阅读说明：本技术 包括定位信号的信号检测的方法和系统 (Method and system for signal detection including positioning signal ) 是由 W.华 于 2019-05-21 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种基于检测来自多个卫星的信号的辅助卫星定位系统,包括：(a)移动接收器；和(b)通过低功率无线通信网络与接收器通信的基站,该基站使用压缩数据格式提供选定数量但不是全部的卫星的星历数据。星历数据可以包括关于在预定时间间隔内选定卫星的多普勒频率变化或仰角变化的数据。多普勒频率变化和仰角变化可以通过时间的多项式函数的系数以压缩格式来表示。可以对多项式函数进行加权,以在较大的多普勒频率中具有比在较小的多普勒频率中更小的相对误差,或者以在较小的仰角中具有比在较大的仰角中更小的相对误差。在一种实施方式中,低功率无线通信网络(诸如LoRa网络)具有至少10英里的范围。(An assisted satellite positioning system based on detecting signals from a plurality of satellites, comprising: (a) a mobile receiver; and (b) a base station in communication with the receiver over the low power wireless communication network, the base station providing ephemeris data for a selected number, but not all, of the satellites using a compressed data format. The ephemeris data may include data regarding changes in doppler frequency or changes in elevation angle of the selected satellite over a predetermined time interval. The doppler frequency change and the elevation angle change can be represented in a compressed format by coefficients of a polynomial function of time. The polynomial function may be weighted to have a smaller relative error in larger doppler frequencies than in smaller doppler frequencies, or to have a smaller relative error in smaller elevation angles than in larger elevation angles. In one embodiment, the low power wireless communication network (such as a LoRa network) has a range of at least 10 miles.)

1. A signal processing apparatus for detecting a spread spectrum signal modulated with a pseudo random code of a predetermined number of chips, comprising:

a temperature compensated crystal oscillator providing a timing signal accurate to a predetermined fraction of one of the chips;

a clock generator receiving the timing signal to generate a digital clock signal of a predetermined frequency;

an analog signal processing circuit that receives the timing signal, the digital clock signal, and the spread spectrum signal and provides digital baseband samples of the spread spectrum signal at each cycle of the digital clock signal;

a counter circuit receiving the digital clock signal to provide timing pulses of a predetermined duration;

a data buffer;

input interface circuitry for said data buffer receiving said digital baseband samples, said digital clock signal and said timing pulses and storing said digital baseband samples in said data buffer for said predetermined duration; and

a processor that retrieves stored baseband samples from the data buffer to perform signal detection.

2. The signal processing device of claim 1, wherein the input interface circuit comprises a plurality of serial peripheral interface circuits connected in parallel.

3. The signal processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined frequency of the digital clock signal is 16 MHz.

4. The signal processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the digital clock signal is accurate to 1/16 μ β.

5. The signal processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the analog processing circuit is unpowered outside of a predetermined duration of the timing pulse.

6. The signal processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor enters a sleep state after the signal detection is completed.

7. The signal processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor, the data buffer, and the input interface circuit are elements of an embedded microcontroller integrated circuit.

8. The signal processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the digital baseband samples comprise samples of in-phase and quadrature channels of a baseband signal.

9. The signal processing device of claim 1, wherein the signal processing device is solar powered.

10. The signal processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a housing in which the temperature compensated crystal oscillator, the clock generator, the analog signal processing circuit, the counter, the input interface circuit, the data buffer, and the processor are mounted.

11. The signal processing apparatus of claim 10, further comprising a battery, power conditioning circuitry for the battery, and a solar panel that converts solar energy into energy in the battery under control of the power conditioning circuitry, the solar panel being mounted on an outer surface of the housing.

12. The signal processing device of claim 1, further comprising a communication module to communicate over a low power wide area network.

13. The signal processing device of claim 12, wherein the low-power wide area network comprises a LoRa network.

14. A method of detecting a signal, comprising:

receiving a signal;

calculating, for each of a plurality of delay values, a correlation value between the received signal and a copy of the signal delayed by the delay value;

selecting a first set of correlation values and a second set of correlation values having non-zero values from the correlation values, wherein the correlation values in the first set increase with increasing delay value and wherein the correlation values in the second set decrease with increasing delay value; and

a delay value is estimated based on an extrapolation from each first correlation value.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein estimating the delay value is based on fitting correlation values in the first and second sets to one or more polynomials in delay.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein estimating the delay value is based on an intersection of a line derived from the first set of correlation values and a line derived from the second set of correlation values.

17. An assisted satellite positioning system based on detecting signals from a plurality of satellites, comprising:

a mobile receiver; and

a base station in communication with the receiver over a low power wireless communication network, the base station providing ephemeris data for a selected number, but not all, of the satellites using a compressed data format.

18. An assisted satellite positioning system according to claim 17 in which the ephemeris data includes data relating to doppler frequency change or elevation angle change of a selected satellite over a predetermined time interval.

19. The auxiliary satellite positioning system of claim 18, wherein the doppler frequency variation and the elevation angle variation are represented in a compressed format by coefficients of a polynomial function of time.

20. An auxiliary satellite positioning system as claimed in claim 19, wherein the polynomial function is weighted to have less relative error in larger doppler frequencies than in smaller doppler frequencies.

21. An auxiliary satellite positioning system as claimed in claim 19, wherein the polynomial function is weighted to have less relative error in smaller elevation angles than in larger elevation angles.

22. An assisted satellite positioning system as claimed in claim 17 wherein the low power wireless communications network comprises a LoRa network.

23. An auxiliary satellite positioning system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the low power wireless communication network has a range of at least 10 miles.

24. A method of tracking satellites, comprising:

determining a current delay value and a current doppler value based on performing the acquiring or tracking step; and

after a predetermined time interval, a next delay value and a next Doppler value are searched using a delay search range centered on the sum of the current delay value and the product of the predetermined time interval and the ratio of the current Doppler value to the satellite signal frequency.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to signal detection. In particular, the invention relates to signal detection for positioning applications.

Background

In many positioning applications, such as those related to the Global Positioning System (GPS), a signal receiver detects a signal from a known ground source. An estimate of the propagation time ("delay") of the signal between the source and the receiver provides an estimate of the distance between the source and the receiver. The distance is then used to triangulate the location of the receiver. For example, in GPS, spread spectrum signals from a plurality of GPS satellites having known positions and motions are detected and triangulated to derive the position of the receiver. In this example, each satellite's signal is embedded with a 1023 bit (bit) pseudorandom code that repeats every millisecond. (the duration of each bit in the signal is called a "chip"). To detect the signal, a ("integral") correlation is calculated between the received signal and the replica signal over a selected time period. Because the motion of the satellite is receiver dependent, the integration must account for frequency shifts ("doppler") in the received signal. Detection is achieved when the integration yields a peak indicating that the replica signal is aligned in both time (i.e., delay) and frequency with the received signal. If the replica signal is misaligned with the received signal, the integration result is zero.

Generally, in GPS, delay and doppler values are found after searching through a search space with time of 1 millisecond and doppler of 8000 Hz. After the signal is first detected ("coarse acquisition"), the signal can be tracked to provide periodic updates. In tracking, the receiver does not search the entire search space of the coarse acquisition, provided that the tracking interval is relatively short, so that the position and motion of the satellites do not change significantly within the tracking interval. In general, tracking can be achieved by searching within a small search space around the delay and doppler values obtained in the last coarse acquisition (e.g., delay within 1/4 chips (0.25 μ s) and doppler from 10 to 100 Hz). Of course, the higher the accuracy achieved in the detection of delay and doppler values, the higher the accuracy achieved in positioning applications will be.

The detection of satellite signals enables the determination of the distance of the satellite relative to the receiver and the corresponding motion (e.g., acceleration towards or away from the receiver). To triangulate the location of the receiver, the absolute position and motion of four or more satellites are also required. This information may be determined from "ephemeris" information also transmitted in the satellite signal. Ephemeris information is also useful for coarse acquisition at "cold start". (i.e., the coarse acquisition does not have any reliable a priori information about the receiver position.) the complete set of ephemeris information covering all satellites in the GPS over a period of several months is about 10KB (Kbytes) long. To obtain ephemeris information from the satellite signals, the satellite signals need to be tracked for 30 seconds or more. Alternatively, ephemeris information may be obtained from an online source, such as Assisted GPS (AGPS) service, over a high bandwidth cellular or wide area network.

For mobile devices that rely on battery power, both satellite signal tracking and data communication may disadvantageously consume too much power. Accordingly, it has long been desirable to have power saving hardware and methods for positioning in mobile devices.

Disclosure of Invention

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a signal processing apparatus for detecting a spread spectrum signal modulated with a pseudo random code of a predetermined number of chips, includes: (a) a temperature compensated crystal oscillator providing a timing signal accurate to a predetermined fraction of one of the chips; (b) a clock generator receiving a timing signal to generate a digital clock signal of a predetermined frequency; (c) an analog signal processing circuit that receives the timing signal, the digital clock signal, and the spread spectrum signal, and provides digital baseband samples of the spread spectrum signal at each cycle of the digital clock signal; (d) a counter circuit receiving a digital clock signal to provide timing pulses of a predetermined duration; (e) a data buffer; (f) an input interface circuit of the data buffer that receives the digital baseband samples, the digital clock signal, and the timing pulse and stores the digital baseband samples in the data buffer for a predetermined duration; (g) a processor that retrieves (retrieve) the stored baseband samples from the data buffer to perform signal detection. The input interface circuit may be implemented by a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) circuit connected in parallel. The predetermined frequency of the digital clock signal may be, for example, 16MHz and accurate to 1/16 mus. The digital baseband samples may be samples of in-phase and quadrature channels of a baseband signal derived from a received spread spectrum signal.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the analog processing circuit does not need to be powered beyond the predetermined duration of the timing pulse. Similarly, the processor may enter a sleep state when signal detection is complete. Further, the processor, data buffer, and input interface circuitry are elements of an embedded microcontroller integrated circuit.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the signal processing device may be solar powered. The signal processing apparatus may be provided with a housing in which a temperature compensated crystal oscillator, a clock generator, an analog signal processing circuit, a counter, an input interface circuit, a data buffer, and a processor are mounted. Additionally, the housing may include a battery, power conditioning circuitry for the battery, and a solar panel that converts solar energy to energy in the battery under control of the power conditioning circuitry. In this embodiment, the solar panel may be mounted on an outer surface of the housing.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a method for detecting a signal comprises: (a) receiving a signal; (b) calculating, for each of a plurality of delay values, a correlation value between the received signal and a copy of the signal delayed by the delay value; (c) selecting a first set of correlation values and a second set of correlation values having non-zero values from the correlation values, wherein the correlation values in the first set increase with increasing delay value and wherein the correlation values in the second set decrease with increasing delay value; and (d) estimating a delay value based on the extrapolation from each first correlation value. One embodiment of estimating the delay value is based on fitting the correlation values in the first and second sets to one or more polynomials of delay. For example, the delay value may be estimated based on the intersection of a line derived from the first set of correlation values and a line derived from the second set of correlation values.

According to one embodiment of the invention, an assisted satellite positioning system based on detecting signals from a plurality of satellites comprises: (a) a mobile receiver; and (b) a base station in communication with the receiver over the low power wireless communication network, the base station providing ephemeris data for a selected number, but not all, of the satellites using a compressed data format. The ephemeris data may include data regarding doppler frequency changes or elevation angle (elevation) changes for a selected satellite over a predetermined time interval. The doppler frequency change and the elevation angle change can be represented in a compressed format by coefficients of a polynomial function of time. The polynomial function may be weighted to have a smaller relative error in larger doppler frequencies than in smaller doppler frequencies, or to have a smaller relative error in smaller elevation angles than in larger elevation angles. In one embodiment, a low power wireless communication network (such as a LoRa network) has a range of at least 10 miles.

The invention will be better understood from a consideration of the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings.

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows a signal detection system 100 according to an embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 2 shows the timing of 4-bit data signal 117 of fig. 1 at the output terminal of SPI circuit 104.

FIG. 3 shows the delay d during the detection of a satellite signal₁、d₂、d₃And d₄The matched filter output value at (c).

FIG. 4 illustrates a system 400 in which ephemeris data for a position fix is provided without a conventional data connection in accordance with an embodiment of the invention 400.

Figure 5a is an exemplary estimated change in doppler value over the next 120 minute period for a given satellite in view or near view from station 102.

Fig. 5b is an exemplary estimated change in elevation for a given satellite in view or near view from station 102 over the next 120 minute period.

Fig. 6a, 6b and 6c show top, bottom and side views of a hexagonal housing 600 according to an embodiment of the invention, the housing 600 being adapted to accommodate a positioning device.

Fig. 6d shows a printed circuit board 620 disposed within the housing 600, according to one embodiment of the present invention, on which printed circuit board 620 various circuit components may be mounted.

To facilitate cross-reference between the drawings, like elements are provided with like reference numerals.

Detailed Description

The present inventors have developed a hardware solution that can be used, for example, in conjunction with power-saving signal detection algorithms to allow tracking intervals in satellite positioning applications to exceed one second. An example of an energy saving signal Detection algorithm is found in the inventor's U.S. patent application serial No.14/826,128 entitled "System and Method of Time of Flight Detection" filed on 13/8/2015, now U.S. patent 9,439,040 ("the 040 patent"). Because of the long tracking interval, the receiver requires much less power than prior art receivers.

Fig. 1 shows a signal detection system 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in fig. 1, the signal detection system 100 includes: an antenna 108 for receiving satellite signals; a low noise amplifier 107 for amplifying the received satellite signal; a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter 106 for bandwidth limiting the received satellite signals; and a Radio Frequency (RF) front-end processing unit 111 for demodulating and further analogue processing of the received satellite signals. The RF front-end processing unit 111 also receives an oscillator signal 112 from a temperature compensated crystal oscillator ("TCXO") 101. The timing signal 112 also allows a clock signal 118 to be generated in the clock generation circuit 102. In some embodiments, the clock generation circuit 102 is optional, in which embodiment the counter may receive the TCXO signal directly. According to one embodiment of the invention, the clock signal 118 may be made accurate to 1/16 microseconds (i.e., to 1/16 μ s at 16 MHz) for GPS applications. The advantage of using the oscillator signal 112 from the TXCO 101 for analog signal processing and the clock signal 118 for timing is that the time accuracy of these signals is independent of temperature changes in the environment. The RF front-end processing unit 111 includes an analog-to-digital converter that can provide a 4-bit data signal 117 on each clock cycle of the clock signal 113 according to conventional signal processing protocols. The clock signals 113 and 118 may have different frequencies, the clock signals 113 and 118 preferably being based on the same clock source (e.g., TCXO 111). In one embodiment, clock signal 113 may be approximately 32MHz and clock signal 118 may be 16 MHz. The relative phase between clock signals 113 and 118 may be arbitrary because the delays caused by clock generation circuit 102 and TXCO 111 may be different. In one embodiment, the 4-bit data signal 117 contains two channels that provide digital in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) baseband samples of the received satellite signal.

The 4-bit data signal 117 is received into a buffer in the memory circuit 109, which is then retrieved by a Central Processing Unit (CPU)110 for processing. The CPU 110 may perform signal processing using, for example, the power-saving algorithm disclosed in the' 040 patent. In one embodiment, CPU 110 may be an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). In one embodiment, when a predetermined amount of data is received from the 4-bit data signal 117 (e.g., when a buffer in the memory circuit 109 is filled, or after a predetermined interval (such as a few milliseconds)), an interrupt is raised to indicate to the CPU 110 that the data is ready for processing. For energy efficiency purposes, data processing in RF front-end processing unit 111 may be turned off after buffers in memory circuit 109 are filled. The CPU 110 may also enter the sleep mode after processing the data in the buffer of the memory circuit 109. Accurate timing of the sampling of the received satellite signals allows for an extended tracking interval (e.g., 1 second). This accurate timing is provided by the TCXO 101.

In the signal detection 100, a counter 119 is provided to generate the timing signal 116 based on the clock signal 118. As a result, timing signal 116 may be used to mark the beginning of each tracking interval as accurate as clock signal 113 (e.g., 1/16 μ s). The 1-bit data buffer provides enable signal 115 for an input interface (which may be implemented by Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) circuit 103) used to receive 4-bit data signal 117 into a buffer circuit of memory circuit 109. Enable signal 115 is the output value of SPI circuit 103, which is provided by the logical value "1" stored in the 1-bit data buffer. When the output data of SPI circuit 103 is enabled by timing signal 116, enable signal 119 transitions from logic value "0" to logic value "1" at the next falling edge of clock signal 113. The input interface may also be implemented by four parallel SPI circuits, indicated by reference numeral 104. In this manner, SPI circuit 103 aligns the edges of enable signal 115 with clock signal 113 (i.e., SPI circuit 104 samples the 4-bit data signal on the falling edge of clock signal 113). Aligning the edges of the enable signal 115 with the clock signal 113 also helps to keep the samples of the 4-bit data signal synchronized with each other, i.e. to avoid relative bit shifts between them. This is especially important when SPI circuit 104 is implemented using four separate 1-bit SPI circuits in parallel.

In one embodiment, SPI circuits 103 and 104, memory circuit 109, counter 119, and CPU 110 may be implemented using an embedded controller integrated circuit LPC54114, available from NXP semiconductor corporation. LPC54114 embedded controller includes an ARM microprocessor, an onboard memory circuit, and 8 onboard SPI interface circuits, which may be used to implement CPU 110, memory circuit 109 and SPI circuits 103, counter 119 and SPI circuits 104. In a preferred embodiment, counter 119 is implemented such that the generation of timing signal 116 is not controlled by CPU interrupts, so that timing can be precisely controlled.

Fig. 2 shows the timing of 4-bit data signal 117 at the output terminal of SPI circuit 104. Fig. 2 shows (i) an enable signal EN at SPI circuit 104 (i.e., enable signal 115 of fig. 1), (ii) a data signal D (i.e., 4-bit data signal 117 of fig. 1), and (iii) a clock signal CLK (i.e., clock signal 113). As shown in figure 2 of the drawings, in which,at time t₀Here, enable signal EN is set (asserted), which enables SPI circuit 104 to begin filling buffers in memory circuit 109 using, for example, a Direct Memory Access (DMA) mechanism. After the enable signal EN is set, at time t₁And after each clock cycle of clock signal CLK, data signal D outputs 4 bits of I or Q samples from SPI circuit 104 to a data buffer in memory circuit 109. Data is provided for a predetermined time period (e.g., 1 millisecond for 1023 chips). For example, at time t₁₀₂₃Here, the enable signal EN goes off-set (deasserted), and the I and Q data samples output from the data signal D are also terminated.

CPU 110 may then initiate a search algorithm (such as the algorithm taught in the above-mentioned' 040 patent) on the data in the data buffer to determine the delay time and doppler frequency in the received satellite signal. Typically, a portion of the search algorithm (referred to as a "matched filter") calculates the correlation between the replica signal and the satellite signal for a selected set of delay and doppler value pairs in the search space. FIG. 3 shows the delay d during the detection of a satellite signal₁、d₂、d₃And d₄The matched filter output value (correlation value) at (c). In one embodiment, 32 delay values may be used. The output of the matched filter is expected to reach its maximum value when the replica signal is perfectly aligned with the received satellite signal in both delay and doppler values. For some delay-doppler value pairs that are near the delay-doppler value pair that provides the maximum, the matched filter output is non-zero, but not the maximum. In other words, assuming the Doppler values are aligned, at delay d₁、d₂、d₃And d₄The matched filter output value at (a) is close to (but not at) the delay value that provides the maximum value. Delay value d providing maximum value_tExpected at delay d₂And d₃In the meantime. According to one embodiment of the invention, the delay d is used separately₁And d₂And d and₃and d₄The output value of the matched filter can be based on the estimated time d_tBefore and after matched filter outputThe rate of change of increase and decrease of the value (the "slope") is derived to estimate the delay value d_t. For example, using four delays d in FIG. 4₁、d₂、d₃And d₄Can be based on the connection delay d₁And d₂And the straight line of the output value of the matched filter and the connection delay d₃And d₄To estimate the delay d by the intersection of the straight lines of the matched filter output values_t. Estimating the delay d_tOther forms of (a) are also possible, such as by fitting the increased matched filter output values and the decreased matched filter output values to one or more polynomials of delay values. Determining a time d_tThe other method of (2) calculates the derivative (i.e., rate of change) of the matched filter output value and estimates the time when the derivative reaches zero.

In order to determine the position of the receiver, a triangulation process using ephemeris information of the satellites is required. Furthermore, ephemeris information is particularly useful for coarse acquisition during cold start. Such ephemeris information may be extracted by decoding the received satellite signals, which is a time consuming process, or received from a source possessing the information. Typically, accessing such a source requires a data connection through a cellular telephone system or access to the internet (e.g., WiFi or another broadband medium). For mobile devices, such data connections may not be available at any given time. In any case, communication over such a data connection consumes a significant amount of power. The present invention provides a method and system that does not require a conventional data connection.

FIG. 4 illustrates a system 400 in which ephemeris data for a position fix is provided without a conventional data connection in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown in fig. 4, system 400 includes a receiver 301 that requests ephemeris information from station 302 via a low power, long range wireless data connection. Such low-power, long-range wireless data connections may be obtained from any of a number of low-power wide area networks ("LPWANs"). One example of such an LPWAN is the LoRa network, which provides data connectivity at a data rate of approximately 50 bytes/sec over a range of approximately 30 miles. Receiver 301 may receive ephemeris data from stations 302 (which may be 30 miles apart) using a data connection over the LoRa network. Since the full ephemeris information is about 100KB and since the data rate over LPWAN is relatively low (e.g., 50 bytes per second), the present invention provides the receiver 301 with only that portion of the ephemeris data that is essential for performing the signal processing task at the moment in the compressed data format. In one embodiment, since the range of the LoRa communication is less than 100 miles, station 302 provides ephemeris data that is valid only for a short time in the near future, and is only for satellites that are above ("in view") or slightly below ("near in view") their horizon.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the ephemeris data provided from the station 302 includes expected Doppler and expected elevation angles for each visible or near-visible satellite visible in the vicinity of the station 102 for a predetermined short period of time (e.g., 2 hours). Figure 5a is an exemplary estimated change in doppler value over the next 120 minute period for a given satellite in view or near view from station 102. To provide this estimated change in doppler value, station 302 fits the estimated change in doppler frequency to a third or fourth order polynomial and extracts the corresponding coefficients. The algorithm used for curve fitting gives greater weight (i.e., minimizes error) to larger doppler change values. In one embodiment, station 302 transmits, for each visible or near-visible satellite, an identifier of the satellite, a current delay estimate, a current doppler estimate, and coefficients of a fitting polynomial for the doppler frequency change. These values allow the receiver 301 to reconstruct the doppler change polynomial obtained from the curve fitting process described above.

Fig. 5b is an exemplary estimated change in elevation over a period of 120 minutes for a given satellite that is visible or near visible to the secondary station 102. To provide this estimated change in elevation value, as in the doppler change of fig. 5a, station 302 fits the estimated change in elevation to a third or fourth order polynomial and extracts the corresponding coefficients. Unlike the case of doppler frequencies, the algorithm for elevation curve fitting weights more heavily (i.e., minimizes error) for smaller elevation values (e.g., -5 ° to 5 ° or slightly above or below the horizon). In one embodiment, station 302 transmits, for each visible or near-visible satellite, the current estimate of elevation angle and coefficients of a fitting polynomial for the elevation angle variation. These values enable the receiver 301 to reconstruct the elevation change polynomial.

The number of bits used to represent each coefficient in the polynomial is minimized when the error in fitting the polynomial is allowed within some predetermined error bars. For example, in one embodiment, the error bar for Doppler frequency is 100Hz and the error bar for elevation angle is about 2 degrees when the elevation angle is about 15 degrees.

By transmitting only ephemeris data for satellites in view or near view and in compressed data format, only about 100 bytes may be used to transmit the necessary ephemeris information to the receiver 301 near the station 302. Even at low data rates in a LoRa communication network, ephemeris information may be provided to the requesting receiver within seconds. Thus, the present invention allows the receiver to use compressed ephemeris data transmitted over the LPWAN to achieve fast coarse acquisition.

Upon receiving the compressed ephemeris, the receiver performs acquisition and tracking on the satellites in view to compute pseudoranges from each satellite. The pseudoranges may be transmitted back to the station 302 (or AGPS server) where the full ephemeris may be used to refine the receiver's position and time.

In the acquisition step, the receiver searches for a coarse range of delay and doppler values in the delay-doppler space. The compressed ephemeris of the present invention helps reduce the number of satellites and the doppler range that need to be searched during the acquisition process. The acquisition step also reduces the search space for the tracking step. In one embodiment, the search range during tracking is delayed by about 0.5 microseconds and Doppler is about 100 Hz. The counter 119 precisely controls the interval between acquisition and tracking, as well as the interval between successive tracking steps. The error in each interval is controlled to be less than the delay search range in the tracking step (e.g., about 1/2 chips or 0.5 microseconds in one embodiment). According to one embodiment of the invention, after the acquisition or tracking step, the following formula may be used to derive the currently measured delay value t_cdPredicting the next delay value t_nd(i.e., the next of the delay value)Center of the individual search ranges):

where Δ f is the currently measured Doppler value, f is the frequency of the signal from the tracked satellite, and τ is the tracking interval.

The delay t is measured for each satellite_dThereafter, the position of the receiver can be determined using the AGPS method. In one embodiment, the time of flight at the edges of the 1-ms boundary is not measured, and the delays from 5 or more satellites are used to calculate the position and time of the receiver. One such method can be found in "A-GPS: Assisted GPS, GNSS, and SBAS" ISBN-10: 1596933747.

In one embodiment, the sampling frequency of the RF front end 111 is different for the acquisition and tracking steps. In the acquisition step, the RF front end 111 uses a lower sampling frequency (e.g., 4MHz) to reduce the amount of computation for the acquisition step. However, in the tracking step, the RF front-end 111 uses a higher sampling frequency, which improves the accuracy of the delay estimate and thus the pseudorange estimate.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, using the signal detection methods disclosed herein and in the' 404 patent, the present invention provides a very low power positioning device. In practice, such positioning devices are low power and can be powered by solar energy. Fig. 6a, 6b and 6c show top, bottom and side views of a hexagonal housing 600 according to an embodiment of the invention, the housing 600 being adapted to accommodate such a positioning device. The housing 600 of fig. 6a, 6b, and 6c may be 2 inches long along each hexagonal side and approximately 1/2 inches thick. As shown in fig. 6a, the solar panel 1 may be mounted on a top cover of the housing 600. A communication antenna 2 for communication through LPWAN (e.g., LoRa network) may be installed along one side of the hexagonal housing 600.

Fig. 6d shows a printed circuit board 620 provided within the housing 600 according to one embodiment of the present invention, on which printed circuit board 620 various circuit components may be mounted. The printed circuit board 620 includes: (i) a GPS antenna 3 for receiving satellite signals for signal detection, (ii) a communication module 4 coupled to the communication antenna 2 for transmitting and receiving data signals over an LPWAN (e.g., a LoRa network), (iii) a positioning module 5 including the circuitry shown in fig. 1, (iv) a rechargeable battery 8 (e.g., a lithium chemistry-based battery), (v) a power module 7 coupled to both the solar panel 1 and the battery 8, configured to regulate power regulation operations (e.g., charging the battery 8), and (vi) a control module 8 that generally controls the circuitry mounted on the printed circuit board 620.

The above detailed description is provided to illustrate specific embodiments of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Many modifications and variations are possible within the scope of the invention. The invention is set forth in the appended claims.