阅读说明：本技术 一种两性离子防冻有机水凝胶及其制备方法、应用 (Zwitterion anti-freezing organic hydrogel as well as preparation method and application thereof ) 是由 刘利彬 杨健波 班青 李学林 盖利刚 姜海辉 李梅 于 2021-07-26 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种两性离子防冻有机水凝胶及其制备方法、应用,通过在乙二醇(EG)和水的混合溶液中无规共聚SBMA和HEMA得到两性离子型poly-EG有机水凝胶。由于乙二醇溶液的出色防冻性,水凝胶表现出来良好的抗冻性。同时向体系中引入无机盐LiCl后,水凝胶不仅具有了导电性,而且进一步提高了水凝胶的防冻性。有机分子与聚合物网络的相互作用亦提升了水凝胶的机械稳定性,使水凝胶具有良好的力学性能。此外,由于两性基团和分子内互相作用的结果,水凝胶还表现了较好的粘附性和抗挥发性。水凝胶良好的导电性使得该有机水凝胶在应变传感器、超级电容器中都具有一定的应用前途,而出色的防冻性,将这种应用也扩宽到了零度以下。(The invention discloses a zwitterionic poly-EG organic hydrogel and a preparation method and application thereof. The hydrogels show good freezing resistance due to the excellent freezing resistance of the ethylene glycol solution. Meanwhile, after LiCl, an inorganic salt, is introduced into the system, the hydrogel not only has conductivity, but also further improves the freezing resistance of the hydrogel. The interaction between the organic molecules and the polymer network also improves the mechanical stability of the hydrogel, so that the hydrogel has good mechanical properties. In addition, hydrogels also exhibit better adhesion and resistance to volatilization as a result of the amphiphilic groups and intramolecular interactions. The good conductivity of the hydrogel enables the organic hydrogel to have a certain application prospect in strain sensors and supercapacitors, and the excellent freezing resistance widens the application range to below zero.)

1. The amphoteric ion antifreezing organic hydrogel electrolyte is characterized in that the tensile stress range of the electrolyte at 25 ℃ and 30% RH is 6.5 kPa-23.0 kPa, the tensile strain range is 400% -840%, and the conductivity is 7.9mS cm^-1～42.0mS·cm^-1。

2. The organic hydrogel electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the organic hydrogel electrolyte has an electrical resistance at-20 ℃ that is 9.8 times the electrical resistance at 25 ℃.

3. The organic hydrogel electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic hydrogel electrolyte has a resistance change rate of 0.254 at 25 ℃ or 0.100 at-10 ℃ or 0.065 at-25 ℃ when stretched 100%. Preferably, when the hydrogel electrolyte is stretched to 400%, the resistance of the organic hydrogel electrolyte increases by a factor of 20 compared to that when unstretched.

4. The method for preparing the organic hydrogel electrolyte according to claim 1 to 3, which comprises the following steps:

s1, dissolving SBMA and HEMA monomers in an ethylene glycol aqueous solution, placing the solution in an ice bath, stirring, adding LiCl and uniformly mixing;

s2, adding an initiator into the solution prepared in the step S1, stirring uniformly in an ice bath, and ultrasonically removing bubbles to obtain a precursor solution;

and S3, injecting the precursor solution prepared in the step S2 into a mold, and polymerizing in a sealed environment to obtain the organic hydrogel electrolyte.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the ice bath temperature in step S1 is 0 ℃ to 5 ℃; in step S1, the solution was stirred in an ice bath for 0.2h to 0.8 h.

6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the concentration of the ethylene glycol aqueous solution in the step S1 is 20 to 60% by volume; the mol ratio of SBMA to HEMA is 1: 0.5-1: 4.

7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the LiCl is dissolved at a concentration of 1M to 5M in step S1.

8. The method according to claim 4, wherein in step S2, the amount of the initiator added is 0.5 to 2 wt% based on the total mass of the monomers; the ultrasonic time for removing bubbles from the solution is 5min-15 min.

9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the polymerization conditions in the sealed environment in step S3 are that the sealed environment is kept at 35-40 ℃ for 10-15 h.

10. The use of the organic hydrogel electrolyte according to claims 1 to 3 or the organic hydrogel electrolyte prepared by the method according to any one of claims 4 to 9 in an instrument for detecting human body movement or in a supercapacitor.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of supercapacitors, in particular to a zwitter-ion anti-freezing organic hydrogel and a preparation method and application thereof.

Background

With the development of science and technology, people have more and more extensive demands on production tools. However, the flexible electronic technology is receiving more and more attention because of incomparable application advantages in the fields of electrodes, flexible energy storage devices, sensors, wearable devices and the like. The key point of preparing the flexible electronic material is to combine the excellent mechanical flexibility and the conductivity of the material. The hydrogel has excellent flexibility and adjustable mechanical property, and the dispersed water can be used as a medium for ion migration, so that the hydrogel has great development potential in expected integration.

Hydrogels with conductive properties need to be stable as flexible electronic devices, however, conventional hydrogels freeze at freezing temperatures, which not only limits their ion-conducting ability, but also makes them rigid and brittle and thus lose mechanical properties. In addition, the hydrogel material inevitably undergoes moisture volatilization even under a room temperature environment. The loss of water directly leads to a drying and hardening of the hydrogel, which severely impairs its mechanical properties, such as flexibility and ductility, and limits the long-term use of the hydrogel material. Therefore, to be practical, flexible wearable electronic devices must be able to operate in different climatic conditions.

Chinese patent document CN112768255A (application No. 202011419388.0) discloses a LiCl-combined poly (SBMA-HEA) antifreezing zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte, in the presence of LiCl salt, through the random copolymerization of zwitterionic monomers SBMA and HEA, in the whole system, the anion and cation groups on a zwitterionic chain are beneficial to the dissociation of metal lithium salt and provide channels for ion migration, and the freezing point of the hydrogel polymer is greatly reduced by high-concentration LiCl, so that the electrolyte has good antifreezing performance. However, the hydrogel is still a non-organic hydrogel, and the problem of poor mechanical properties of the organic hydrogel cannot be solved, so that the hydrogel electrolyte still needs to be further improved in order to widen the application range of the hydrogel electrolyte.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide the zwitterion anti-freezing organic hydrogel and the preparation method and the application thereof, the glycol and the water are mixed to be used as a solvent of the organic hydrogel, so that the hydrogel has good freezing resistance, the mechanical stability of the hydrogel is improved due to the interaction of organic molecules and a polymer network, and the hydrogel has good mechanical properties; meanwhile, the conductivity and the freezing resistance of the hydrogel are further enhanced by using LiCl which is an inorganic salt.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

a zwitterionic antifreeze organic hydrogel electrolyte has a tensile stress in a range of 6.5kPa to 23.0kPa, preferably 8.5kPa, in a 30% RH state at 25 ℃.

The organic hydrogel electrolyte has a tensile strain range of 400 to 840%, preferably 680%, at 25 ℃ and 30% RH.

The conductivity of the organic hydrogel electrolyte at 25 ℃ and 30% RH is 7.9mS cm^-1～42.0mS·cm^-1Preferably, the conductivity is 23.5 mS.cm^-1. (RH is Relative Humidity, Relative Humidity).

The organic hydrogel electrolyte exhibited correspondingly different resistance changes when temperature was switched in the range of-20 to 25 c, with the resistance at-20 c being 9.8 times the resistance at 25 c. And when the temperature is kept constant, the resistance of the resistor is kept stable and constant. This sensitivity to temperature of the organic hydrogel electrolyte, which shows different resistances at different temperatures, can be used as a material for a temperature sensor or for thermometry.

When the organic hydrogel electrolyte is stretched, the lithium ion transport path is lengthened, resulting in an increase in resistance. Different stretching distances have different resistance changes, the organic hydrogel electrolyte is stretched to 100%, 200%, 300% and 400%, the resistance of the organic hydrogel electrolyte is changed differently, and when the hydrogel electrolyte is stretched to 400% at normal temperature, the resistance of the organic hydrogel electrolyte is increased by 20 times compared with that when the hydrogel electrolyte is not stretched; the resistance of the organic hydrogel electrolyte remains stable and constant while maintaining the tensile elongation. And the resistance of the hydrogel is kept stable and unchanged when the tensile elongation is kept unchanged.

The change in resistance at 25 ℃ was 0.254, the change in resistance at-10 ℃ was 0.100, and the change in resistance at-25 ℃ was 0.065 at 100% elongation, indicating that the sensitivity of the hydrogel electrolyte to elongation at low temperature decreased with decreasing temperature.

The organic hydrogel electrolyte has good strain recovery performance, and the dissipated energy of the hydrogel can still be kept at a high level after 15-30 stretching cycles. The organic hydrogel electrolyte also exhibited excellent adhesion, as shown in FIG. 5(a), and the hydrogel exhibited 500 N.m when using cotton cloth as a substrate^-1The hydrogel also showed 200 N.m when aluminum sheets were used^-1High adhesion. Even for low surface energy PTFE, the hydrogel still showed 20 N.m^-1Adhesion of (2). FIG. 5(b) shows the adhesion of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel to various solid bodies.

The organic hydrogel electrolyte is prepared by a method for obtaining the zwitterionic polySH-EG organic hydrogel electrolyte by randomly copolymerizing SBMA (methacryloyl ethyl sulfobetaine) and HEMA (hydrophilic monomer hydroxyethyl methacrylate) in a mixed solution of Ethylene Glycol (EG) and water, and the method comprises the following specific steps:

s1, dissolving SBMA and HEMA monomers in an ethylene glycol aqueous solution, placing the solution in an ice bath, stirring, adding LiCl and uniformly mixing;

s2, adding an initiator into the solution prepared in the step S1, stirring uniformly in an ice bath, and ultrasonically removing bubbles to obtain a precursor solution;

and S3, injecting the precursor solution prepared in the step S2 into a mold, and polymerizing in a sealed environment to obtain the organic hydrogel electrolyte. The organic hydrogel electrolyte is abbreviated as polySH-EGx-y, wherein x is the concentration of ethylene glycol, y is the molar concentration of LiCl, and x and y are positive integers.

Preferably, the ice bath temperature in the step S1 is 0 to 5 ℃.

Preferably, the concentration of the ethylene glycol aqueous solution in the step S1 is 20% to 60% by volume; more preferably, the concentration of the ethylene glycol aqueous solution is 40% by volume.

Preferably, in step S1, the molar ratio of SBMA to HEMA is 1:0.5 to 1: 4; more preferably, the molar ratio of SBMA to HEMA is SBMA: HEMA ═ 1: 2.

In step S1, the total mass of SBMA and HEMA is the total mass of the monomers, and the total mass of the monomers is added to the ethylene glycol aqueous solution at a mass concentration of 1g/2 ml.

Preferably, in the step S1, the solution is stirred in the ice bath for 0.2h to 0.8 h; more preferably, the solution is stirred in the ice bath for 0.5 h.

Preferably, in the step S1, the concentration of the added LiCl after dissolution is 1M to 5M; more preferably, the LiCl is added at a concentration of 4M after dissolution.

Preferably, in the step S2, the addition amount of the initiator is 0.5 wt% to 2 wt% of the total mass of the monomers; more preferably, the initiator is added in an amount corresponding to 1% by weight of the total mass of the monomers. The initiator is a persulfate or an oxide. More preferably, the initiator is Ammonium Persulfate (APS).

Preferably, in the step S2, the ultrasonic time for removing bubbles from the solution is 5min to 15 min; more preferably, the sonication time is 10 min.

Preferably, the polymerization conditions in the sealed environment in the step S3 are that the sealed environment is placed at 35-40 ℃ for polymerization for 10-15 h; more preferably, the seal is left to polymerize for 12h at 38 ℃.

The amphoteric ion antifreezing organic hydrogel electrolyte prepared by the preparation method has good freezing resistance due to the fact that ethylene glycol and water are mixed as a solvent, and the hydrogel has conductivity and is further improved in freezing resistance due to the fact that LiCl which is an inorganic salt is introduced into the hydrogel; in addition, hydrogels also exhibit good adhesion and resistance to volatilization as a result of the amphiphilic groups and intramolecular interactions.

The invention also provides application of the hydrogel electrolyte in human body action detection or a super capacitor.

The super capacitor is characterized in that the super capacitor is an electric double layer capacitor, and an organic hydrogel electrolyte is sandwiched between two AC electrodes to form a sandwich structure.

The assembling steps of the super capacitor are as follows:

s1, preparing an Activated Carbon (AC) electrode:

dispersing activated carbon, conductive carbon black and PVDF in NMP according to the mass ratio of 8:1:1 to prepare uniform dispersed material slurry, coating the slurry on carbon cloth, then placing the carbon cloth in a vacuum oven at 180 ℃ for drying for 24 hours, and drying to obtain an AC electrode;

s2, assembling the super capacitor:

taking two AC electrodes with the same load area, and respectively covering the two AC electrodes with the same load area and the two sides of the organic hydrogel electrolyte to form a sandwich structure to prepare the super capacitor; then, 1-4 drops of hydrogel electrolyte precursor solution are respectively dripped on the electrodes at the two sides of the super capacitor to wet the electrodes; the total thickness of the prepared super capacitor is 1 mm-1.5 mm, wherein the thickness of the organic hydrogel electrolyte is half of that of the super capacitor.

The internal resistance of the super capacitor is 8.2 omega at 25 ℃, 31.1 omega at-20 ℃ and 6.6 omega at 60 ℃; at 0.2 A.g^-1The specific mass capacity at 25 ℃ is 49.6 F.g under the current density^-1Specific mass capacity at 60 ℃ of 53.6 Fg^-1The specific mass capacity at-20 ℃ is 24.2 F.g^-1。

A stress-strain recording device comprising an organic hydrogel electrolyte.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention overcomes the defect of poor conductivity of the organic hydrogel, and the interaction of organic molecules and a polymer network also improves the mechanical stability of the hydrogel, so that the hydrogel has good mechanical properties. Because stable molecular clusters are formed between the ethylene glycol and water molecules and compete with hydrogen bonds in water, the saturated vapor pressure of a solvent of the whole system is reduced, the amphoteric groups in the polymer structure also have certain hydration capacity, so that part of water becomes 'structural water', and meanwhile, LiCl is used as salt with strong water and action, the interaction with the water prevents the volatilization of the water molecules, so that the hydrogel has excellent water retention.

The invention takes ethylene glycol aqueous solution as solvent, and uses zwitterionic monomer methyl acryloyl ethyl Sulfobetaine (SBMA) and hydrophilic monomer hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to prepare the organic hydrogel by random copolymerization with a one-pot method, and the one-pot method provides convenience for large-scale preparation of the organic hydrogel. Throughout the system, the anionic and cationic groups on the zwitterionic chains facilitate the dissociation of the lithium metal salts and provide channels for ion migration.

Referring to FIG. 1(a), the organic hydrogel electrolyte provided by the invention has a stress of 6.5kPa to 23.0kPa and a strain of 400% to 840% at normal temperature, and referring to FIG. 1(b), the organic hydrogel electrolyte has a conductivity of 7.9mS cm at normal temperature^-1～42.0mS·cm^-1. Referring also to fig. 6, the resistance of the organic hydrogel electrolyte increased by nearly 20 times when stretched to 400% compared to the original length state. Organic hydrogels have a high sensitivity to temperature and elongation and essentially consistent test values under the same conditions and are therefore used in test elements.

When the ethylene glycol concentration in the organic hydrogel was 40% and the LiCl concentration was 4M, the organic hydrogel not only had excellent conductivity (7.9 mS. cm)^-1～42.0mS·cm^-1) Stretchability (tensile stress range of 6.5kPa to 23.0kPa, tensile strain range of 400% to 840%), and fatigue resistance (after completion of 30 cycles,it was found that the dissipation energy of the hydrogel could still be kept at a high level) and also had excellent adhesion (the hydrogel still showed 20N · m when applied to low surface energy PTFE)^-1Adhesion) which enables the use of organic hydrogels for recording stress-strain behavior, i.e. for action detection in the human body.

Drawings

FIG. 1: (a) comparing the mechanical properties of polySH hydrogel with different EG contents; (b) conductivity of hydrogels with different EG contents at 2M LiCl addition;

FIG. 2: (a) the photos of polySH hydrogel with different EG contents in real time at different temperatures; (b) water retention of polySH hydrogels with different EG contents at room temperature;

FIG. 3: (a) conductivity of polySH-EG40 hydrogels of different LiCl contents; (b) mechanical stretching of polySH-EG40 hydrogels with different LiCl contents;

FIG. 4: 30 tensile cycles of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel;

FIG. 5: (a) adhesion of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel under different substrates; (b) photographs of physical objects with polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel adhered to different substrates;

FIG. 6: the resistance response of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel when stretched at different ratios;

FIG. 7: polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel records a strain-resistance plot of elbow joint motion: (ii) a

FIG. 8: polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel records a strain diagram of the electrical resistance of the knuckle motion:

FIG. 9: polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel records a strain diagram of the electrical resistance of the activity at the throat:

FIG. 10: (a) the polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel is used as a conductor to be connected with an LED bulb photo at different temperatures; (b) the resistance change of the polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel at different temperatures;

FIG. 11: resistance change of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel when subjected to 100% stretching cycles at different temperatures;

FIG. 12: CV curve of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel-based supercapacitor at 25 ℃;

FIG. 13: CV curve of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel-based supercapacitor at 60 ℃;

FIG. 14: CV curve of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel-based supercapacitor at-20 ℃;

FIG. 15: CV curves (50 mV. s) of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel-based supercapacitor at different temperatures^-1Sweeping speed):

FIG. 16: GCD curve (0.2A g) of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel-based supercapacitor at different temperatures^-1Current density):

FIG. 17: impedance EIS curves of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel-based supercapacitor at different temperatures:

FIG. 18: the capacity of the polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel-based supercapacitor is maintained at different temperatures and different current densities.

Detailed Description

The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.

Lithium chloride (LiCl), methacryloylethyl Sulfobetaine (SBMA), Ammonium Persulfate (APS), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were purchased from Allantin reagents, Inc. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is available from Meclin reagent, Inc. Ethylene Glycol (EG) is available from the national drug group. Carbon cloth was purchased from taiwan carbon energy limited. Activated carbon is available from clony, japan. Carbon black is available from alfa aesar.

The noun explains:

SBMA: methacryloylethyl sulfobetaine;

HEMA: hydroxyethyl methacrylate;

EG: ethylene glycol;

polySH-EG: poly (SBMA-HEMA) electrolyte with ethylene glycol aqueous solution as solvent;

PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride;

NMP: n-methyl pyrrolidone;

AC: activated carbon;

AIBA: azodiisobutyamidine hydrochloride;

PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride;

APS: ammonium persulfate.

Electrochemical testing

The ionic conductivity was measured by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) using an electrochemical workstation (CHI 660E). The polySH-EG hydrogel was first packed into CR927 battery cases, and then the electrolyte was stabilized for 5 hours at different temperatures before EIS testing. Three measurements were made for each sample to reduce errors. Ion conductivity (σ, mS. cm)^-1) The following formula is used to obtain:

wherein R is the resistance (omega), S is the contact area (cm) of the electrolyte with the battery case²) And L is the thickness (cm) of the test hydrogel battery case.

The electrochemical properties of the super capacitor, such as a cyclic voltammetry Curve (CV), an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), a constant current charging and discharging curve (GCD), and the like, are measured by using a two-electrode system on a CHI660E electrochemical workstation. The supercapacitors were each allowed to stabilize at different temperatures for 5 hours prior to electrochemical testing. Specific mass capacity Csp (F.g) of monolithic electrode^-1) The discharge time is calculated through GCD, and the calculation formula is as follows:

where I is the applied current (mA), Δ t is the discharge time(s), m_deviceΔ V represents a discharge voltage (V) for the total mass (mg) of the capacitor electrode.

Mechanical Property test

The mechanical test was performed with a universal mechanical testing instrument (jonan Hengsi Shengda instruments Co.). The tensile sample is a cylinder with the diameter of 5mm and the length of 40mm, and the strain speed is 50 mm-min^-1. The tensile cycle test was at 50 mm. min^-1The sample was stretched to 400% strain and then held 30 times with 5min recovery after each stretch.

The T-peel test was performed on a universal mechanical testing machine. First a hydrogel film having a thickness of about 1.2mm was sandwiched between two different substratesIn the middle of the base, the hydrogel and the substrate are brought into full contact. During stretching, one side of the peeled sample is fixed on a fixed chuck of a stretcher, and the other side of the peeled sample is fixed on a movable chuck at a speed of 20mm & min^-1The stretching rate of (3) is to perform stretch peeling.

Strain sensing performance test of polySH-EG hydrogel

The strain-sensing response of the polySH-EG hydrogel was tested using an ohm-time model of a Universal digital Source Meter (Tack technologies, hereinafter referred to as Universal Source Meter). Firstly, the hydrogel is connected into a test circuit of an instrument, and then the resistance response of the hydrogel under different tensile strains is measured respectively. In measuring the strain at low temperature, the hydrogel was first stabilized at low temperature (-30 ℃) for 5 hours and then measured in low temperature environment. For signal detection of human activity, hydrogel films were used, attached to different sites and the resistance response recorded under different actions.

Example 1

Preparation of polySH-EG zwitterion antifreezing organic hydrogel electrolyte

The zwitterionic polySH-EG organic hydrogel is obtained by randomly copolymerizing SBMA and HEMA in a mixed solution of ethylene glycol and water. Firstly, SBMA and HEMA monomers (the total mass is 2g, the molar ratio is SBMA: HEMA is 1:2) are dissolved in 4ml of ethylene glycol aqueous solution with the volume concentration of 40%, the solution is placed in an ice bath and stirred for 0.5h, LiCl is added to dissolve the solution, the molar concentration of the LiCl is 4mol/L, and 0.02g of initiator APS (corresponding to 1 wt% of the total mass of the monomers) is added into the solution after uniform mixing. Stirring uniformly in an ice bath, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min to remove bubbles to obtain a precursor solution, injecting the precursor solution into a mold, sealing and placing in an environment at 37 ℃ for polymerization for 12h, wherein the hydrogel obtained by polymerization is abbreviated as polySH-EG40-4, wherein 40 is the volume concentration of ethylene glycol, 40% and 4 is the molar concentration of LiCl and 4 mol/L.

Example 2

The procedure is otherwise the same as in example 1, except that the LiCl concentration in the organic hydrogel is varied. The zwitterionic polySH-EG organic hydrogel is obtained by randomly copolymerizing SBMA and HEMA in a mixed solution of ethylene glycol and water. Firstly, SBMA and HEMA monomers (the total mass is 2g, the molar ratio is SBMA: HEMA is 1:2) are dissolved in 4ml of ethylene glycol aqueous solution with the volume concentration of 40%, the solution is placed in an ice bath and stirred for 0.5h, then LiC is added to dissolve the solution, the molar concentration of LiCl is (1, 2, 3, 5) mol/L, and after uniform mixing, 0.02g of initiator APS (corresponding to 1 wt% of the total mass of the monomers) is added into the solution. Stirring uniformly in an ice bath, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min to remove bubbles to obtain a precursor solution, injecting the precursor solution into a mold, sealing and placing in an environment at 37 ℃ for polymerization for 12h, wherein the hydrogel obtained by polymerization is abbreviated as polySH-EG40-y, wherein 40 is the volume concentration (40%) of ethylene glycol, and y is the molar concentration (1, 2, 3, 5) mol/L of LiCl.

Different amounts of LiCl were dissolved in a solvent to prepare organic hydrogels with different LiCl concentrations (1, 2, 3, 5) mol/L.

Example 3

The procedure of example 1 was repeated, except that the concentration of ethylene glycol in the organic hydrogel was changed. The zwitterionic polySH-EG organic hydrogel is obtained by randomly copolymerizing SBMA and HEMA in a mixed solution of ethylene glycol and water. Firstly, SBMA and HEMA monomers (the total mass is 2g, the molar ratio is SBMA: HEMA is 1:2) are dissolved in 4ml of ethylene glycol aqueous solution with the volume concentration of (0, 20, 30, 60)%, the solution is placed in an ice bath and stirred for 0.5h, LiC is added to dissolve the solution to obtain LiCl with the molar concentration of 4mol/L, and 0.02g of initiator APS (corresponding to 1 wt% of the total mass of the monomers) is added into the solution after uniform mixing. Stirring uniformly in an ice bath, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min to remove bubbles to obtain a precursor solution, injecting the precursor solution into a mold, sealing and placing in an environment at 37 ℃ for polymerization for 12h, wherein the hydrogel obtained by polymerization is abbreviated as polySH-EGx-4, wherein x is the volume concentration (0, 20, 30 and 60%) of ethylene glycol, and 4 is the molar concentration (4mol/L) of LiCl.

Adding ethylene glycol with different volume concentrations into the ethylene glycol aqueous solution to prepare the organic hydrogel with different ethylene glycol concentrations (0, 20, 30 and 60 percent).

Example 4

The organic hydrogel electrolyte prepared in example 1 was prepared into a strip-like film of 1.2mm thickness, which was closely attached to the elbow joint, finger joint and throat of the arm, respectively, and the change in resistance was recorded using a universal meter.

Example 5

Assembly of organic hydrogel electrolyte-based supercapacitors

Preparation of Activated Carbon (AC) electrode: dispersing active carbon, conductive carbon black and PVDF (mass ratio 8:1:1) in NMP to prepare uniform dispersion slurry, coating the slurry on carbon cloth, placing the carbon cloth in a vacuum oven at 180 ℃ for drying for 24 hours, and drying to obtain an AC electrode;

assembling the super capacitor: two AC electrodes with the same load area are taken and respectively covered on two sides of the organic hydrogel electrolyte to form a sandwich structure to prepare the super capacitor. Then 2 drops of organic hydrogel electrolyte precursor solution are respectively dropped on the electrodes at the two sides of the super capacitor to wet the electrodes. The total thickness of the prepared super capacitor is about 1.2mm, and the thickness of the electrolyte is about 0.6 mm. The prepared capacitors were sealed to prevent moisture evaporation prior to electrochemical testing.

Analysis of results

In some studies it was found that the introduction of organic molecules into hydrogel systems not only affects the freezing properties of water, but also introduces more non-covalent interactions in the polymer network, since the organic molecules interact slightly more with the polymer network than with water molecules. The interaction as a sacrificial bond can effectively dissipate external energy in the deformation process, and can improve the mechanical stability of the hydrogel to a certain extent, so that the mechanical property of the organic hydrogel is slightly better than that of pure hydrogel. In the experimental preparation process, no crosslinking agent is used, and the mechanical property of the hydrogel is regulated and controlled by the interaction between ethylene glycol and polar groups.

As shown in FIG. 1(a), the mechanical properties of EG hydrogels were compared at different contents. Pure hydrogel (without addition of EG and LiCl, as in the case of pure hydrogel below) showed a softer state with a maximum stress of only 8kPa, whereas the stress of the hydrogel after addition of EG showed a marked increase, with a stress increase of approximately three times for the 30% concentration hydrogel compared to the pure hydrogel. Due to the presence of large groups on the zwitterionAmount of-N⁺(CH₃)₂and-SO₃ ^-Groups, and the HEMA structure also contains a large number of-OH groups. The polar groups and the glycol form a large number of hydrogen bonding actions, and the hydrogen bonding actions increase the rigidity of the hydrogel to a certain extent, so that the stress of the hydrogel is enhanced. Generally, a significant increase in stress results in a reduction in strain. After the hydrogel is introduced with organic molecules, stress enhancement of the hydrogel is found, and meanwhile, rapid strain attenuation does not occur, so that better mechanical properties are still maintained. It is noted that, at EG concentrations above 40%, EG continues to increase, which in turn causes the mechanical properties of the hydrogel to diminish. This may be that too high an EG content causes the hydrogel to exhibit brittleness, which makes the hydrogel brittle and breakable. Thus, after comparison, it was found that the optimum EG content was 30% to 40%, wherein the hydrogel with 40% EG content exhibited excellent mechanical properties of 20kPa stress and 520% strain, and therefore, in the following experiments, a concentration of 40% was selected as the EG addition amount.

As shown in fig. 1(b), the addition of EG does enhance the mechanical properties of the hydrogel, but also has a large effect on its electrical conductivity. As a result, it was found that the hydrogel had 42 mS. cm without adding any EG^-1Whereas the conductivity of the hydrogel rapidly decreased after the addition of EG. The conductivity at 20% content was reduced to 60% of that of pure hydrogel, and at 60% content, the conductivity was 7.9mS cm^-1Only 19% of the pure hydrogel. This indicates that the addition of EG does reduce the electrical conductivity of the hydrogel, and that the higher the EG content, the more significant the reduction. This may be due to the increased EG content and the corresponding decreased water content, with the transport rate of conductive ions in ethylene glycol being much lower than in water. In addition, the enhancement of the interaction in the system also hinders the moving rate of the ions. This results in a rapid decrease in conductivity.

The addition of the ethylene glycol not only influences the mechanical property and the conductivity of the hydrogel, but also more intuitively realizes the tolerance of the hydrogel to extreme environments. As shown in FIG. 2(a), at-20 ℃ the pure hydrogel had frozen completely, while the EG-added hydrogel remained transparent and did not freeze. Hydrogels with different EG contents had different resistance to low temperatures, with freezing occurring at-30 ℃ for 20% of hydrogels, and complete freezing of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% of hydrogels when the temperature was further lowered to-60 ℃. EG, a strongly hydrophilic molecule, produces hydrogen bonding upon contact with water molecules, and these effects disrupt the three-dimensional hydrogen bonding structure between water molecules, thereby inhibiting the production of an ice crystal lattice. In addition, these organic molecules, when combined with water, reduce the amount of free water in solution. Therefore, the organic hydrogel showed excellent freezing resistance, and even a low temperature of-50 ℃ was tolerated with only EG added (60% EG addition). High concentrations of salt are also an effective strategy in the preparation of antifreeze hydrogels, and LiCl has also found many applications in antifreeze hydrogels due to its good solubility. The lithium salt as a strong hydrated ion can form ion clusters with water in water, and the clustering action also destroys the hydrogen bonding action among water molecules and reduces the content of free water, thereby achieving the freezing point depression action. Here we introduced 4M LiCl into an organic hydrogel and found that the antifreeze performance was superior to that of a salt-free hydrogel with the same EG content. Even better than the 60% EG content hydrogel, the organic hydrogel remained transparent when fully frozen at-60 deg.C, indicating that the polySH-EG hydrogel exhibited a lower freezing point under the combined action of lithium salt and EG.

Because the ethylene glycol forms stable molecular clusters with water molecules and competes with hydrogen bonds in water, the saturated vapor pressure of the solvent of the whole system is reduced. This allows the hydrogel to also exhibit excellent water retention. The hydrogel is left to evaporate naturally in a room temperature (25 ℃, 30% humidity) environment and then W/W is used₀(W₀Initial weight of hydrogel, W is weight at different times) to evaluate water retention of the hydrogel. As shown in FIG. 2(b), in the case of pure hydrogel, the water content in the hydrogel had been substantially depleted within 1 day of standing, and after stabilization, the mass was only 42% of the initial mass. However, this value is still higher than the theoretical weight retention after complete evaporation of water (33.3%). This is because the amphiphilic groups in the polymer structure also have a certain degree ofThe water-binding ability makes part of water become 'structural water', preventing volatilization. The water retention capacity of the hydrogel is enhanced by adding EG, and the water retention capacity is gradually enhanced along with the increase of EG content. The hydrogel with the content of 60 percent still maintains the weight ratio of more than 80 percent. More importantly, the addition of LiCl also enhances the water retention capacity of the hydrogel. The hydrogel with 40% EG content has a weight retention of only 64%, whereas the hydrogel with 40% -4M has a weight retention of 80%, and LiCl, which is a strong water-binding salt, interacts with water to prevent the volatilization of water molecules. Therefore, under the action of polymer structure, EG, LiCl and the like, polySH-EG hydrogel shows good moisture volatilization resistance.

Generally, the conductivity of a solution has a certain relationship with the concentration of conductive ions. In order to obtain an organic hydrogel with higher conductivity, the EG content was fixed at 40%, and LiCl was introduced into the system at different concentrations to observe the effect of LiCl concentration on hydrogel conductivity. Since LiCl has a high solubility and is still soluble at 6M, but the hydrogel is liquid at this time, LiCl concentration of the samples prepared in the experiment is up to 5M. As shown in FIG. 3(a), at 25 ℃ the electrical conductivity of the hydrogel increased with increasing LiCl content. When the concentration of LiCl is 5M, the concentration can reach 25.5mS cm^-1. While at LiCl concentrations above 3M, continued increase in salt content did not result in a sharp increase in conductivity, indicating that the conductivity is slowly approaching saturation. After cooling, the electrical conductivity of the hydrogels decreased dramatically, with the electrical conductivity of all hydrogels decreasing by half at 0 ℃. However, the high salt concentration hydrogel still maintains a higher conductivity than the low salt concentration hydrogel. At-30 ℃ even a hydrogel with a LiCl concentration of 1M had a concentration of 0.83mS cm, since the hydrogel did not freeze at this time^-1High electrical conductivity. At this time, the difference of the conductivities of the hydrogels with the LiCl concentrations of 3-5M is not great and is respectively 1.71 mS cm^-1、1.84mS·cm^-1、1.85mS·cm^-1. The low temperature reduces the transport rate of lithium ions, resulting in a decrease in conductivity. And the addition of LiCl with high concentration not only improves the hydrogelThe antifreezing property and the conductivity of the hydrogel are also improved. However, the addition of LiCl also has some negative effects on the hydrogel system. Due to the presence of the amphoteric groups, the amphoteric groups are electrostatically attracted to each other to become-N in order to maintain electrical neutrality throughout the system⁺(CH₃)₂SO₃ ^-These electrostatic effects improve the mechanical properties of the hydrogel to some extent. After LiCl is added, the original electrostatic balance is broken, and-N is⁺(CH₃)₂SO₃ ^-Respectively become-N⁺(CH₃)₂Cl^-、-SO₃ ^-Li⁺And the mechanical property of the hydrogel is influenced. As shown in FIG. 3(b), polySH-EG₄₀0M shows the highest stress, whereas with increasing salt concentration the hydrogel tends to be soft, with decreasing stress and increasing strain. PolySH-EG₄₀The stress of-5M is only 6.5kPa, whereas the strain reaches 840%. Because LiCl breaks the original electrostatic action of the groups, the toughness of the hydrogel is weakened. And because the hydrogen bond formed between the ethylene glycol and the hydrogel structure can be used as a sacrificial bond to effectively dissipate deformation energy in the strain process, the stress of the hydrogel is reduced, but the strain is improved to a certain extent.

TABLE 1 comparison of Experimental data for different EG hydrogel contents

TABLE comparison of Experimental data for LiCl hydrogels at different concentrations at 240% EG content

By combining the data in tables 1 and 2, we selected polySH-EG after comparison of mechanical properties, conductivity, anti-freezing properties, etc₄₀-4M hydrogel (from here on all polysH-EG₄₀4M hydrogel) as a further exampleAnd (5) checking the object. Stress relaxation rate is an important parameter for hydrogel material applications, where we tested the recovery of hydrogels in response to deformation by cyclic tensile testing. For polySH-EG, as shown in FIG. 4₄₀the-4M hydrogel was subjected to 30 cycles of stretching, and the hydrogel was subjected to a recovery treatment by standing at room temperature for 5min between each cycle. After 15 cycles, the hysteresis curve of the hydrogel decreased slightly, and the area of the hysteresis curve represents the dissipated energy of the hydrogel in the face of strain. After 30 cycles, the dissipated energy of the hydrogel was found to remain high, indicating that polySH-EG₄₀the-4M hydrogel showed excellent strain recovery properties. The corresponding relationship between the tensile rate and the resistance of the organic hydrogel electrolyte and the strain recovery capability of the organic hydrogel electrolyte enable the organic hydrogel electrolyte to be used in various testing devices, such as a stress-strain recording device. Furthermore, we have found that the organic hydrogel electrolyte of the present invention also has excellent adhesion, which allows the organic hydrogel electrolyte to be directly adhered to certain parts of the human body or specific parts of an object for detecting stress strain.

In addition to good fatigue resistance, polySH-EG₄₀the-4M hydrogel also showed excellent adhesion. As shown in FIG. 5(a), when cotton cloth was used as the substrate, the hydrogel showed 500 N.m^-1The hydrogel also showed 200 N.m when a aluminum sheet was used^-1High adhesion. Even for low surface energy PTFE, the hydrogel still showed 20 N.m^-1Adhesion of (2). FIG. 5(b) shows polySH-EG₄₀Adhesion of 4M hydrogel to various solid objects, either facing glass, stainless steel, PTFE or stone surfaces (top left to bottom right in the figure), the hydrogel showed excellent adhesion. This excellent adhesion results on the one hand from-OH, -COOH, -NH on the substrate surface₂The dipole-dipole interaction between the iso-groups and the anionic-cationic groups, on the other hand, results from the hydrogen bonding of these groups to ethylene glycol.

As shown in FIG. 6, due to polySH-EG₄₀The (E) -4M hydrogel is excellent inAnd better stretchability, which in combination with these properties allows the use of the hydrogel as a strain responsive element. The hydrogels were stretched at different ratios and the resistance changes were recorded using a multimeter. When the hydrogel is stretched to 100%, 200%, 300%, and 400%, respectively, the lithium ion transport path is lengthened during the stretching of the hydrogel, resulting in an increase in the electrical resistance. Different stretching distances have different resistance changes, and the resistance of the hydrogel increases by nearly 20 times when stretched to 400%. And the resistance of the hydrogel keeps stable when the elongation is kept constant. This indicates that with polySH-EG₄₀The strain of the 4M hydrogel, with a corresponding change in electrical resistance, allows the hydrogel to be used to record stress-strain behavior.

Due to polySH-EG₄₀4M has better adhesiveness, and can be adhered to different parts of a human body to record the strain of the human body during action. As shown in fig. 7, the hydrogel is made into a strip-shaped film and is closely attached to the elbow joint of the arm, the resistance of the hydrogel is monitored in real time, and the hydrogel deforms along with the bending and stretching of the arm, so that the resistance changes. When the bending and stretching are carried out, the resistance change rate of the hydrogel is changed. After many cycles, the resistance of the hydrogel also returns to the original value. As shown in fig. 8, the hydrogel is made into a strip-shaped film and is tightly applied to the finger joint, and the bending and stretching amplitude of the finger joint is smaller, so that the resistance change of each bending and stretching is smaller. But the rate of resistance change is always stable when the flexion-extension cycle is performed. More importantly, the hydrogel is applied to the throat of a human body, and the swallowing action of the human body can be recorded. Like the previous step, the hydrogel was formed into a thin strip and then applied to the throat closely, as shown in fig. 9, the change in resistance of the hydrogel was slight due to the slight swallowing action, but the change in resistance remained substantially constant throughout the process. This indicates that polySH-EG₄₀the-4M hydrogel can record a plurality of human body actions and is suitable for being applied to the action detection of the human body.

Due to polySH-EG₄₀the-4M hydrogel has good conductivityElectrical property and anti-freezing property, so that the conductive material can be used as an ion conductor when being connected with a circuit. As shown in fig. 10(a), the hydrogel was connected to an electric circuit, and the small bulb was lighted, and at room temperature, the small bulb was brightly lighted. At low temperatures, the brightness of the small bulb begins to fade gradually, since its resistance is greatly affected by temperature. It is noted that at-30 ℃ the light emitted by the small bulb, although weak, was still lit normally, indicating that the hydrogel still had good conductivity at low temperatures. The hydrogel can be used as a temperature sensor by utilizing the difference of the electrical conductivity of the hydrogel at different temperatures. As shown in FIG. 10(b), the hydrogel exhibited different resistance changes when subjected to temperature changes in the range of-20 to 25 ℃ as shown in Table 3 (R is the resistance at 25 ℃ C.)₀Calculating the change rate according to the following formula: rate of change of resistance ═ R-R₀)/R₀；R₀Resistance at 25 ℃ and R resistance at the measurement temperature). And when the temperature is kept unchanged, the resistance of the resistor is also kept stable and unchanged.

TABLE 3 rate of change of resistance of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel at different temperatures

Temperature (. degree.C.)	25℃	0℃	-10℃	-20℃
					Rate of change of resistance	0	1.8	4.0	8.8

In the presence of polySH-EG₄₀The hydrogel also showed better stability when subjected to 100% stretching cycles with-4M hydrogel. As shown in FIG. 11, the hydrogel was subjected to stretching cycles at-20 deg.C, -10 deg.C and 25 deg.C, respectively, for 16 stretching cycles at each temperature, and the formula was calculated as follows: rate of change of resistance ═ R-R₀)/R₀(ii) a Wherein R is₀The resistance was obtained when the film was unstretched, and R was obtained when the film was stretched to 100%. It was found that the resistance of hydrogel at ordinary temperature was remarkably changed, but the change rate of the resistance of hydrogel at low temperature was rather decreased, and the lower the temperature was, the smaller the change rate of the resistance at stretching was, and it was only 0.065 at-20 ℃. This indicates that as the temperature is lowered, the sensitivity of the hydrogel to stretching at low temperatures is also reduced. In summary, hydrogels perform excellently both as ion conductors and as strain sensors, and more importantly, their good freezing resistance extends this application also to below zero degrees.

TABLE 4 resistance change of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel at various temperatures for 100% elongation cycles

Temperature (. degree.C.)	25℃	-10℃	-20℃
				Rate of change of resistance	0.254	0.100	0.065

Due to polySH-EG₄₀The good conductivity of the-4M hydrogel makes it have good application prospects in Supercapacitors (SC) as well. An electric double layer capacitor was prepared as in example 5, with the hydrogel film sandwiched between two AC electrodes. And electrochemical tests were performed at high and low temperatures, respectively, to test their workability.

The supercapacitors were first subjected to CV cycling to test the successful composition of the capacitors. As shown in FIGS. 12 to 14, it is 50mV · s^-1The low sweep rate of time is also 1000mV s^-1The shape of the CV curves at the three temperatures exhibited a rectangular-like shape at high sweep speeds. Indicating the ideal capacitive behavior for making supercapacitors. At 25 ℃ and 60 ℃, the deformation of the CV curve is light, and at-20 ℃, the deformation is obvious, which shows that the performance of the super capacitor is greatly influenced by low temperature. Meanwhile, CV circulation shows that the super capacitor can normally work at different temperatures ranging from-20 ℃ to 60 ℃.

As shown in fig. 15, due to the anti-freezing property and certain water retention capacity of the hydrogel, the supercapacitor has good performance at high temperature, so that the CV curve maintains a good rectangular shape at both low temperature and high temperature. As the temperature decreases, the area of the CV curve decreases, indicating that the capacitance of the capacitor decreases. The GCD curve of the capacitor, as shown in fig. 16, also always maintains a triangular shape. As the temperature decreases, the discharge time of the super capacitor decreases and the voltage drop increases. The deterioration of the electrochemical performance of the capacitor is inseparable from the decrease in the conductivity of the hydrogel electrolyte at low temperatures. As shown in fig. 17, the impedance curve in the low frequency region is approximated by a parallel vertical axis, illustrating the good ion diffusion capability in the capacitor system. At normal temperature, the internal resistance of the capacitor is only 7.7 omega, and the internal resistance gradually increases with the temperature reduction and increases to 30 omega at-20 ℃. While an increase in temperature increases the ion diffusion rate, so that there is only an internal resistance of 6.6 Ω at 60 ℃.

TABLE 5 impedance of polySH-EG40-4M hydrogel-based supercapacitors at different temperatures

Temperature (. degree.C.)	60	25	0	-10	-20
						Internal resistance (omega)	6.6	8.2	13.6	19.0	31.1

Benefit from polySH-EG₄₀The good adhesion of-4M hydrogel enables close contact between electrolyte and electrode, so that the supercapacitor exhibits a smaller charge transfer resistance. At 25 ℃ there is only 1.0 Ω, and at-20 ℃ it increases to 8.0 Ω. This is probably due to the fact that at low temperatures the hydrogel electrolyte is cold shrunk, resulting in less intimate contact with the electrodes, which is one of the reasons for the reduced electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor at low temperatures. And calculating the mass specific capacity of the super capacitor at different temperatures according to the GCD discharge time. As shown in FIG. 18, at 0.2A · g^-1Under the condition of current density, the current density of the current,specific capacity at 25 ℃ of 49.6 F.g^-1At 60 ℃ and maintaining the same current density, 53.6 Fg^-124.2 Fg at-20 DEG C^-1Respectively 108% and 48.8% at 25 ℃. This indicates that the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor is more significantly affected by low temperature, mainly due to the reduced conductivity of the hydrogel electrolyte at low temperature. Overall, the supercapacitors exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in the-20-60 ℃ range, indicating that the supercapacitors are suitable for operational applications over a wide range of temperatures.

Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without inventive efforts based on the technical solutions of the present invention.