阅读说明：本技术 用于生产c2到c4烯烃的包括氧化锆和氧化镓组分的催化剂 (For production of C2To C4Catalyst for olefins comprising zirconium oxide and gallium oxide components ) 是由 A·霍耶茨基 A·基里琳 A·马雷克 J·F·德威尔德 V·P·桑托斯卡斯特罗 D·F·扬 于 2019-12-16 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种用于制备C-(2)到C-(4)烯烃的方法包含将包括氢气和含碳气体的进料流引入到反应器的反应区中,所述含碳气体选自一氧化碳、二氧化碳和其混合物。将所述进料流在存在混合催化剂的情况下在所述反应区中转化成包含C-(2)到C-(4)烯烃的产物流。所述混合催化剂包含金属氧化物催化剂组分和微孔催化剂组分,所述金属氧化物催化剂组分包括氧化镓和相纯氧化锆。(For preparing C 2 To C 4 A process for olefins comprises introducing a feed stream comprising hydrogen and a carbon-containing gas selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. The feed streams are mixed in the presence of a mixed catalystIn said reaction zone to a product comprising C 2 To C 4 A product stream of olefins. The mixed catalyst comprises a metal oxide catalyst component comprising gallium oxide and phase pure zirconium oxide and a microporous catalyst component.)

1. For preparing C₂To C₄A process for olefins, the process comprising:

introducing a feed stream comprising hydrogen and a carbon-containing gas selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor; and

converting the feed stream in the presence of a mixed catalyst in the reaction zone to include C₂To C₄A product stream of olefins, the mixed catalyst comprising:

a metal oxide catalyst component comprising gallium oxide and relatively pure zirconium oxide; and

a microporous catalyst component.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase pure zirconia comprises crystalline phase pure zirconia.

3. The method of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the phase pure zirconia comprises monoclinic phase pure zirconia.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the phase pure zirconia has a BET surface area of greater than or equal to 40m²/g。

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the phase pure zirconia has a BET surface area of greater than or equal to 100m²/g。

6. The process of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the metal oxide catalyst component comprises from greater than 0.0 to 30.0g gallium per 100g phase pure zirconia.

7. The process of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the metal oxide catalyst component comprises from greater than 0.0g gallium per 100g phase pure zirconia to 15.0g gallium per 100g phase pure zirconia.

8. The process of any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the microporous catalyst component comprises an 8-membered ring structure.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the microporous catalyst component comprises SAPO-34.

10. The process of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the metal oxide catalyst component comprises from 1.0 wt% to 99.0 wt% of the hybrid catalyst.

11. The process of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the metal oxide catalyst component comprises 60.0 wt% to 90.0 wt% of the hybrid catalyst.

12. The process of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein during the converting, the temperature within the reaction zone is from 350 ℃ to 450 ℃.

13. The process of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein during the conversion, the pressure within the reaction zone is at least 1 bar (100 kPa).

14. A process as set forth in any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein the GHSV in the reaction zone is from 1,200 to 12,000 per hour during the conversion.

15. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the metal oxide catalyst component is formed by an impregnation method.

Technical Field

This specification relates generally to the efficient conversion of various carbonaceous streams to C₂To C₄Catalysts for olefins. In particular, the present description relates to the preparation of mixed catalysts and the application of process methods to achieve high conversion of synthesis gas feed, resulting in good carbon conversion and high yield of desired products. The synthesis gas comprises hydrogen and a carbon-containing gas selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and mixtures thereof. Hybrid catalysts typically comprise a combination of metal oxide components and microporous catalyst components operating sequentially.

Background

For many industrial applications, olefins are used, or as starting materials for the production of plastics, fuels and various downstream chemicals. Such olefins comprise C₂To C₄Materials such as ethylene, propylene, and butylene (also commonly referred to as ethylene, propylene, and butylene, respectively). Have been developed for producing thisVarious processes for these lower olefins, including petroleum cracking and various synthetic processes.

Synthetic processes for converting feed carbon into desired products, such as olefins, are known. Some of these synthetic methods begin with the use of a mixed catalyst. Different types of catalysts, as well as different types of feed streams and ratios of feed stream components, have also been investigated. However, many of these synthetic processes have low carbon conversion, and most of the feed carbon (1) is not converted and leaves the process in the same form as the feed carbon; (2) conversion to CO₂(ii) a Or (3) these synthetic methods have low stability over time, and the catalyst rapidly loses its activity to convert carbon to the desired product. For example, many synthetic methods tend to have increased methane production over time-and thus reduced C₂To C₄Olefin production.

Thus, it is desirable to have the feed carbon with the desired product, e.g., C₂To C₄A process and a catalyst system for high conversion of olefins and high operating stability of the catalyst.

Disclosure of Invention

According to one embodiment, a method for preparing C₂To C₄The olefin process comprises: introducing a feed stream comprising hydrogen and a carbon-containing gas selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor; and converting the feed stream in the presence of a mixed catalyst in the reaction zone to include C₂To C₄A product stream of olefins, the mixed catalyst comprising: a metal oxide catalyst component comprising gallium oxide and relatively pure zirconium oxide; and a microporous catalyst component.

Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows and the claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to mixed catalysts and the preparation of C using said mixed catalysts₂To C₄Examples of processes for olefins. In one embodiment, a method for preparing C₂To C₄The olefin process comprises: introducing a feed stream comprising hydrogen and a carbon-containing gas selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor; and converting the feed stream in the presence of a mixed catalyst in the reaction zone to include C₂To C₄A product stream of olefins, the mixed catalyst comprising: a metal oxide catalyst component comprising gallium oxide and relatively pure zirconium oxide; and a microporous catalyst component.

Conversion of a feed stream comprising carbon to a desired product, e.g. C, using a mixed catalyst₂To C₄Olefins are known. However, many known mixed catalysts are inefficient because they exhibit low feed carbon conversion and/or rapid deactivation when used, for example, by increasing methane production, which results in low olefin yields and low stability in a given amount of time under a given set of operating conditions. In contrast, the mixed catalysts disclosed and described herein exhibit high and stable C₂To C₄Olefin yields, even if catalyst run times are increased. The following discusses the composition of such hybrid catalysts used in the examples.

In general, the mixed catalyst intimately couples the separate reactions on each of the two separate catalysts. In the first step, hydrogen (H) will be included₂) And carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO)₂) Or CO and CO₂A feed stream of at least one of the mixtures (e.g., syngas) is converted to an intermediate, such as an oxygenated hydrocarbon. In a subsequent step, these intermediates are converted into hydrocarbons (mainly short-chain)Hydrocarbons, e.g. C₂To C₄An olefin). The continuous formation and consumption of the intermediate oxygenates formed by the reaction of the second step in the first step ensures that there is no thermodynamic limitation on the conversion. By careful selection of the components of the mixed catalyst bed, high conversion of the synthesis gas feed can be achieved.

The mixed catalyst system includes a metal oxide catalyst component that converts the feedstream to oxygenated hydrocarbons and a microporous catalyst component (e.g., a silicoaluminophosphate or SAPO type molecular sieve component) that converts the oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrocarbons. Known mixed catalyst systems based on chromium-zinc mixed metal oxide catalysts are generally at C with increasing catalyst run time (also referred to as stability)₂To C₄Initial yield of olefin and C₂To C₄A compromise is shown between sustained yields of olefin. Thus, there is a need for a metal oxide catalyst component that, when combined with a microporous catalyst component in a mixed catalyst process, results in high initial yields as well as high stability. It is to be understood that as used herein, a "metal oxide catalyst component" comprises a metal in various oxidation states. In some embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component may include more than one metal oxide, and the individual metal oxides within the metal oxide catalyst component may have different oxidation states. Thus, the metal oxide catalyst component is not limited to including metal oxides having a uniform oxidation state.

Embodiments of the mixed catalysts and systems for using the mixed catalysts disclosed herein include a metal oxide catalyst component comprising: (1) gallium (Ga); and (2) phase-pure zirconium oxide (ZrO)₂). In some embodiments, the phase pure zirconia may be crystalline, and in some embodiments, the phase pure zirconia may be monoclinic crystalline phase pure zirconia. The metal oxide catalyst component is combined with a microporous catalyst component. According to some embodiments, the microporous catalyst component is an 8-MR microporous catalyst component, such as a SAPO-34 molecular sieve.

The metal oxide catalyst component for the hybrid catalyst according to each example will now be described. As mentioned above, metals commonly used as components of metal oxide catalyst components of some mixed catalysts comprise a combination of zinc (Zn) and chromium (Cr). However, catalysts comprising zinc and chromium (known as high temperature methanol synthesis catalysts) do not have a combination of good olefin yield and good stability when kept running for extended periods of time. Zinc and chromium have long been recognized as useful for the production of lower olefins, such as C, although other combinations of metals have been used₂To C₄The most effective metal oxide component of the olefin.

Gallium oxide (gallia), Ga₂O₃) Are very effective promoters for catalysts based on palladium, copper or nickel for the formation of methanol. In such functions, it is believed that gallium oxide forms sub-oxides and surface hydrides upon reduction in the presence of hydrogen. Finally, the reduction process may result in the Ga metal alloying with the active catalyst component (Pd, Cu or Ni) resulting in a better performing intermetallic phase (e.g., Pd-Ga). In contrast, gallium oxide and supported gallium oxide exhibit very poor performance in syngas conversion. Further, bulk pure gallium oxide used as the metal oxide component of the mixed catalyst typically produces a high percentage of paraffins. However, it has been unexpectedly found that when gallium oxide is combined with phase pure zirconia, this combination promotes high olefin yields and high process stability of the mixed catalyst.

As used herein, the zirconia used in the embodiments disclosed and described herein in the metal oxide catalyst component of the mixed catalyst is "phase pure zirconia," which is defined herein as zirconia to which no other materials are intentionally added during formation. Thus, "phase pure zirconia" comprises zirconia having a minor amount of a component other than zirconium (including oxides other than zirconia), which component is unintentionally present in zirconia as a natural part of the zirconia formation process, such as hafnium (Hf). Thus, as used herein, "zirconia" and "relatively pure zirconia" are used interchangeably unless specifically stated otherwise.

Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the high surface area of the zirconia allows the gallium oxide catalyst to act as part of a mixed catalyst to convert carbonaceous components to C₂To C₄An olefin. It is believed that the gallium oxide and zirconium oxide contribute to the activation of each other, which results in C₂To C₄The yield of olefins is increased.

Surprisingly, Ga/ZrO with use in the preparation of mixed catalysts with molecular sieves₂The high activity and high selectivity of the unique combination of components, it has been found that such mixed catalysts comprising gallium oxide and zirconium oxide as their metal oxide components have improved stability over extended process times. In the examples, crystalline zirconia was also found to be a particularly effective carrier for gallium oxide. Furthermore, in some embodiments, monoclinic zirconia was found to be a particularly good support for gallium oxide, which provides a very high activity in combination without compromising C₂To C₄Selectivity to olefin.

In the embodiments disclosed herein, the composition of the metal oxide catalyst component consists of the weight percentage of gallium metal relative to pure zirconia (considering ZrO)₂Stoichiometric). In one or more embodiments, the composition of the metal oxide catalyst component is expressed by the weight of gallium per 100 grams (g) of zirconia. According to various embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component comprises greater than 0.0g gallium to 30.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, such as 5.0g gallium to 30.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, 10.0g gallium to 30.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, 15.0g gallium to 30.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, 20.0g gallium to 30.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, or 25.0g gallium to 30.0g gallium per 100g zirconia. In some embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component comprises greater than 0.0g gallium to 25.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, such as greater than 0.0g gallium to 20.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, greater than 0.0g gallium to 15.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, greater than 0.0g gallium to 10.0g gallium per 100g zirconia, or greater than 0.0g gallium to 5.0g gallium per 100g zirconia. In some embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component comprises 5.0g gallium to 25.0g gallium per 100g zirconium oxide, such as 10.0g gallium to 20.0g gallium per 100g zirconium oxide. In some embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component comprises oxidation per 100gZirconium 0.01g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia, such as 0.50g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia, 1.00g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia, 1.50g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia, 2.00g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia, 2.50g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia, 3.00g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia, 3.50g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia, 4.00g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia, or 4.50g gallium to 5.00g gallium to 100g zirconia per 100g zirconia.

As disclosed above, and without being bound by any particular theory, it is understood that the high surface area zirconia acts as a support (support) or carrier for the gallium component of the metal oxide component, the production of which will have utility for the production of C₂To C₄Selective gallium and zirconium oxide metal oxide catalyst components for olefins. Thus, it has been found that a process for preparing gallium and zirconium oxide metal oxide catalysts requiring intimate contact of gallium and zirconium components results in catalysts having improved C₂To C₄An olefin-selective metal oxide catalyst component.

In view of the above, one method for preparing the gallium and zirconium metal oxide components of the mixed catalyst is by incipient wetness impregnation. In this method, while vigorously shaking the zirconia particles, a gallium precursor material (which may be gallium nitrate (Ga (NO) in an example)₃)₃) Is added to the zirconia particles in a dose (e.g., dropwise). It is to be understood that the total amount of gallium precursor mixed with the zirconia particles will be determined based on the desired target amount of gallium in the metal oxide catalyst component.

As previously discussed, according to some embodiments, the zirconia particles include zirconia particles having a crystalline structure. In an embodiment, the zirconia particles comprise zirconia particles having a monoclinic structure. In one or more embodiments, the zirconia particles consist essentially of or consist of crystalline zirconia particles, and in some embodiments, the zirconia particles consist essentially of or consist of monoclinic zirconia particlesZirconia particles. According to some embodiments, the zirconia particles have a BET surface area greater than or equal to 5 square meters per gram (m)²In terms of/g), e.g. greater than 10m²A ratio of the total of the carbon atoms to the total of the carbon atoms is more than 20m²A ratio of the total of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms of greater than 30m²A ratio of the total of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms of greater than 40m²A ratio of the total of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms of greater than 50m²A ratio of the total of the carbon atoms to the carbon atoms of greater than 60m²A ratio of/g to more than 70m²A ratio of the total of the carbon atoms to the total of the carbon atoms is greater than 80m²A ratio of the total of the carbon atoms to the total of the carbon atoms²A ratio of/g to more than 100m²A ratio of/g to more than 110m²A ratio of/g to more than 120m²A ratio of/g to more than 130m²A/g or more than 140m²(ii) in terms of/g. According to some embodiments, the zirconia particles have a maximum BET surface area of 150m²(ii) in terms of/g. Thus, in some embodiments, the zirconia particles have a BET surface area of 5m²G to 150m²/g、10m²G to 150m²/g、20m²G to 150m²In terms of/g, e.g. 30m²G to 150m²/g、40m²G to 150m²/g、50m²G to 150m²/g、60m²G to 150m²/g、70m²G to 150m²/g、80m²G to 150m²/g、90m²G to 150m²/g、100m²G to 150m²/g、110m²G to 150m²/g、120m²G to 150m²/g、130m²G to 150m²G or 140m²G to 150m²(ii) in terms of/g. In some embodiments, the zirconia particles have a BET surface area of 5m²G to 140m²In terms of/g, e.g. 5m²G to 130m²/g、5m²G to 120m²/g、5m²G to 110m²/g、5m²G to 100m²/g、5m²G to 90m²/g、5m²G to 80m²/g、5m²G to 70m²/g、5m²G to 60m²/g、5m²G to 50m²/g、5m²G to 40m²/g、5m²G to 30m²/g、5m²G to 20m²G or 5m²G to 10m²(ii) in terms of/g. In some embodiments, the zirconia particles have a BET surface area of 10m²G to 140m²/g、20m²G to 130m²/g、30m²G to 120m²/g、40m²G to 110m²/g、50m²G to 100m²/g、60m²G to 90m²G or 70m²G to 80m²/g。

Once the gallium precursor and the zirconia particles are thoroughly mixed, the metal oxide catalyst component can be dried at a temperature of less than 200 degrees celsius (° c), such as less than 175 ℃ or less than 150 ℃. After drying, the metal oxide catalyst component is calcined at a temperature of 400 ℃ to 800 ℃, such as 425 ℃ to 775 ℃, 450 ℃ to 750 ℃, 475 ℃ to 725 ℃,500 ℃ to 700 ℃, 525 ℃ to 675 ℃, 550 ℃ to 650 ℃, 575 ℃ to 625 ℃, or about 600 ℃. After calcination, the composition of the mixed metal oxide catalyst component was determined and reported as elemental gallium with reference to the weight per 100g of phase pure zirconia as previously disclosed (reduced to ZrO)₂Stoichiometric amount of (d).

In an embodiment, the metal oxide catalyst component may be prepared by mixing a gallium precursor (such as gallium nitrate or gallium oxide) and a powder or slurry of zirconia. According to some embodiments, the zirconia particles comprise zirconia particles having a crystalline structure. In an embodiment, the zirconia particles comprise zirconia particles having a monoclinic structure. In one or more embodiments, the zirconia particles consist essentially of or consist of crystalline zirconia particles, and in some embodiments, the zirconia particles consist essentially of or consist of monoclinic zirconia particles. In an embodiment, the zirconia particles have a BET surface area as disclosed above. The powder or slurry can be vigorously mixed at elevated temperatures, such as room temperature (about 23 deg.C.) to 100 deg.C. After the powder or slurry is thoroughly mixed, the metal oxide catalyst component may be dried and calcined at a temperature of 400 ℃ to 800 ℃, such as 425 ℃ to 775 ℃, 450 ℃ to 750 ℃, 475 ℃ to 725 ℃,500 ℃ to 700 ℃, 525 ℃ to 675 ℃, 550 ℃ to 650 ℃, 575 ℃ to 625 ℃, or about 600 ℃. After calcination, the composition of the mixed metal oxide catalyst component was determined and reported as the weight of elemental gallium relative to 100g of phase pure zirconia as disclosed above (reduced to ZrO)₂Stoichiometric amount of (d).

It is to be understood that, according to various embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component may be prepared by other methods that ultimately result in intimate contact between gallium and zirconia. Some non-limiting examples include vapor deposition of Ga-containing precursors (organic or inorganic in nature) followed by controlled decomposition thereof. Similarly, the method for dispersing liquid gallium metal may be modified by those skilled in the art to develop Ga-ZrO₂。

In some embodiments, elements other than zirconia and gallium may be present in the metal oxide catalyst component containing relatively pure zirconia and gallium. Such elements may be introduced into the phase pure zirconia before, during, or after the gallium is introduced into the composition. Sometimes, such elements are added to guide and stabilize the zirconia phase (e.g., Y-stabilized tetragonal ZrO)₂) The crystallization of (4). In other cases, additional elements from the group of rare earths, alkali metals and/or transition metals are co-deposited with the gallium precursor or only on the Ga-ZrO₂The mixed composition has been introduced when it was first prepared. Similarly, the metal oxide catalyst component may also contain residues or be purposefully modified with non-metallic dopants, such as sulfur (as, for example, oxoanions SO)₄Present), chlorine (Cl), phosphorus (P), or mixtures thereof may be present in the zirconia support or remain after use as an element of the precursor intended to introduce gallium or other metal into the phase pure zirconia.

In one or more embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component is physically mixed with the microporous catalyst component after the metal oxide catalyst component has been formed, for example, by the methods disclosed above. In embodiments, the microporous catalyst component is selected from molecular sieves having 8-MR pore openings and having a framework type selected from the group consisting of: CHA, AEI, AFX, ERI, LTA, UFI, RTH, EDI, GIS, MER, RHO, and combinations thereof, the framework type corresponding to the naming convention of the International Zeolite Association (International Zeolite Association). It is to be understood that in embodiments, both aluminosilicate and silicoaluminophosphate frameworks may be used. Some embodiments may comprise tetrahedral aluminosilicates, ALPOs (e.g., tetrahedral aluminum phosphors)Acid salts), SAPOs (e.g., tetrahedral silicoaluminophosphates), and silica only basic framework silicates. In certain embodiments, the microporous catalyst component may be a silicoaluminophosphate having a Chabazite (CHA) framework type. Examples of these may include, but are not necessarily limited to: CHA examples selected from SAPO-34 and SSZ-13; and AEI examples, such as SAPO-18. Combinations of microporous catalyst components having any of the above framework types may also be employed. It will be appreciated that the microporous catalyst component may have different ring pore openings depending on the desired product. For example, microporous catalyst components having pore openings of 8-MR to 12-MR can be used, depending on the desired product. However, to produce C₂To C₄Olefins, in the examples microporous catalyst components with 8-MR pore openings were used.

The metal oxide catalyst component and the microporous catalyst component of the mixed catalyst can be mixed together by any suitable means, such as by physical mixing, such as shaking, stirring, or other agitation. In embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component may comprise 1.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, such as 5.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 10.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 15.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 20.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 25.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 30.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 35.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 40.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 45.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 50.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 55.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 60.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 65.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 70.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 75.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 80.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 85.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, 90.0 wt% to 99.0 wt%, or 95.0 wt% to 99.0 wt% of the mixed catalyst. In some embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component comprises 1.0 wt% to 95.0 wt%, such as 1.0 wt% to 90.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 85.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 80.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 75.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 70.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 65.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 60.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 55.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 50.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 45.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 40.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 35.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 30.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 25.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 20.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 15.0 wt%, 1.0 wt% to 10.0 wt%, or 1.0 wt% to 5.0 wt% of the hybrid catalyst. In some embodiments, the metal oxide catalyst component comprises 5.0 wt% to 95.0 wt%, such as 10.0 wt% to 90.0 wt%, 15.0 wt% to 85.0 wt%, 20.0 wt% to 80.0 wt%, 25.0 wt% to 75.0 wt%, 30.0 wt% to 70.0 wt%, 35.0 wt% to 65.0 wt%, 40.0 wt% to 60.0 wt%, or 45.0 wt% to 55.0 wt% of the hybrid catalyst.

After the metal oxide catalyst component has been formed and combined with the microporous catalyst component to form the mixed catalyst, the mixed catalyst can be used to convert carbon in a carbonaceous feed stream to C₂To C₄In a process for producing olefins. Such methods are described in more detail below.

According to various embodiments, a feed stream comprising hydrogen (H) is fed into a reaction zone₂) And a carbon-containing gas selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, according to H₂Gas and gas selected from CO, CO₂And combined volumeter of gas combined therewith, H₂The gas is present in the feed stream in an amount of 10 volume percent (vol%) to 90 vol%. The feed stream is contacted with the mixed catalyst as disclosed and described herein in the reaction zone. The mixed catalyst comprises a metal oxide catalyst component comprising gallium oxide and zirconium oxide; and a microporous catalyst component.

It will be appreciated that for a feed stream containing CO as the carbon-containing gas, the activity of the mixed catalyst will be higher, and a greater portion of the carbon-containing gas in the feed stream will be CO₂In the case of this, the activity of the mixed catalyst is lowered. This is not to say, however, that the mixed catalysts disclosed and described herein cannot be used where the feed stream comprises CO₂As all or most of the carbon-containing gas.

Sufficient to form a layer comprising C₂To C₄The product stream of olefins is contacted with the mixed catalyst in the reaction zone under reaction conditions. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the reaction conditions include a temperature in the reaction zone in the range of 300 ℃ to 500 ℃, such as 300 ℃ to 475 ℃, 300 ℃ to 450 ℃, 300 ℃ to 425 ℃, 300 ℃ to 400 ℃, 300 ℃ to 375 ℃, 300 ℃ to 350 ℃, or 300 ℃ to 325 ℃. In other embodiments of the present invention, the substrate may be,the temperature in the reaction zone is 325 ℃ to 500 ℃, 350 ℃ to 500 ℃, 375 ℃ to 500 ℃,400 ℃ to 500 ℃, 425 ℃ to 500 ℃, 450 ℃ to 500 ℃ or 475 ℃ to 500 ℃. In yet other embodiments, the temperature within the reaction zone is from 300 ℃ to 500 ℃, such as from 325 ℃ to 475 ℃, from 350 ℃ to 450 ℃, or from 360 ℃ to 440 ℃.

In embodiments, the reaction conditions further comprise a pressure inside the reaction zone of at least 1 bar (100 kilopascals (kPa), such as at least 5 bar (500kPa), at least 10 bar (1,000kPa), at least 15 bar (1,500kPa), at least 20 bar (2,000kPa), at least 25 bar (2,500kPa), at least 30 bar (3,000kPa), at least 35 bar (3,500kPa), at least 40 bar (4,000kPa), at least 45 bar (4,500kPa), at least 50 bar (5,000kPa), at least 55 bar (5,500kPa), at least 60 bar (6,000kPa), at least 65 bar (6,500kPa), at least 70 bar (7,000kPa), at least 75 bar (7,500kPa), at least 80 bar (8,000kPa), at least 85 bar (8,500kPa), at least 90 bar (9,000kPa), at least 95 bar (9,500kPa), or at least 100 bar (10,000kPa although in other embodiments, the reaction conditions comprise a pressure inside the reaction zone of at least 1 bar (10,000kPa), such as at least 10 bar (10,000kPa), and in other embodiments, the reaction zone may comprise a pressure inside the pressure of between 5 bar (10,000kPa), such as at least 10 bar (10,000kPa), and the pressure of the reaction zone may be between 10,000kPa), and the reaction zone, and the zone, or between 10 bar (10,000kPa, 15 bar (1,500kPa) to 90 bar (9,000kPa), 20 bar (2,000kPa) to 85 bar (8,500kPa), 25 bar (2,500kPa) to 80 bar (8,000kPa), 30 bar (3,000kPa) to 75 bar (7,500kPa), 35 bar (3,500kPa) to 70 bar (7,000kPa), 40 bar (4,000kPa) to 65 bar (6,500kPa), 45 bar (4,500kPa) to 60 bar (6,000kPa), or 50 bar (5,000kPa) to 55 bar (5,500 kPa). In some embodiments, the pressure inside the reaction zone is from 20 bar (2,000kPa) to 60 bar (6,000 kPa).

According to various embodiments, the Gas Hourly Space Velocity (GHSV) in the reaction zone is from 1,200 per hour (/ hr) to 12,000/hr, such as from 1,500/hr to 10,000/hr, from 2,000/hr to 9,500/hr, from 2,500/hr to 9,000/hr, from 3,000/hr to 8,500/hr, from 3,500/hr to 8,000/hr, from 4,000/hr to 7,500/hr, from 4,500/hr to 7,000/hr, from 5,000/hr to 6,500/hr, or from 5,500/hr to 6,000/hr. In some embodiments, the GHSV in the reaction zone is from 1,800/hour to 3,600/hour, such as from 2,000/hour to 3,600/hour, from 2,200/hour to 3,600/hour, from 2,400/hour to 3,600/hour, from 2,600/hour to 3,600/hour, from 2,800/hour to 3,600/hour, from 3,000/hour to 3,600/hour, from 3,200/hour to 3,600/hour, or from 3,400/hour to 3,600/hour. In some embodiments, the GHSV in the reaction zone is from 1,800/hour to 3,400/hour, such as from 1,800/hour to 3,200/hour, from 1,800/hour to 3,000/hour, from 1,800/hour to 2,800/hour, from 1,800/hour to 2,600/hour, from 1,800/hour to 2,400/hour, from 1,800/hour to 2,200/hour, or from 1,800/hour to 2,000/hour. In some embodiments, the GHSV within the reaction is from 2,000/hr to 3,400/hr, such as from 2,200/hr to 3,200/hr, from 2,400/hr to 3,000/hr, or from 2,600/hr to 2,800/hr.

Improved C can be achieved by using the mixed catalysts disclosed and described herein and the process conditions disclosed and described herein₂To C₄Olefin yield and carbon conversion. For example, in the examples, wherein hydrogen and carbon monoxide H₂The ratio/CO ranges from 2 to 5, such as more than 2.2 and less than 3.8 or more than 2.8 and less than 3.4, with a temperature range from 360 ℃ to 460 ℃, such as 380 ℃ to 440 ℃ or 400 ℃ to 420 ℃, and a pressure range from 5 to 100 bar, such as 20 to 80 bar or 30 to 60 bar. Using such conditions, C₂To C₄The olefin yield is greater than or equal to 4.0 mol%, such as greater than or equal to 5.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 7.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 10.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 12.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 15.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 17.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 20.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 22.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 25.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 27.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 30.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 32.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 35.0 mol%. In some embodiments, the maximum C₂To C₄The olefin yield was 50.0 mol%. Thus, in some embodiments, C₂To C₄An olefin yield of greater than or equal to 4.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, such as 5.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 7.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 10.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 12.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 15.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 17.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 20.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 22.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 25.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 27.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 30.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 32.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 35.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, 37.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%From mol% to 50.0 mol%, from 40.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, from 42.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%, from 45.0 mol% to 50.0 mol% or from 47.0 mol% to 50.0 mol%.

In an embodiment, carbon conversion may be improved using the mixed catalysts disclosed and described herein and the process conditions disclosed and described herein. Within the scope of the disclosed process, the conversion of carbon oxide(s) and hydrogen containing feeds may be carried out in a series of reactors with intermediate separation of water by-products by means of, for example, phase separation, membrane separation or some type of water selective absorption process. Further continuously conducting the partially converted and anhydrous effluent to subsequent reactors and repeating this technical operation mode will have the overall effect of increasing the olefin yield. For example, in embodiments where two to four such operations are performed, the total olefin yield may be greater than or equal to 50.0 mol%, such as greater than or equal to 52.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 55.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 57.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 60.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 62.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 65.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 67.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 70.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 72.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 75.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 77.0 mol%, greater than or equal to 80.0 mol%, or greater than or equal to 85.0 mol%. In some embodiments, the maximum carbon conversion is 95.0 mol%. Thus, in embodiments, the carbon conversion may be greater than or equal to 50.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, such as 52.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 55.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 57.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 60.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 62.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 65.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 67.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 60.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 72.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 75.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 77.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 80.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 82.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 85.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 87.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, 90.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%, or 92.0 mol% to 95.0 mol%.

Examples of the invention

The examples are further illustrated by the following examples and comparative examples. In all examples and comparative examples, mixed catalysts were prepared by mixing a given amount of mixed oxide catalyst component (60-80 mesh) with microporous catalyst component SAPO-34(60-80 mesh). The amounts can be found in the table below. However, it is understood that in some comparative examples, SAPO-34 is not included. This is indicated by a value of zero ("0") in the table below.

Comparative example 1

Catalyst component with SAPO-34 micropores and bulk In₂O₃Ga body₂O₃Or bulk ZrO₂The composite catalyst of (1); bulk Ga without microporous catalyst component₂O₃And ZrO₂A physical mixture of (a).

Table 1a shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 2.0; a pressure of 20 bar (2,000 kPa); the temperature is 390 ℃ and GHSV is equal to 1200/h. The metal oxide catalyst used in the comparative examples was the bulk metal oxide as shown in table 1 a. Indium oxide used in this comparative example was commercially available from Aldrich (Aldrich) under product number 632317, and gallium oxide used was commercially available from Aldrich under product number 20,333-5. Prior to this test, each of the starting components was compacted, crushed and sized to provide a 60-80 mesh grade in order to prepare a physical mixture. Next, a mixed catalyst was prepared by combining 150 μ L of SAPO-34 (about particles of a particular size) and adding 150 μ L of indium oxide or gallium oxide (each about measured, particles of a particular size), after gently shaking the particles together in a vial. The following table references the catalytic performance of a dual particle bed of SAPO-34 mixed with any pure oxide containing the weight of each component.

TABLE 1a

TABLE 1a continuation

Table 1b shows that under the following process conditionsResults of the process for conversion of synthesis gas to olefins: h₂a/CO of about 3.0; a pressure of 40 bar (4,000 kPa); the temperature is 420 ℃; and GHSV was equal to 2400/hr and the intrinsic properties of zirconia or gallium oxide mixed with SAPO-34 were compared. The zirconia used in this comparative example was commercially available monoclinic ZrO₂(supplier NORPRO, product code SZ39114) and contained some Hf impurity (about 2.45 wt%). Before use, zirconia was dispersed in water, dried, and calcined at 550 ℃. The gallium oxide used in this comparative example was commercially available gallium oxide (available as alfa aesar, product No. 10508). Prior to use, gallium oxide was dispersed in water, dried, and calcined at 550 ℃. Prior to this test, both the oxide and the sieve were compacted, crushed and sieved to provide the starting components of the 60-80 mesh fraction. Next, a mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking by measuring about 200 μ L of SAPO-34 (particles of a specific size) by volume and adding 200 μ L of zirconia (particles of a specific size) or 200 μ L of gallium oxide (particles of a specific size). The following table references the catalytic performance of a dual particle bed of SAPO-34 mixed with either pure oxide.

TABLE 1b

TABLE 1b sequence

Table 1c shows the results of the process for converting synthesis gas under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 3.0; a pressure of 40 bar (4,000 kPa); the temperature is 420 ℃; and GHSV equal to 2400/hour. To prepare a dual particulate catalyst bed, zirconia (20mg) and gallium oxide (80mg) were physically mixed together to form a mixture of particles (100 mg). To prepare this combination, the ZrO mentioned in example 1b is used₂And Ga₂O₃A material. To further distinguish such combinationsThe catalyst bed does not contain any SAPO-34 components.

TABLE 1c

Table 1c sequence

Comparative example 1a demonstrates the inherent properties of pure bulk oxides of elements from group 13 of the periodic table of elements when a dual particle bed is formulated with SAPO-34. Comparative example 1b the intrinsic properties of pure zirconia versus pure gallium in combination with SAPO-34 were benchmarked in a dual particulate bed application. This comparative example shows that different pure oxides in combination with SAPO-34 result in very different catalytic behavior for the conversion of syngas to hydrocarbons. It is to be noted that (1) pure In₂O₃Some initial high activity and selectivity to olefins, but short process life, and quite rapid mixed system deactivation; (2) pure monoclinic ZrO₂Show high selectivity to olefins and long operating life, but poor activity; (3) pure Ga in contrast to indium oxide₂O₃Shows a moderate activity towards olefins and a very poor selectivity towards paraffins and at the same time makes it possible to convert synthesis gas over a long process time. In addition, comparative example 1c shows that the physical mixture of gallium oxide and zirconium oxide (SAPO-34) without the microporous catalyst component also has poor activity and low selectivity to olefins.

Comparative example 2

Table 2a shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 2; the temperature was 390 ℃; a pressure of 20 bar (2,000 kPa); and GHSV is equal to 1200/hour. The mixed catalyst is prepared from specific sized (60-80 mesh) particles of SAPO-34 (150 μ L volume measurement of specific sized particles or about 75mg each time) and specific sized particles of various mixed metal oxide catalysts. The mixed oxide containing galliumCharacterized and lacking zirconium. The oxides are prepared by incipient wetness impregnation of an aqueous solution of a gallium nitrate precursor onto an oxide of silicon, titanium or niobium, followed by drying and calcination (500 dig). The amount of 60-80 mesh mixed oxide particles of a particular size used to prepare a mixed catalyst bed with SAPO-34 is about 150 μ L volume measurement at a time. The weight of the oxide will vary due to the different apparent densities of the different support oxides. The mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking specific sized particles together in a vial.

TABLE 2a

TABLE 2a continuation

Table 2b shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 3; the temperature is 420 ℃; a pressure of 40 bar (4,000 kPa); and GHSV equal to 2400/hour. The amount of 60-80 mesh mixed oxide particles of a particular size used to prepare a mixed catalyst bed with SAPO-34 is about 200 μ L volume measurement at a time. The mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking specific sized particles together in a vial.

TABLE 2b

Table 2b sequence

A composite catalyst for use with SAPO-34 as the microporous catalyst component and a Ga-MOx metal oxide catalyst component. Each of the Ga-MOx metal oxide catalyst components is prepared by removingProcessing of Y in sub-water in the form of slurried fine particles₂O₃、La₂O₃、CeO₂、Cr₂O₃、MgAl₂O₄Or MgO and Ga₂O₃Dried and calcined at 550 ℃.

Table 2c shows the results of the process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 3; the temperature is 420 ℃; a pressure of 40 bar (4,000 kPa); and GHSV equal to 2400/hour. The amount of 60-80 mesh mixed oxide particles of a particular size used to prepare a mixed catalyst bed with SAPO-34 is about 200 μ L volume measurement at a time. The mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking specific sized particles together in a vial.

TABLE 2c

Table 2c sequence

Table 2c sequence

Example 1

This example shows the formation of a microporous catalyst component from SAPO-34 and including ZrO₂Supported gallium catalysts (monoclinic ZrO)₂BET surface area of about 50m²The effect of the mixed catalyst formed from the metal oxide catalyst components of/g). The amount of specific sized 60-80 mesh mixed oxide particles used to prepare the mixed catalyst bed is reported in tables 3a and 3 b. The mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking the particles together in a vial.

Table 3a shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 2; the temperature was 390 ℃; a pressure of 20 bar (2,000 kPa); and GHSV is equal to 1200/hour.

TABLE 3a

TABLE 3a continuation

Table 3b shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: syngas Process H₂a/CO of about 3; the temperature is 420 ℃; the pressure was 40 bar; and GHSV equal to 2400/hour.

TABLE 3b

TABLE 3b continuation

Example 1 demonstrates Ga-ZrO₂Micropores were prepared at different loadings deposited on monoclinic zirconia and at different feed conditions (H)₂a/CO of about 2 or about 3) and process (temperature and pressure) with SAPO-34 as the microporous catalyst component. This example demonstrates the effectiveness of lower Ga loading in the metal oxide catalyst component and the effectiveness of the zirconia support.

Example 2

This example contained SAPO-34 as the microporous catalyst component and ZrO using an impregnation process₂Supported gallium as metal oxide catalyst component (monoclinic ZrO)₂BET surface area of about 100m²A catalyst characterized by a ratio of/g). Mixed oxide particles of specific size from 60 to 80 mesh for the preparation of mixed catalyst bedsThe amounts of (c) are reported in tables 4a and 4 b. The mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking the particles together in a vial.

Table 4a shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 2; the temperature was 390 ℃; a pressure of 20 bar (2,000 kPa); and GHSV is equal to 1200/hour.

TABLE 4a

TABLE 4a continuation

Table 4b shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 3; the temperature is 420 ℃; a pressure of 40 bar (4,000 kPa); and GHSV equal to 2400/hour.

TABLE 4b

TABLE 4b continuation

Example 2 further demonstrates that Ga deposited on monoclinic zirconia enables very high olefin yields of the composite catalyst to be obtained at various syngas feeds (2, 3) and process conditions. Very low Ga loadings can result in monoclinic ZrO₂Has a high surface area.

Example 3

This example contained SAPO-34 as the microporous catalyst component and ZrO₂Supported gallium catalyst (tetragonal ZrO)₂BET surface area of about 130m²A/g) a composite catalyst.The amount of specific sized 60-80 mesh mixed oxide particles used to prepare the mixed catalyst bed is reported in tables 5a and 5 b. The mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking the particles together in a vial.

Table 5a shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 2; the temperature was 390 ℃; a pressure of 20 bar (2,000 kPa); and GHSV is equal to 1200/hour.

TABLE 5a

TABLE 5a continuation

Table 5b shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 3; the temperature is 420 ℃; a pressure of 40 bar (4,000 kPa); and GHSV equal to 2400/hour.

TABLE 5b

TABLE 5b sequence

This example demonstrates that Ga deposited on tetragonal zirconia is the active component of the catalyst composite (dual particle bed). However, with respect to the operation shown in example 2, the overall performance was inferior to that at monoclinic ZrO₂Ga-ZrO prepared as above₂。

Example 4

This example includes ZrO₂Mixed catalyst characterized by a supported gallium metal oxide catalyst component, said catalyst component further comprising zirconiaOther elements in the support and/or co-impregnated with the gallium precursor. In a first example (Table 6a), the zirconia support was identified as tetragonal zirconia with some lanthanum (La) (NORPRO, product No.: SZ61156, containing ZrO per 100g ZrO)₂About 7.3g La). Gallium is impregnated onto this support alone or co-impregnated with an additional amount of lanthanum. The latter case is evidenced by the increased amount of La in the sample (first and second entries in the table). The amount of specific sized 60-80 mesh mixed oxide particles used to prepare the mixed catalyst bed is reported in table 6 a. The mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking the particles together in a vial.

Table 6a shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂(ii)/CO ═ 3; the temperature was 390 ℃; the pressure was 30 bar; and GHSV is equal to 1200/hour.

TABLE 6a

TABLE 6a continuation

Table 6b shows the results of a process for converting carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (COx conversion) to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂/CO/CO₂Equal to 69.1/13.6/6.9 vol%; the temperature was 390 ℃; the pressure is 30 bar and the GHSV is 1200/h. With the catalytic materials mentioned in table 6a, the test further comprised additional samples prepared on a zirconia support identified as tetragonal zirconia containing some tungsten (W) (NORPRO, product No.: SZ61143, containing about 11 wt% W). Ga precursor is impregnated onto this support alone or co-impregnated with La-precursor (third and fourth entries in table 6 b).

TABLE 6b

TABLE 6b continuation

Example 4 demonstrates that Ga deposited on tetragonal zirconia with La in a support is an active and stable composite catalyst. In contrast, tetragonal zirconia in which W is present significantly impairs its catalytic behavior. Co-impregnated La may mitigate some of the adverse effects of W presence (i.e., the effect on methane selectivity).

Example 5

This example contains a catalyst component having SAPO-34 micropores and with ZrO₂Supported gallium/lanthanum catalysts are characterized catalysts. As support for the preparation of the latter, monoclinic ZrO was used₂Of (4) a commercial sample (NORPRO, product No. SZ31108, BET surface area of about 70m²In terms of/g). The catalysts were tested under various process conditions in a long-term process run.

Table 7a shows the results of converting synthesis gas to olefins for one mixed catalyst in a process study during which process conditions varied with process time. While gently shaking the two components of a specific size of 60-80 mesh particle together in a vial, a mixture of 123mg of SAPO-34 component and 185mg of mixed Ga-La/ZrO₂Mixed oxide components to prepare a mixed catalyst. The average catalytic results for each process section are reported and include the beginning and end of each process section (minimum ToS hours)]Maximum ToS [ hours number]). Note that the running time was counted from the start of exposure to syngas. Each process section having different process operating parameters, e.g. H₂the/CO ratio and the space velocity while the temperature and pressure of the process remain constant.

TABLE 7a

TABLE 7a continuation

Table 7b shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 3; the temperature is 390 to 400 ℃; the pressure is equal to 30 bar; and GHSV is equal to 1200/hr to 2400/hr.

Table 7b shows the results of converting synthesis gas to olefins for the mixed catalyst in a long-term process study, in which process conditions were varied over process time. When gently shaking the two components together in a vial with a specific size of 60-80 mesh particles, the mixture consists of 147mg of the SAPO-34 component and 130mg of the mixed Ga-La/ZrO component₂Mixed oxide components to prepare a mixed catalyst. The average catalytic results for each process section are reported and include the beginning and end of each process section (minimum ToS hours)]Maximum ToS [ hours number]). Note that the running time was counted from the start of exposure to syngas. Each process section having different process operating parameters, e.g. H₂the/CO ratio, space velocity or temperature, while the pressure of the process is kept constant (30 bar).

TABLE 7b

TABLE 7b continuation

Example 5 demonstrates Ga/La-ZrO₂The synthesis gas can be allowed to maintain the olefin process at high olefin yields over extended periods of time and under various process (p, T, GHSV) conditions.

Example 6

This example comprises a mixed catalyst with a SAPO-34 microporous catalyst component, with Ga-ZrO₂The metal oxide catalyst component is characterized. The examples compare semi-crystalline co-precipitated mixed oxygenGa-ZrO compound₂(alternative to the synthetic method of impregnation) in which the close-coupled-Ga-ZrO may be present₂But ZrO₂Exhibits poor crystallinity, and effectively deteriorates the catalyst system. The examples also compare monoclinic ZrO crystallized by slurry processing and calcination₂And is Ga₂O₃Ga-ZrO prepared from Ga precursor in form₂(alternative to the impregnated synthetic method) in which the crystalline powder produces the desired catalytic effect. Furthermore, it does not undergo any processing to produce Ga₂O₃And ZrO₂In comparison to the physical mixture of closely-connected powders of (a), the mixed system with SAPO-34 therein shows unexplored catalytic performance. The amount of specific sized 60-80 mesh mixed oxide particles used to prepare the mixed catalyst bed is reported in table 8 a. The mixed catalyst was prepared after gently shaking the particles together in a vial.

Table 8a shows the results of a process for converting synthesis gas to olefins under the following process conditions: h₂a/CO of about 3; the temperature is 420 ℃; the pressure is equal to 40 bar (4,000 kPa); and GHSV equal to 2400/hour.

TABLE 8a

TABLE 8a continuation

Example 6 demonstrates Ga-ZrO₂Can be produced using different preparation techniques; however, care must be taken to ensure ZrO₂Delivered in a good crystalline form (e.g., monoclinic polymorph). Very active component Ga-ZrO for obtaining a double particulate catalyst bed with SAPO-34₂The method of (1) appears to be impregnated (examples 1-5). However, under certain process operations, ZrO₂And Ga₂O₃May also acquire activity with prolonged process exposure, thereby affecting the activity in the presence of reactant and product gasesAnd (6) element redistribution.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Thus, it is intended that the present description cover the modifications and variations of the various embodiments described herein provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.