阅读说明：本技术 一种利用复合磁珠实现核酸可视化检验方法 (Method for realizing nucleic acid visual inspection by using composite magnetic beads ) 是由 潘健 汪杰 吴欢生 郇伟伟 刘如明 邓旭 于 2020-04-28 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种利用复合磁珠实现核酸可视化检验方法,涉及核酸检验技术领域。所述方法包括待测样本加入蛋白酶K,加入裂解液和提取磁珠混匀反应后磁性环吸附磁珠,加入清洗液,混匀,重悬磁珠,磁性吸附磁珠,移除液体,干燥后洗脱液重悬磁珠；加入等温扩增反应液和生物素修饰引物,等温扩增获得扩增产物；加入亲和素修饰的扩增子靶向富集磁珠和FAM-DNA-NH2-荧光探针磁珠,孵育后形成扩增子磁珠,磁性吸附磁珠,弃上清液,干燥得到混合磁珠；加入Cas12a+crRNA预混液,重悬,反应后磁性吸附磁珠,蓝光下观察。把核酸提取-扩增-检测一管完成,过程仅更换不同条件的反应液,结合在磁珠上的提取样本、引物、探针可实现不同反应体系的自由转换,完成精准定性检测。(The invention discloses a method for realizing visual nucleic acid detection by using composite magnetic beads, and relates to the technical field of nucleic acid detection. Adding protease K into a sample to be detected, adding lysis solution and extracted magnetic beads, uniformly mixing, reacting, adsorbing the magnetic beads by a magnetic ring, adding cleaning solution, uniformly mixing, re-suspending the magnetic beads, magnetically adsorbing the magnetic beads, removing liquid, and drying, and then re-suspending the magnetic beads by eluent; adding isothermal amplification reaction liquid and biotin modified primers, and carrying out isothermal amplification to obtain an amplification product; adding an avidin-modified amplicon targeted enrichment magnetic bead and a FAM-DNA-NH 2-fluorescent probe magnetic bead, incubating to form an amplicon magnetic bead, magnetically adsorbing the magnetic bead, discarding supernatant, and drying to obtain a mixed magnetic bead; adding a premixed solution of Cas12a + crRNA, carrying out heavy suspension, carrying out magnetic adsorption on magnetic beads after reaction, and observing under blue light. The nucleic acid extraction, amplification and detection are completed in one tube, reaction liquid with different conditions is only replaced in the process, and the extraction sample, the primer and the probe which are combined on the magnetic beads can realize free conversion of different reaction systems, so that accurate qualitative detection is completed.)

1. A method for realizing nucleic acid visual inspection by using composite magnetic beads is characterized by comprising the following steps:

adding protease K into a sample to be detected in the reaction tube, adding lysis solution and the extracted magnetic beads, uniformly mixing and reacting; placing the reaction tube after reaction in a magnetic environment to adsorb magnetic beads, adding a cleaning solution, taking out the reaction tube, uniformly mixing, re-suspending the magnetic beads, adsorbing the magnetic beads in the magnetic environment, and removing liquid; resuspending the magnetic beads in the dried eluent;

adding isothermal amplification reaction liquid and a biotin modified primer, and carrying out isothermal amplification to obtain a biotin modified targeted amplification product;

adding an avidin-modified amplicon targeted enrichment magnetic bead and a FAM-DNA-NH 2-fluorescent probe magnetic bead into the amplification product, incubating to form an amplicon magnetic bead, placing the amplicon magnetic bead in a magnetic environment to adsorb the magnetic bead, removing supernatant, and standing and drying the magnetic bead at room temperature to obtain a mixed magnetic bead;

adding the mixed magnetic beads into a Cas12a + crRNA premix, carrying out resuspension, adsorbing the magnetic beads in a magnetic environment after reaction, combining a target DNA sequence carried on the amplicon magnetic beads with a Cas12a + crRNA compound, activating the nonspecific cleavage activity of Cas12a, cutting off DNA-FAM fixed on the DNA-FAM fluorescent probe magnetic beads by the activated Cas12a, releasing FAM to free into a liquid phase, and observing under blue light;

wherein the weight ratio of the avidin-modified amplicon targeting enrichment magnetic beads to the FAM-DNA-NH 2-fluorescent probe magnetic beads is 1: 1.

2. The method for realizing nucleic acid visual inspection by using composite magnetic beads as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of adding proteinase K to the sample to be inspected is specifically as follows:

adding a sample dissolving solution to be detected into an EP tube to be filled to a preset volume, and adding proteinase K.

3. The method for realizing visual inspection of nucleic acid by using composite magnetic beads as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lysis solution is added and the extracted magnetic beads are shaken up and left for 5-10min at room temperature.

4. The method for realizing nucleic acid visual inspection by using composite magnetic beads according to claim 1, wherein the isothermal amplification reaction solution and the biotin modified primer are added, mixed uniformly and then kept stand for 20min at 37-40 ℃.

5. The method for visual inspection of nucleic acid using composite magnetic beads as set forth in claim 1, wherein the incubation time is 10 min.

6. The method for realizing nucleic acid visualization test by using composite magnetic beads as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Cas12a is a Cas12a containing specific RNA cleaving enzyme.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the crRNA is a targeting RNA sequence.

8. The method for realizing nucleic acid visualization test by using composite magnetic beads as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Cas12a + crRNA premix is added, resuspended, and placed in a magnetic environment to adsorb magnetic beads after waiting for 10 min.

9. The method for nucleic acid visual inspection using composite magnetic beads as claimed in claim 2, wherein the volume of the sample solution to be tested is filled to 0.2ml in the EP tube.

10. The method for realizing nucleic acid visual inspection by using composite magnetic beads as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the conversion between the magnetic environment and the non-magnetic environment is realized by the following device, and the device comprises:

the device comprises a device main body, wherein a reaction tube mounting groove is additionally arranged in the device main body;

the temperature control assembly is positioned in the device main body and is used for controlling the temperature of the reaction tube;

the magnetic bead separating piece is provided with a magnetic piece, and the collection and the release of magnetic beads in the reaction tube are realized by moving the position of the magnetic bead separating piece;

the fluorescence visualization component comprises a blue LED light source positioned at the bottom of the reaction tube installation groove in the device main body, and an orange light filter positioned at the side of the device main body and used for observing and filtering light.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of high-strength fiber materials, in particular to a method for realizing visual inspection of nucleic acid by using composite magnetic beads.

Background

The existing mature technology mainly depends on nucleic acid extraction and PCR amplification gene targeted nucleic acid acquisition, sequencing, electrophoresis and fluorescence quantification to qualitatively detect nucleic acid sequences, but the operation and implementation difficulty of the method is not great for professionals in laboratories or for organizations or individuals lacking relevant professional equipment, the qualitative detection of nucleic acid is quite difficult, and the existing technology is difficult to implement.

Besides nucleic acid detection, antibody detection technology is also a large means for pathogen detection, and the existing colloidal gold reagent can complete antibody detection, the method is simple and convenient, and does not need equipment, but the method has very obvious disadvantages compared with nucleic acid detection, such as the qualitative dependence of protein or antibody in the early stage of pathogen infection, false negative easily occurs due to low abundance, and the interference of other antibodies or pathogens, and the detection of the type is also easy to occur false negative. The gold standard for nucleic acid detection as a pathogen has absolute advantages, which cannot be replaced by antigen or antibody detection.

Therefore, it is very important to realize field-free limited detection of nucleic acids early enough to qualify pathogens for the first time and reduce the risk of pathogen transmission due to transport.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for realizing nucleic acid visual inspection by using composite magnetic beads, so as to solve the problems in the background technology.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

a method for realizing nucleic acid visual inspection by using composite magnetic beads, comprising the following steps of:

adding protease K into a sample to be detected in the reaction tube, adding lysis solution and the extracted magnetic beads, uniformly mixing and reacting; placing the reaction tube after reaction in a magnetic environment to adsorb magnetic beads, adding a cleaning solution, taking out the reaction tube, uniformly mixing, re-suspending the magnetic beads, adsorbing the magnetic beads in the magnetic environment, and removing liquid; resuspending the magnetic beads in the dried eluent;

adding isothermal amplification reaction liquid and a biotin modified primer, and carrying out isothermal amplification to obtain a biotin modified targeted amplification product;

adding the mixed magnetic beads into a Cas12a + crRNA premix, carrying out resuspension, adsorbing the magnetic beads in a magnetic environment after reaction, combining a target DNA sequence carried on the amplicon magnetic beads with a Cas12a + crRNA compound, activating the nonspecific cleavage activity of Cas12a, cutting off DNA-FAM fixed on the DNA-FAM fluorescent probe magnetic beads by the activated Cas12a, releasing FAM to free into a liquid phase, and observing under blue light;

adding the mixed magnetic beads into a Cas12a + crRNA premix, carrying out resuspension, adsorbing the magnetic beads in a magnetic environment after reaction, combining a target DNA sequence carried on the amplicon magnetic beads with a Cas12a + crRNA compound, activating the nonspecific cleavage activity of Cas12a, cutting off DNA-FAM fixed on the DNA-FAM fluorescent probe magnetic beads by the activated Cas12a, releasing FAM to free into a liquid phase, and observing under blue light;

wherein the weight ratio of the avidin-modified amplicon targeting enrichment magnetic beads to the FAM-DNA-NH 2-fluorescent probe magnetic beads is 1: 1.

Preferably, the adding of proteinase K to the sample to be tested specifically comprises:

and adding a sample to be detected into the EP tube, adding proteinase K, and filling the volume to a preset volume by using a dissolving solution.

Preferably, adding lysis solution and extracting magnetic beads, shaking, and standing at room temperature for 5-10 min.

Preferably, the isothermal amplification reaction solution and the biotin modified primer are added, mixed uniformly and then kept stand for 20min at 37-40 ℃.

Preferably, the product binding magnetic beads and the probe magnetic beads are mixed, kept stand for 10min and then placed in a magnetic environment to adsorb the magnetic beads.

Preferably, the Cas12a is Cas12a containing a specific RNA cleaving enzyme.

Preferably, the crRNA is a targeting RNA sequence.

Preferably, the Cas12a + crRNA is added, resuspended, and after waiting for 10min, the mixture is placed in a magnetic environment to adsorb magnetic beads.

Preferably, the EP tube is filled with the sample solution to be tested to 0.2 ml.

Preferably, the conversion between the magnetic environment and the non-magnetic environment is achieved by an apparatus comprising:

the device comprises a device main body, wherein a reaction tube mounting groove is additionally arranged in the device main body;

the temperature control assembly is positioned in the device main body and is used for controlling the temperature of the reaction tube;

the magnetic bead separating piece is provided with a magnetic piece, and the collection and the release of magnetic beads in the reaction tube are realized by moving the position of the magnetic bead separating piece;

the fluorescence visualization component comprises a blue LED light source positioned at the bottom of the reaction tube installation groove in the device main body, and an orange light filter positioned at the side of the device main body and used for observing and filtering light.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention completes the extraction, amplification and detection of nucleic acid in one tube, the process only needs to change reaction liquid under different conditions, the extraction sample, the primer and the probe which are combined on the magnetic bead can realize the free conversion of different reaction systems, and the accurate qualitative detection of nucleic acid can be completed by using a disposable pipette.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can also obtain other drawings according to the drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the overall structure of an integrated device for in-situ extraction, amplification and identification of nucleic acid according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a side view showing the overall structure of the integrated apparatus for in-situ extraction, amplification and identification of nucleic acid according to the embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a reaction tube configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 shows the results of gel electrophoresis detection;

fig. 6 shows the Cas12a fluorescent magnetic bead fluorescence detection results.

Detailed Description

In order to enhance the understanding of the present invention, the present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, which are only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

The embodiment of the invention provides a method for realizing nucleic acid visual inspection by using composite magnetic beads, which comprises the following steps:

adding protease K into a sample to be detected in the reaction tube, adding lysis solution and the extracted magnetic beads, uniformly mixing and reacting; placing the reaction tube after reaction in a magnetic environment to adsorb magnetic beads, adding a cleaning solution, taking out the reaction tube, uniformly mixing, re-suspending the magnetic beads, adsorbing the magnetic beads in the magnetic environment, and removing liquid; resuspending the magnetic beads in the dried eluent;

adding isothermal amplification reaction liquid and a biotin modified primer, and carrying out isothermal amplification to obtain a biotin modified targeted amplification product;

adding an avidin-modified amplicon targeted enrichment magnetic bead and FAM-DNA-NH 2-fluorescent probe magnetic bead into the amplification product, incubating to form an amplicon magnetic bead, placing the amplicon magnetic bead in a magnetic environment to adsorb the magnetic bead, discarding supernatant, standing at room temperature and drying the magnetic bead to obtain a mixed magnetic bead, wherein the mixed magnetic bead is a 2-in-1 mixed magnetic bead of the targeted amplicon magnetic bead and the fluorescent probe magnetic bead, the process can remove fluorescent signals degraded and dissociated by the fluorescent probe magnetic bead to reduce noise, and the fluorescent signals of the fluorescent probe magnetic bead hardly emit light when the fluorescence is quenched by the magnetic bead under the non-dissociated state;

adding the mixed magnetic beads into a Cas12a + crRNA premix, carrying out resuspension, adsorbing the magnetic beads in a magnetic environment after reaction, combining a target DNA sequence carried on the amplicon magnetic beads with a Cas12a + crRNA compound, activating the nonspecific cleavage activity of Cas12a, cutting DNA-FAM fixed on the DNA-FAM fluorescent probe magnetic beads by the activated Cas12a, releasing FAM to be free to a liquid phase, and observing under blue light, wherein the specific blue light has a wavelength of 470 nm;

wherein the weight ratio of the avidin-modified amplicon targeting enrichment magnetic beads to the FAM-DNA-NH 2-fluorescent probe magnetic beads is 1: 1.

Specifically, the above-described implementation is performed by setting a positive control, a negative control, and a target group. Respectively adding isothermal amplification reaction liquid and biotin modified primers and executing subsequent steps;

specifically, after incubation, the avidin-modified targeted enrichment magnetic beads are combined with specific amplification products containing biotin labels to form amplicon magnetic beads.

The nucleic acid extraction-amplification-detection can be completed in one tube, the free conversion of the sample, the primer and the probe in different reaction systems is realized through the enrichment and free replacement of the reaction systems of the magnetic beads, the sample to be detected does not leave the reaction tube in the whole process, the sample to be detected and the amplicon can be retained to the maximum extent, and the accuracy of the nucleic acid qualitative detection is greatly improved.

By utilizing the flexible application of various magnetic beads, all other DNA/RNA in-vitro detection methods relying on endonuclease activity are applicable except for Cas12 a-related Charlock nucleic acid detection technology. The main characteristic is that the magnetic beads are relied on to realize the solid-liquid conversion of nucleic acid substances. The magnetic beads are utilized to realize the conversion of different systems of nucleic acid and the specific release of signals.

In one embodiment, the adding of proteinase K to the sample to be tested specifically comprises:

adding a sample to be detected into an EP tube, adding proteinase K, and adding a dissolving solution to a predetermined volume, wherein the specific volume can be 200 ul.

In one embodiment, the lysate and the extracted magnetic beads are added and shaken well, and then kept standing for 5-10min at room temperature.

In one embodiment, the isothermal amplification reaction solution and the biotin modified primer are added, mixed uniformly and then kept stand for 20min at 37-40 ℃.

In one embodiment, the product binding magnetic beads and the probe magnetic beads are mixed, and then the mixture is placed in a magnetic environment for 10min to adsorb the magnetic beads.

In one embodiment, the Cas12a is Cas12a containing a specific RNA cleaving enzyme.

In one embodiment, the crRNA is a targeting RNA sequence.

In one embodiment, the Cas12a + crRNA is added, resuspended, and after waiting for 10min, placed in a magnetic environment to adsorb magnetic beads.

In one embodiment, the EP tube is filled with a sample lysis solution to be tested to 200 ul.

In one embodiment, the conversion between the magnetic environment and the non-magnetic environment is realized by a nucleic acid on-site extraction, amplification and identification integrated device, as shown in fig. 2 to 4, the device includes a device main body 1, a temperature control component 3, a magnetic bead separation member 4, and a fluorescence visualization component, a reaction tube installation groove 2 is additionally arranged in the device main body 1, and the temperature control component 3 is located inside the device main body 1 and used for controlling the temperature of a reaction tube 6;

the magnetic bead separating piece 4 is provided with a magnetic piece (not marked in the drawing), and the collection and release of the magnetic beads 8 in the reaction tube 6 are realized by moving the position of the magnetic bead separating piece;

the fluorescence visualization component comprises a blue LED light source 7 positioned at the bottom of the reaction tube installation groove 2 in the device main body 1, and an orange filter 5 positioned at the side part of the device main body 1 and used for observing and filtering light.

The integrated device for nucleic acid on-site extraction, amplification and identification is used for sample transfer and final qualitative detection, the magnetic bead separation piece 4 can realize the combination and release of the magnetic beads in different steps, the extracted sample, the primers and the probes which are combined on the magnetic beads 8 can realize the free conversion of different reaction systems, and the operation can be easily finished by using a disposable pipetting tube;

the specific fluorescent signal released by the final reaction can be identified by the integrated nucleic acid on-site extraction, amplification and identification device, the fluorescence is observed at one side of the orange filter 5, and the cost can be accurately determined by comparing the fluorescence difference of the negative control, the positive control and the test sample. The integrated device is provided with the temperature control component 3, so that constant-temperature incubation of biological reaction can be realized. Combines the extraction of nucleic acid, incubates at constant temperature, is visualized as an organic whole, has lower equipment manufacturing cost, and can realize the nucleic acid self-inspection of the original field

In an embodiment, the device body 1 is arranged to be light-proof at the opposite side and the adjacent side of the side where the orange filter 5 is arranged, and may adopt a light-proof baffle plate and a light-proof film, or be made of a light-proof material, and specifically may adopt a black baffle plate to realize light-proof.

In one embodiment, the temperature control assembly 3 comprises a heating assembly (not labeled in the drawings) capable of heating the reaction tube.

In one embodiment, the heating assembly maintains the reaction tube 6 at 37-40 ℃.

In the implementation process of the embodiment, a power supply or a power line is also arranged to supply power to the heating assembly, and the reaction tube 6 is maintained at the temperature of 37-40 ℃ by heating and heat preservation of the heating assembly.

In one embodiment, the magnetic bead separating element 4 includes a magnetic element and a sliding element (not labeled in the drawings) capable of moving the magnetic element. Specifically, a plate-like structure or a rod-like structure may be adopted, and the magnetic member is disposed on the plate-like structure or the rod-like structure, and the plate-like structure or the rod-like structure and the device body 1 adopt a sliding and pulling structure, such as a sliding structure of a drawer.

The following will be described in detail with reference to specific examples, taking the detection of African swine fever nucleic acid as an example:

the African swine fever virus is a double-stranded DNA virus with the concentration of about 30k, and in order to simulate a nucleic acid micro-extraction environment, 50fM plasmid standard products containing a swine fever target sequence Puc57-ASFv-P72-DNA are added into 200ul of healthy pig blood to serve as a simulation sample.

The nucleic acid sequence to be detected is as follows:

ACTGCTCATGGTATCAATCTTATCGATAAATTTCCATCAAAGTTCTGCAGCTCTTACATACCCTTCCACTACGGAGGCAATGCGATTAAAACCCCCGATGATCCGGGTGCGATGATGATTACCTTTGCTTTGAAGCCACGGGAGGAATACCAACCCAGTGGTCATATTAACGTATCCAGAGCAAGAGAATTTTATATTAGTTGGGACACGGATTACGTGGGGTCTATCACTACGGCTGATCTTGTGGTATCGGCATCTGCTA。

isothermal amplification primers:

ASFV-1-F Bio-ACTGCTCATGGTATCAATCTTATCGAT (marker biotin)

ASFV-1-R1 TAGCAGATGCCGATACCACAAGATCAGCCGTAG

ASFV-1-R2 TAGCAGATGCCGATACCACAAGAAGAGCCGTAG (SNP site)

Cas12a targeting guide crRNA sequence of african swine fever:

ASFV-CrRNA：AGAGAAUUUUAUAUUAGUUcggcUUUagaaccaUUg。

cas12a fluorescent magnetic bead probe:

FAM-TTTTTTTT-NH 2-COOH-magnetic bead.

The preparation scheme is that FAM-TTTTTT-NH 2 modified primers are chemically synthesized and connected to COOH modified magnetic beads under the action of a coupling chain reagent to form solid-phase fluorescent-PloyT 10-NH 2-COOH-magnetic beads. TTTTTTTT sequence is a cleavage sequence after activation of the non-specific cleavage activity of Cas12 a.

The specific process is as follows:

adding a sample dissolving solution to be tested for simulating African swine fever into the EP tube to make up to 0.2ml, and then digesting the sample by using 50ul proteinase K for 5min at room temperature of 22-37 ℃;

adding 500ul of lysis solution into the reaction solution in the previous step to lyse all samples, and simultaneously adding the extracted magnetic beads for 10min at room temperature of 22-37 ℃;

fixing one end of the reaction tube with magnetic force by using the device, adsorbing magnetic beads on the tube wall, adding cleaning liquid, taking out the reaction tube, flicking and uniformly mixing, re-suspending the magnetic beads, putting the reaction tube into the jack to adsorb the magnetic beads, removing liquid, inserting a matched filter paper strip into the bottom of the tube to completely adsorb the liquid, opening a tube cover, standing and waiting for complete drying;

adding eluent to resuspend the magnetic beads.

Step 2, isothermal amplification, including positive control, negative control, target group

Positive control and negative control, adding isothermal amplification reaction liquid and biotin modified primers into the target group (obtained in the step 1), uniformly mixing, placing at a non-magnet position, inserting into a reaction box, waiting for 20min, and then keeping the temperature at 37 ℃;

adding a test product, combining magnetic beads and probe magnetic beads, waiting for 10min, putting the device into the device, adsorbing the magnetic beads at the positions with the magnetic beads, sucking supernatant, and sucking residual water with absorbent paper.

Step 3

Adding Cas12a + crRNA, containing a specific DNA nickase Cas12a and a target CrRNA sequence, carrying out heavy suspension, inserting into a non-magnet position for reaction for 20min, transferring into a magnet position, turning on a blue light switch after magnetic beads are adsorbed, and observing in a dark place.

If the sample is always negative, the sample is negative, and if the sample is consistent with positive, the sample is positive.

Specifically, the gel electrophoresis detection result is shown in fig. 5, wherein lane 1 is marker, lane 2 is Puc57-ASFv-P72-DNA restriction enzyme assay result, lanes 3-5 are negative samples, and lanes 6-8 are nucleic acid positive sample detection results, which are consistent with the expectation.

Cas12a fluorescent magnetic bead fluorescence detection results, as shown in FIG. 6, 1-3 are nucleic acid negative samples, 4-6 are nucleic acid positive samples, obvious fluorescence difference can be clearly observed through an orange filter under the excitation of 470nm wavelength, and the nucleic acid qualitative detection can be accurately carried out.

The kit 84 is sterilized and discarded after the test is completed.

The invention can realize the reaction at 37 ℃ in the whole process, does not need complicated and expensive temperature control instruments such as a PCR amplification instrument, uses a one-step method to crack the sample and extract magnetic beads, and avoids using a centrifugal machine to carry out column type extraction. The final signal is visible by using disposable equipment, and has obvious difference with a negative control, so that the qualitative detection of nucleic acid requiring a precise instrument is eliminated; the whole process is within 1h in length, the original site is detected, and the propagation risk is reduced; the cost is controllable, the cost is relatively low after batch production, and the method has market application value.

The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.