C₄Alkynyl and optionally, two R attached to a nitrogen atom⁷The groups are linked together to form a 4-to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally fused to an aryl ring;

with the proviso that the compounds are not those in which the combination of X, A and Het gives

Wherein R is^gIs H or two R^gThe groups combine to form acetonide; and is

(1)R^cAnd R^eIs hydrogen and R^ais-OEt, -OCH₂Ph、-SCH₂Ph、-NH₂Methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, phenylamino, benzylamino, 2-phenylethylamino, N-benzyl-N-ethylamino, dibenzylAmino, 4-aminobenzylamino, 4-chlorobenzylamino, 4-nitrobenzylamino or 4-sulfamoylbenzylamino; or

(2)R^cIs hydrogen, R^ais-NH₂And R is^eIs bromo, chloro, aminomethyl or thioethyl; or

(3)R^cIs hydrogen, R^aIs a benzylamino group, and R^eIs bromine.

In some embodiments, the CD73 inhibitor is compound a

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the CD73 inhibitor is compound B

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the CD73 inhibitor is compound C

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the CD73 inhibitor is a molecule described in U.S. patent publication 2017/0267710 (see, U.S. application serial No. 15/400,748 filed 6/2017), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

In some embodiments, the CD73 inhibitor is an agent disclosed in WO 2015/164573, WO 2017/120508, WO 2018/183635, WO 2018/094148, WO 2018/119284, WO 2018/183635, WO 2018/208727, WO 2018/208980, WO 2017/098421, WO 2017/153952, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

In some embodiments, the CD73 inhibitor is oleluumab (mellumab) (MEDI-9447), CPI-006, NZV930/SRF373, BMS-986179, or TJ 4309.

Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1(ENPP1) inhibitors. In some embodiments, an ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1(ENPP1) inhibitor useful in the methods is MV-626.

In some embodiments, the ENPP1 inhibitor useful in the methods is the agent disclosed in WO2019/023635, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

CD38 inhibitors. In some embodiments, the CD38 inhibitor useful in the methods is Daratumumab or isatuximab.

In some embodiments, the CD38 inhibitor is an agent disclosed in WO/2019/034753, US 2018/0298106, WO 2019/034752, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

CD39 inhibitors. CD39 is also known as ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1. In some embodiments, the CD39 inhibitor useful in the methods is IPH5201, SRF617, or TTX-030.

In some embodiments, the CD39 inhibitor is an agent disclosed in WO 2012/085132, WO 2017/089334, WO 2009/095478, WO 2011/154453, and WO 2018/224685, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

The present disclosure includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives of any of the above.

Agents that antagonize the activation of one of its receptors by adenosine

There are many receptors in the body that are activated by extracellular adenosine. That is, the binding of adenosine initiates enzymatic activity and/or propagates cellular signals. Activation by adenosine occurs via the following four G-coupled adenosine receptors: a. the₁A2a, A2b and A3. Adenosine is mostly signaled through the A2a receptor (expressed predominantly on T cells) and the A2b receptor (expressed on myeloid cells)This leads to impaired T cell activation through adenosine stimulation. Although less well understood, the a1 receptor has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of cancers such as breast cancer, colon cancer and gastric cancer, and the A3 receptor has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and breast cancer. Over-activation of one or more of these receptors by adenosine in the tumor microenvironment may lead to immunosuppressive effects. Antagonists that can block or otherwise prevent adenosine binding to these receptors are therefore useful in the treatment of oncogene driven cancers. Relevant receptors include, but are not limited to, adenosine A1 receptor (A1R), adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR), and/or adenosine A2b receptor and adenosine A3 receptor (A3R).

As contemplated herein, the present disclosure provides methods of treating oncogene driven cancers using one or more agents that antagonize the activation of one of its receptors by adenosine.

Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) antagonists. In some embodiments, A1R antagonists useful in the methods are FK352, KW-3902(Rolofylline), SLV320, BG9719(CVT-124), or BG9928 (Adentri).

Adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonists. In some embodiments, the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonists useful in the methods are compounds of formula (I)

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein,

G¹is N or CR^3a；

G²Is N or CR^3b；

G³Is N or CR^3c；

R^3a、R^3bAnd R^3cEach independently is H or C_1-3An alkyl group;

R^1aand R^1bEach independently selected from

i)H，

ii) is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3R⁵C substituted by substituents_1-8An alkyl group, a carboxyl group,

iii) is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3R⁵substituent-substituted-X¹-O-C_1-8An alkyl group, a carboxyl group,

iv)-C(O)-R⁶，

v) is optionally substituted by 1-3R⁷Y substituted by a substituent, and

vi) optionally substituted with 1-3R⁷substituent-substituted-X¹-Y; or

vii)R^1aAnd R^1bTogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached form optionally substituted radicals of 1-3R⁸A 5-6 membered heterocycloalkyl ring substituted with a substituent, wherein said heterocycloalkyl has 0-2 additional heteroatom ring vertices selected from O, N and S;

each Y is C_3-8Cycloalkyl or 4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-3 heteroatom ring vertices selected from O, N and S;

R²and R⁴Each independently is H or C_1-3An alkyl group;

Ar¹is phenyl or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3R⁹Substitution;

Ar²is phenyl or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3R¹⁰Substitution;

wherein Ar is¹And Ar²Each of said 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl groups of (a) independently has 1-3 heteroatom ring vertices selected from O, N and S;

each X¹Is C_1-6An alkylene group;

each R⁵Independently selected from hydroxy, C_3-8Cycloalkyl, phenyl, -O-phenyl, -C (O) OR^aAnd an oxo group;

each R⁶Is C_1-8Alkyl or Y, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from hydroxy, -O-phenyl, phenyl and-O-C_1-8Alkyl substituent substitution;

each R⁷Independently selected from C_1-8Alkyl, hydroxy, -O-C_1-8Alkyl, oxo and C (O) OR^a；

Each R⁸Independently selected from C_1-8Alkyl, hydroxy and oxo;

each R⁹Independently selected from C_1-8Alkyl, -O-C_1-8Alkyl, -X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -O-X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -X¹-O-X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -C (O) OR^aHalogen, cyano, -NR^bR^c、Y、-X¹-C_3-8Cycloalkyl and-X²-Z, wherein X²Is selected from C_1-6Alkylene radical, -C_1-6alkylene-O-, -C (O) -and-S (O)₂-, Z is a4 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-3 vertices of the heteroatom ring selected from O, N and S, and wherein said R is⁹Each of the substituents is optionally substituted with 1-3R¹¹Substitution;

each R¹⁰Independently selected from C_1-8Alkyl, halo, cyano, -O-C_1-8Alkyl, -X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -O-X¹-O-C_1-8Alkyl, -S (O)₂-C_1-6Alkyl, -C (O) NR^dR^eAnd 4-6 membered heteroaryl having from 1-3 heteroatom ring vertices selected from O, N and S, wherein R is¹⁰Each of the substituents is optionally substituted with 1-3R¹²Substituted or in Ar²Two R on the vertex of the adjacent ring¹⁰Optionally combine to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1-2 halogens;

each R¹¹Independently selected from hydroxy, halo, cyano, -NR^dR^e、-C(O)OR^aPhenyl, C_3-8Cycloalkyl and optionally substituted by C (O) OR^aSubstituted C_1-4An alkyl group;

each R¹²Independently selected from halo, cyano, hydroxy, -C (O) OR^a(ii) a And is

Each R^aIs H or C_1-6An alkyl group;

each R^bAnd R^cIs independently selected from H, C_1-8Alkyl, -S (O)₂-C_1-6Alkyl, -C (O) OR^aand-X¹-C(O)OR^a；

Each R^dAnd R^eIs independently selected from H, C_1-8Alkyl, -S (O)₂-C_1-6An alkyl group; and is

With the proviso that when G¹And G²Each is N, G³Is CH, R²Is CH₃And R is^1aAnd R^1bEach is H, then Ar²Is not 2-thienyl, phenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl or 4-methoxyphenyl, 3-halophenyl or 4-halophenyl, 2, 4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2, 4-dichlorophenyl or 2-methylphenyl or 4-methylphenyl.

In some embodiments, the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is compound 1

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is compound 2

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is compound 3

Or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is a molecule described in U.S. patent publication 2018/0215730 (see also U.S. application No. 15/875,106 filed 2018, 6/19, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes).

In some embodiments, the A2a receptor (A2aR) and/or adenosine A2b receptor (A2bR) antagonist is AZD4635, ciferadient (CPI-444), NIR178, or PBF-1129.

Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) antagonists. In some embodiments, the A3R antagonists useful in the methods are the molecules described in WO2007/063539a1 US2003/0078232, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

Cancer type

One skilled in the art will recognize that oncogene driven cancers caused by the same protein may originate at different parts of the body and in different cell types. In such cases, mutations of the same protein in two different cell types or different parts of the body may result in oncogene driven cancers that are different types of cancer. Using the relationship between the expression levels of proteins involved in adenosine production and specific mutations in specific oncogenes to guide therapy, the present disclosure provides methods that are not limited to specific cancer types. Thus, the present disclosure can be used to treat many different cancer types, including, but not limited to, cancers of the prostate, colorectal, pancreatic, cervical, stomach, endometrial, brain, liver, bladder, ovarian, testicular, head, neck, skin (including melanoma and basal carcinoma), mesothelial lining, white blood cells (including lymphoma and leukemia), esophagus, breast (including triple negative breast cancer), muscle, connective tissue, lung (including small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer), adrenal, thyroid, kidney, or bone; glioblastoma, mesothelioma, renal cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, sarcomas (including kaposi's sarcoma), choriocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma of the skin and testicular seminoma.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for treating a subject identified as having a particular type of oncogene driven cancer with an agent that targets the extracellular production of adenosine and/or antagonizes the activation of adenosine at one of its receptors and at least one additional therapeutic agent, examples of which are set forth elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the oncogene driven cancer is melanoma, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, leukemia, brain tumor, lymphoma, sarcoma, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, cervical cancer, or kaposi's sarcoma.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the oncogene driven cancer is a cancer of the thyroid, adrenal gland, mesothelial lining, bile duct, pancreas, brain, kidney, esophagus, rectum, colon, stomach, head, neck, skin, testis, ovary, lung, endometrium, eye, prostate, breast or liver; or a glioblastoma, mesothelioma or sarcoma.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the oncogene driven cancer is a cancer of the testis, ovary, lung, endometrium or adrenal gland.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the oncogene driven cancer is a cancer of the eye, prostate, breast, kidney, liver or lung.

Combination therapy

The present disclosure contemplates the use of the therapeutic agents described herein (either alone or in combination with one or more active therapeutic agents). The additional active therapeutic agent may be a small chemical molecule; macromolecules such as proteins, antibodies, peptibodies, peptides, DNA, RNA, or fragments of such macromolecules; or cell therapy or gene therapy. In such combination therapies, the various active agents often have different complementary mechanisms of action. Such combination therapies may be particularly advantageous by allowing for a reduction in the dosage of one or more agents, thereby reducing or eliminating adverse effects associated with one or more agents. In addition, such combination therapies may have a synergistic therapeutic or prophylactic effect on the underlying disease, disorder or condition.

As used herein, "combination" is meant to include therapies that can be administered separately (e.g., formulated separately for separate administration (e.g., as may be provided in a kit)) as well as therapies that can be administered together in a single formulation (i.e., "co-formulation").

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agents described herein are administered or applied sequentially, e.g., wherein one agent is administered before one or more other agents. In other embodiments, the therapeutic agents described herein are administered simultaneously, e.g., wherein two or more agents are administered simultaneously or approximately simultaneously; the two or more agents may be present in two or more separate formulations or combined into a single formulation (i.e., a common formulation). Whether two or more agents are administered sequentially or simultaneously, they are considered to be administered in combination for the purposes of the present invention.

The agents targeting extracellular production of adenosine and/or agents antagonizing activation of one of its receptors by adenosine of the present disclosure may be used in combination with at least one other (active) agent in any manner appropriate under certain circumstances. In one embodiment, treatment with at least one active agent and at least one therapeutic agent described herein is maintained for a period of time. In another embodiment, treatment with at least one active agent is reduced or discontinued (e.g., when the subject is stable), while treatment with a therapeutic agent described herein is maintained at a constant dosing regimen. In a further embodiment, treatment with at least one active agent is reduced or discontinued (e.g., when the subject is stable), while treatment with a therapeutic agent described herein is reduced (e.g., lower dose, less frequent dosing, or shorter treatment regimen). In yet another embodiment, treatment with at least one active agent is reduced or discontinued (e.g., when the subject is stable), and treatment with a therapeutic agent described herein is increased (e.g., higher dose, more frequent dosing, or longer treatment regimen). In yet another embodiment, treatment with at least one active agent is maintained, and treatment with a therapeutic agent described herein is reduced or discontinued (e.g., lower dose, less frequent dosing, or shorter treatment regimen). In yet another embodiment, treatment with at least one active agent and treatment with a therapeutic agent described herein is reduced or discontinued (e.g., lower dose, less frequent dosing, or shorter treatment regimen).

The present disclosure provides methods for treating and/or preventing oncogene driven cancers with an agent that targets the extracellular production of adenosine and/or antagonizes the activation of one of its receptors and at least one additional therapeutic or diagnostic agent. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic or diagnostic agent is radiation, an immunomodulatory or chemotherapeutic agent, or a diagnostic agent. Suitable immunomodulators which may be used in the present invention include CD4OL, B7 and B7RP 1; stimulating receptor activating monoclonal antibodies (mabs) such as anti-CD 40, anti-CD 38, anti-ICOS, and 4-IBB ligand; dendritic cell antigen loading (in vitro or in vivo); anti-cancer vaccines, such as dendritic cell carcinoma vaccines; cytokines/chemokines such as ILL IL2, IL12, IL18, ELC/CCL19, SLC/CCL21, MCP-1, IL-4, IL-18, TNF, IL-15, MDC, IFNa/b, M-CSF, IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-13, and anti-IL-10; bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (LPS); indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1) inhibitors and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure includes administering a therapeutic agent described herein in combination with a Signal Transduction Inhibitor (STI). As used herein, the term "signal transduction inhibitor" refers to an agent that selectively inhibits one or more steps in a signaling pathway. The Signal Transduction Inhibitor (STI) of the present invention includes: (i) bcr/abl kinase inhibitors (e.g., GLEEVEC); (ii) epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor inhibitors, including kinase inhibitors and antibodies; (iii) her-2/neu receptor inhibitors (e.g., HERCEPTIN (HERCEPTIN)); (iv) inhibitors of Akt family kinases or Akt pathways (e.g., rapamycin); (v) cell cycle kinase inhibitors (e.g., flaperot); and (vi) a phosphatidylinositol kinase inhibitor. Agents involved in immune modulation may also be used in combination with the therapeutic agents described herein to inhibit tumor growth in cancer patients.

Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclophosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzotepa (benzodopa), carboquone, metotepipa, and uretepa; vinyl imines and methyl melamines, including hexamethylmelamine, tritamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphoramide, and trimethylolmelamine; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlorophosphamide (cholphosphamide), estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine (mechlorethamine), mechlorethamine hydrochloride, melphalan, neonebixin, benzene mustarol, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uramustine; nitroureas such as carmustine, chlorouramicin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, ranimustine; antibiotics such as aclacinomycin, actinomycin (actinomycin), antromycin, azaserine, bleomycin, actinomycin (cactinomycin), calicheamicin, carubicin, carminomycin, carcinomycin, chromomycin, dactinomycin, daunomycin, ditobicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marijumycin (marcellomacin), mitomycin, mycophenolic acid, noramycin, olivomycin, pelomycin, pofimycin, puromycin, triumomycin (quelemycin), rodobicin, streptonigrin, streptozotocin, tubercidin, metrizamide, sethoxymetin, zorubicin; antimetabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogs such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, deoxyfluorouridine, enocitabine, fluorouridine, 5-FU; androgens such as carpoterone, drotaandrosterone propionate, epithioandrostanol, meiandrostane, testolactone; anti-adrenalines, such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trostane; folic acid replenisher such as folinic acid; acetic acid glucurolactone; an aldehydic phosphoramide glycoside; (ii) aminolevulinic acid; amsacrine; amoxicillin (bestrabucil); a bisantrene group; edatrexate (edatraxate); desphosphamide; dimecorsine; a sulphinoquinone; eflornithine; ammonium etiolate; etoglut; gallium nitrate; a hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidamine; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanol; the nitro group can be moistened; pentostatin; methionine; pirarubicin; podophyllinic acid; 2-acethydrazide; procarbazine; lezoxan; sisofilan; a germanium spiroamine; alternarionic acid; a tri-imine quinone; 2,2' -trichlorotriethylamine; uratan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; dibromomannitol; dibromodulcitol; pipobroman; adding cytosine (cytosine); arabinoside (Ara-C); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxanes, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel; chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum and platinum complexes such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin; vinblastine; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; novoxil; norfloxacin (novantrone); (ii) teniposide; daunomycin; aminopterin; (ii) Hirodad; ibandronate; CPT 11; topoisomerase inhibitors; difluoromethyl ornithine (DMFO); retinoic acid; epothilones (esperamicins); capecitabine; anthracyclines; and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid or derivative of any of the above.

Chemotherapeutic agents also include anti-hormonal agents used to modulate or inhibit hormonal effects on tumors, such as anti-estrogens, including, for example, tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase-inhibiting 4(5) -imidazole, 4-hydroxyttamoxifen, trovaxifen, keoxifene (keoxifene), onapristone, and toremifene; and antiandrogens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprorelin and goserelin; and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid or derivative of any of the above. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy comprises a chemotherapy regimen comprising one or more chemotherapeutic agents. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy comprises administration of a hormone or related hormonal agent.

Additional therapeutic modalities that can be used in combination with the therapeutic agents described herein include radiation therapy, monoclonal antibodies to tumor antigens, complexes of monoclonal antibodies and toxins, T cell adjuvants, bone marrow transplantation, or antigen presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cell therapy), including TLR agonists for stimulating such antigen presenting cells.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure contemplates the use of the therapeutic agents described herein in combination with an adoptive cell therapy, which is a new and promising form of personalized immunotherapy in which immune cells with anti-tumor activity are administered to cancer patients. Adoptive cell therapy is being explored using Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and T cells engineered to express, for example, a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) or a T Cell Receptor (TCR). Adoptive cell therapy typically involves collecting T cells from an individual, genetically modifying them to target specific antigens or enhance their anti-tumor effect, expanding them to sufficient numbers, and infusing the genetically modified T cells into a cancer patient. T cells may be collected from a patient into whom the expanded cells are subsequently reinfused (e.g., autologous), or T cells may be collected from a donor patient (e.g., allogeneic).

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplates the use of a compound described herein in combination with an RNA interference-based therapy to silence gene expression. RNAi begins with cleavage of longer double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNA (siRNA). One strand of the siRNA is incorporated into a ribonucleoprotein complex, called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which is then used to identify mRNA molecules that are at least partially complementary to the incorporated siRNA strand. RISC can bind to mRNA or cleave mRNA, both of which inhibit translation.

The present disclosure contemplates the use of an inhibitor of a therapeutic agent described herein in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

The vast number of genetic and epigenetic changes characteristic of all cancers provides a diverse set of antigens that the immune system can use to distinguish tumor cells from their normal counterparts. In the case of T cells, the ultimate magnitude (e.g., level of cytokine production or proliferation) and quality (e.g., type of immune response produced, such as pattern of cytokine production) of the response initiated by antigen recognition of the T Cell Receptor (TCR) is regulated by the balance between costimulatory and inhibitory signals (immune checkpoints). Under normal physiological conditions, immune checkpoints are critical for preventing autoimmunity (i.e., maintaining self-tolerance) and for protecting tissues from damage when the immune system reacts to pathogen infection. Expression of immune checkpoint proteins can be abnormally regulated by tumors as an important immune resistance mechanism.

T cells have been the focus of major efforts to therapeutically manipulate endogenous anti-tumor immunity because i) they have the ability to selectively recognize protein-derived peptides in all cellular compartments; ii) they have the ability to directly recognize and kill antigen-expressing cells (via CD8+ effector T cells; also known as Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL)); and iii) their ability to coordinate different immune responses by integrating CD4+ helper T cells for adaptive and innate effector mechanisms.

In the clinical setting, blockade of immune checkpoints, which lead to amplification of antigen-specific T cell responses, has proven to be a promising approach in the treatment of human cancer.

T cell mediated immunity involves multiple sequential steps, each of which is modulated by balancing stimulatory and inhibitory signals to optimize the response. Although almost all inhibitory signals ultimately regulate intracellular signaling pathways in the immune response, many inhibitory signals are initiated through membrane receptors whose ligands are membrane-bound or soluble (cytokines). While co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors and ligands that modulate T cell activation relative to normal tissues are often not overexpressed in cancer, inhibitory ligands and receptors that modulate T cell effector function in tissues are often overexpressed on tumor cells or on non-transformed cells associated with the tumor microenvironment. The function of soluble and membrane-bound receptor-ligand immune checkpoints can be modulated using agonist antibodies (for the costimulatory pathway) or antagonist antibodies (for the inhibitory pathway). Thus, antibodies that block immune checkpoints do not directly target tumor cells, but rather target lymphocyte receptors or their ligands to enhance endogenous anti-tumor activity, as compared to most antibodies currently approved for cancer therapy. [ see Pardol, (4 months 2012) Nature Rev. cancer 12:252-64 ].

Examples of immune checkpoints (ligands and receptors), some of which are selectively upregulated in various types of tumor cells, as candidates for blockade include PD1 (programmed cell death protein 1); PDL1(PD1 ligand); BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuation factor); CTLA4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4); TIM3(T cell membrane protein 3); LAG3 (lymphocyte activator gene 3); TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains); and killer inhibitory receptors, which can be classified into two classes based on their structural characteristics: i) killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and II) C-type lectin receptors (members of the type II transmembrane receptor family). Other less well-defined immune checkpoints have been described in the literature, including both receptors (e.g., the 2B4 (also known as CD244) receptor) and ligands (e.g., certain B7 family inhibitory ligands, such as B7-H3 (also known as CD276) and B7-H4 (also known as B7-S1, B7x, and VCTN 1)). [ see Pardol, (4 months 2012) Nature Rev. cancer 12:252-64 ].

The present disclosure contemplates the use of the therapeutic agents described herein in combination with the above-described immune checkpoint receptors and ligands and inhibitors of immune checkpoint receptors and ligands not yet described. Certain immune checkpoint modulators are currently available, including the PD1 and PD-L1 antibodies nivolumab (Bristol-Myers Squibb), pembrolizumab (Merck), cimiraprimab (cemipimab) (Sanofi and Regeneron), attentizumab (Roche), durvalumab (dura) (AstraZeneca), and avimab (avelumab) (Merck), while others are under development.

In one aspect of the invention, the therapeutic agents described herein are combined with an immunotumoral agent that is either (i) an agonist of stimulatory (including co-stimulatory) receptors or (ii) an antagonist of inhibitory (including co-inhibitory) signals on T cells, both of which result in an amplified antigen-specific T cell response. Certain stimulatory and inhibitory molecules are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). An important family of membrane-bound ligands that bind to co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is the B7 family, which includes B7-1, B7-2, B7-H1(PD-L1), B7-DC (PD-L2), B7-H2(ICOS-L), B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5(VISTA), and B7-H6. Another family of membrane-bound ligands that bind to costimulatory or cosuppressive receptors are the TNF family of molecules that bind to members of the homologous TNF receptor family, which includes CD40 and CD4OL, OX-40L, CD70, CD27L, CD30, CD3OL, 4-1BBL, CD137(4-1BB), TRAIL/Apo2-L, TRAILR1/DR4, TRAILR2/DR5, TRAILR3, TRAILR4, OPG, RANK, RANKL, TWEAKR/Fn14, TWEAK, BAFFR, EDAR, XEDAR, TACI, APRIL, BCMA, LT13R, LIGHT, DcR3, HVEM, VEGI/TL1A, TRAMP/DR3, EDA1, XR, FAS, TNFR1, TNFR 3872, TNFa/363872, TNFR 6, TNFR 3872, TNFR 6, TNFR.

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a cytokine that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., IL-6, IL-10, TGF-B, VEGF, and other immunosuppressive cytokines) or a cytokine that stimulates T cell activation to stimulate an immune response.

In one aspect, a T cell response can be stimulated by a therapeutic agent described herein in combination with one or more of: (i) antagonists of proteins that inhibit T cell activation (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors), such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, LAG-3, TIM-3, galectin 9, CEACAM-1, BTLA, CD69, galectin-1, TIGIT, CD113, GPR56, VISTA, 2B4, CD48, GARP, PD1H, ir la 1, TIM-1, and TIM-4; and/or (ii) agonists of proteins that stimulate T cell activation, such as B7-1, B7-2, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), 4-1BBL, ICOS-L, OX40, OX4OL, GITR, GITRL, CD70, CD27, CD40, DR3, and CD 2. Other agents that may be used in combination with the therapeutic agents described herein to treat cancer include antagonists of inhibitory receptors on NK cells or agonists of activating receptors on NK cells. For example, the compounds herein may be combined with an antagonist of KIR, such as liriluzumab.

Still other agents for use in combination therapy include agents that inhibit or deplete macrophages or monocytes, including but not limited to CSF-1R antagonists, such as CSF-1R antagonist antibodies, including RG7155(W011/70024, W011/107553, W011/131407, W013/87699, W013/119716, W013/132044) or FPA-008 (W011/140249; W013169264; W014/036357).

In another aspect, the disclosed agents targeting the proteins/receptors described herein can be used with one or more agonists that link positive co-stimulatory receptors, blockers, antagonists that attenuate signaling through inhibitory receptors, and one or more agents that increase the frequency of anti-tumor T cells systemically, agents that overcome different immunosuppressive pathways within the tumor microenvironment (e.g., block inhibitory receptor engagement (e.g., PD-Ll/PD-1 interaction), deplete or inhibit tregs (e.g., using an anti-CD 25 monoclonal antibody (e.g., daclizumab) or through ex vivo anti-CD 25 bead depletion), or reverse/prevent T cell anergy or exhaustion), and agents that trigger innate immune activation and/or inflammation at the tumor site.

In one aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a CTLA-4 antagonist, such as an antagonistic CTLA-4 antibody. Suitable CTLA-4 antibodies include, for example, Yerwoy (YERVOY) (ipilimumab) or tremelimumab (tremelimumab).

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a PD-1 antagonist, such as an antagonistic PD-1 antibody. Suitable PD-1 antibodies include, for example, European Divoo (OPDIVO) (nivolumab), KEYTRUDA (KEYTRUDA) (pembrolizumab), MEDI-0680 (AMP-514; W02012/145493), BGB-108, GB-226, PDR-001, mDX-400, SHR-1210, IBI-308, PF-06801591. The immunooncology agent may also include pidilizumab (pidilizumab) (CT-011), although its specificity for PD-1 binding is questioned. Another approach to targeting the PD-1 receptor is a recombinant protein consisting of the extracellular domain of PD-L2(B7-DC) fused to the Fc portion of IgGl, designated AMP-224.

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a PD-Ll antagonist, such as an antagonistic PD-Ll antibody. Suitable PD-Ll antibodies include, for example, MPDL3280A (RG 7446; W02010/077634), DOVALUMAb (MEDI4736), ATTRIBUMAb, Avermemab, BMS-936559(W02007/005874), MSB0010718C (W02013/79174), KD-033, CA-327, CA-170, ALN-PDL, TSR-042, and STI-1014.

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a LAG-3 antagonist, such as an antagonistic LAG-3 antibody. Suitable LAG3 antibodies include, for example, BMS-986016(W010/19570, W014/08218), or IMP-731 or IMP-321(W008/132601, W009/44273).

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a CD137(4-1BB) agonist, such as an agonistic CD137 antibody. Suitable CD137 antibodies include, for example, Urelumab (urelumab) and PF-05082566 (W012/32433).

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a GITR agonist, such as an agonistic GITR antibody. Suitable GITR antibodies include, for example, BMS-986153, BMS-986156, TRX-518(W006/105021, W009/009116), and MK-4166 (W011/028683).

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is an OX40 agonist, such as an agonist OX40 antibody. Suitable OX40 antibodies include, for example, MEDI-6383 or MEDI-6469.

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is an OX4OL antagonist, such as an antagonistic OX40 antibody. Suitable OX4OL antagonists include, for example, RG-7888 (W006/029879).

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a CD40 agonist, such as an agonistic CD40 antibody. In yet another embodiment, the immunotumoral agent is a CD40 antagonist, such as an antagonist CD40 antibody. Suitable CD40 antibodies include, for example, lucatumumab or daclizumab.

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is a CD27 agonist, such as an agonistic CD27 antibody. Suitable CD27 antibodies include, for example, vallizumab (varluumab).

In another aspect, the immunotumoral agent is MGA271 (against B7H3) (W011/109400).

Administration of drugs

The agents targeting extracellular production of adenosine and/or agents antagonizing activation of one of its receptors of adenosine of the present disclosure may be administered to a subject in an amount that depends, for example, on the administration goal (e.g., the degree of desired regression); the age, weight, sex and health and physical condition of the subject to whom the formulation is to be applied; the route of administration; and the nature of the disease, disorder, condition, or symptom thereof. The dosing regimen may also take into account the presence, nature and extent of any adverse reactions associated with the agent or agents to be administered. Effective dosage amounts and dosage regimens can be readily determined, for example, by safety and dose escalation assays, in vivo studies (e.g., animal models), and other methods known to the skilled artisan.

Typically, the dosing parameters specify a dosage amount that is less than the amount that is likely to be irreversibly toxic to the subject (maximum tolerated dose (MTD)) and not less than the amount required to produce a measurable effect on the subject. Such amounts are determined by, for example, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters associated with ADME, taking into account route of administration and other factors.

An Effective Dose (ED) is the dose or amount of an agent that produces a therapeutic response or desired effect in a portion of the subject taking it. The "median effective dose" or ED50 of a pharmaceutical agent is the dose or amount of the pharmaceutical agent that produces a therapeutic response or desired effect in 50% of the population to which it is administered. Although ED50 is often used as a reasonably expected measure of the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical agent, it is not necessarily the dose that a clinician may consider appropriate given all relevant factors. Thus, in some cases, the effective amount is greater than the calculated ED50, in other cases, the effective amount is less than the calculated ED50, and in still other cases, the effective amount is the same as the calculated ED 50.

Further, an effective dose of an agent described herein that targets a therapeutic agent can be an amount that, when administered to a subject in one or more doses, produces a desired result relative to a healthy subject. For example, for a subject experiencing a particular disorder, an effective dose may be a dose that improves a diagnostic parameter, measure, marker, etc., of the disorder by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or greater than 90%, where 100% is defined as the diagnostic parameter, measure, marker, etc., exhibited by a normal subject.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agents described herein can be administered (e.g., orally) at a dosage level of from about 0.01mg/kg to about 50mg/kg or from about 1mg/kg to about 25mg/kg of subject body weight per day, one or more times per day, to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

For administration of oral medicaments, the compositions may be provided in the form of tablets, capsules and the like containing from 1.0 to 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 150.0, 200.0, 250.0, 300.0, 400.0, 500.0, 600.0, 750.0, 800.0, 900.0 and 1000.0 milligrams of the active ingredient.

In addition to oral administration, suitable routes of administration for certain agents described herein include parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous (e.g., injection or implant), intraperitoneal, intracisternal, intraarticular, intraperitoneal, intracerebral (intraparenchymal), and intracerebroventricular) and intraocular. Depot injections, typically administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, may also be used to release the agents described herein over a defined period of time.

In certain embodiments, a dose of a desired agent (a therapeutic agent described herein) is contained in a "unit dosage form". The phrase "unit dosage form" refers to physically discrete units, each unit containing a predetermined amount of a therapeutic agent described herein, alone or in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, sufficient to produce the desired effect. It will be appreciated that the parameters of the unit dosage form will depend on the particular agent and effect to be achieved.

Reagent kit

The present disclosure also contemplates kits comprising the therapeutic agents described herein and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. The kits are generally in the form of physical structures containing the various components, as described below, and can be used, for example, to practice the methods described above.

A kit may include one or more compounds disclosed herein (provided, for example, in a sterile container), which may be in the form of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a subject. The compounds described herein may be provided in a ready-to-use form (e.g., a tablet or capsule) or in a form (e.g., a powder) that requires reconstitution or dilution, e.g., prior to administration. When the compounds described herein are in a form that requires reconstitution or dilution by a user, the kit may further include diluents (e.g., sterile water), buffers, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and the like, packaged with or separately from the compounds described herein. When combination therapy is contemplated, the kit may contain several agents separately, or they may have been combined in the kit. Each component of the kit may be packaged in a separate container, and all of the individual containers may be in a single package. The kits of the present invention can be designed for conditions necessary to properly maintain the components contained therein (e.g., refrigeration or freezing).

The kit may contain a label or package insert including identification information for the components therein and instructions for their use (e.g., administration parameters for one or more active ingredients, clinical pharmacology, including mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, adverse reactions, contraindications, etc.). The label or insert may include manufacturer information such as lot number and expiration date. The label or package insert may, for example, be integrated into the physical structure containing the components, separately contained within the physical structure, or affixed to the components of the kit (e.g., ampules, tubes, or vials). In certain embodiments, the label includes instructions describing the use of the product in oncogene driven cancers.

The label or insert may additionally include or be incorporated into a computer readable medium, such as a magnetic disk (e.g., hard disk, card, memory disk), an optical disk (such as CD-ROM/RAM or DVD-ROM/RAM, DVD), MP3, magnetic tape, or an electrical storage medium (such as RAM and ROM), or a mixture of these (such as a magnetic/optical storage medium, flash memory medium, or memory type card). In some embodiments, the actual instructions are not present in the kit, but rather provide a means for obtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g., via the internet.

Example IV

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below have been performed or all of the experiments that they may be performed. It should be understood that the exemplary descriptions are not necessarily written in general now, but rather may be described to generate data of the nature described therein, and the like. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental error and deviation should be accounted for.

Example 1 oncogene driven modulation of adenosine pathway expression in various cancers

The association between mutations in oncogenes and the expression levels of proteins involved in the extracellular production of adenosine and/or the expression levels of one or more adenosine receptor signaling proteins is analyzed using RNA and exome sequencing data of the pan-cancer genomic map (TCGA).

RNA sequencing data:

raw count data for the pan-carcinoma genomic profile (TCGA) were downloaded from GDC commons (https:// GDC. cancer. gov /). Raw counts were normalized using TMM (Robinson and Oshlack,2010) in limma package (ritchai et al,2015) to obtain log2 Counts Per Million (CPM). Only primary tumor samples were included for downstream analysis, excluding metastatic and normal samples. Furthermore, we focused on solid tumors and excluded hematologic cancers like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), AML, and thymoma. The CD73/TNAP ratio was calculated as the ratio of the log2 CPM values of CD73 and TNAP. The results of this analysis are shown in figure 1.

Exome sequencing data:

299 common cancer drivers were identified across multiple cancer types in TCGA (Bailey et al, 2018). Mutations (SNPs/indels) and copy number alterations of these 299 genes were downloaded from pan-cancer TCGA data hosted on cbioport (www.cbioportal.org).

Identification of genetic alterations in cancer drivers that modulate CD73 expression:

for each cancer driver, all alterations in a given gene were binarized as mutant/altered or wild type. Only those TCGA patients with both RNAseq and exome Seq data were used for downstream analysis. Using linear regression analysis (Schneider et al, 2010), expression data for specific cancer drivers (WT or mutant status) were used to predict expression of CD73 or other genes in the adenosine pathway after adjusting for the effect of individual tumor types. For each cancer driver, estimates and p-values for each gene-cancer driver pair model were calculated and multiplicity corrected using the Benjamini-Hochberg method (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995). The results of this analysis are shown in fig. 2A-2E.

Survival time analysis:

CD73 expression was divided into 2 groups at median-low (below median) and high (above median). Cox regression models (Mohamed Ahmed Abdelaal,2015) were used to assess the prognostic impact of CD73 expression on the predicted mutation status of CD73 modulators in terms of Overall Survival (OS) and Progression Free Survival (PFS). The results of this analysis are shown in fig. 3A-3D. The supvmer package in R (https:// cran.r-project. org/web/packages/supvmer/index. html) was used to generate Kaplan-Meier curves for EGFR WT or ALT patients with high compared to low CD73 expression, and the log rank test was used to calculate significance between the different groups. The results of this analysis are shown in fig. 3E.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pembrolizumab cohort:

the pembrolizumab NSCLC cohort (Rizvi et al, 2018) was used to correlate the predicted cancer driver regulators of CD73 expression with a sustained clinical benefit of over 6 months. Mutation and response data for these patients were downloaded from cbioportal (www.cbioportal.org). A Cox regression model (Mohamed Ahmed Abdelaal,2015) was used to correlate the predicted mutation status of CD73 regulon with progression-free survival. The results of this analysis are shown in fig. 4.

Data visualization and statistics:

all plots were generated using the ggplot2 package (Wickham,2016) in R (http:// www.R-project. org). Statistics of 2 sets of compared box plots were calculated using Wilcoxon rank sum test or t test in the ggpubr package (https:// www.rdocumentatio n. org/packages/ggpubr) in R, shown in FIGS. 2B-2C.

Reference documents:

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Ritchie,M.E.,Phipson,B.,Wu,D.,Hu,Y.,Law,C.W.,Shi,W.,and Smyth,G.K.(2015).limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies.Nucleic Acids Res 43,e47–e47.

Rizvi,H.,Sanchez-Vega,F.,La,K.,Chatila,W.,Jonsson,P.,Halpenny,D.,Plodkowski,A.,Long,N.,Sauter,J.L.,Rekhtman,N.,et al.(2018).Molecular Determinants of Response to Anti–Programmed Cell Death(PD)-1and Anti–Programmed Death-Ligand 1(PD-L1)Blockade in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Profiled With Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing.Journal of Clinical Oncology 36,633–641.

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Wickham,H.(2016).ggplot2(Cham:Springer International Publishing).

specific embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of the disclosed embodiments may become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description, and it is contemplated that such variations may be suitably employed by those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein, and that the invention include all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

All publications, patent applications, accession numbers and other references cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.