阅读说明：本技术 具有受约束的光转换器的光转换设备 (Light conversion device with constrained light converter ) 是由 U·黑希特菲舍尔 F·黑林 于 2019-02-12 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明描述了一种光转换设备,包括：-具有入光面与发光面的光转换器(130),其中该转换器(130)被布置成将在所述入光面上进行扫描的激光(10)转换为转换光(20),其中所述转换光(20)的峰值发射波长处于比所述激光(10)的激光峰值发射波长更长的波长范围内；-包封所述光转换器(130)的约束结构(150),其中该约束结构(150)被布置成在所述光转换器(130)发生机械故障的情况下保持所述光转换器(130)的几何形状。本发明还描述了包括这种光转换设备(130)的基于激光器的光源。本发明最后描述了包括这种基于激光器的光源的车辆头灯。(The invention describes a light conversion device comprising: -a light converter (130) having an entrance face and an emission face, wherein the converter (130) is arranged to convert laser light (10) scanned over the entrance face into converted light (20), wherein a peak emission wavelength of the converted light (20) is in a longer wavelength range than a laser peak emission wavelength of the laser light (10); -a confinement structure (150) encapsulating the light converter (130), wherein the confinement structure (150) is arranged to maintain the geometry of the light converter (130) in case of a mechanical failure of the light converter (130). The invention also describes a laser-based light source comprising such a light conversion device (130). The invention finally describes a vehicle headlamp comprising such a laser-based light source.)

1. A light conversion device comprising:

-a light converter (130) having an entrance face and an exit face, wherein the light converter is arranged to convert laser light (10) scanned over the entrance face into converted light (20), wherein a peak emission wavelength of the converted light (20) is in a longer wavelength range than a laser peak emission wavelength of the laser light (10),

-a constraint structure (150) encapsulating the light converter, wherein the constraint structure (150) is arranged to maintain the geometry of the light converter (130) in case of a mechanical failure of the light converter (130), thereby improving the eye safety of the light conversion device.

2. The light conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the light converter (130) is characterized by a thickness d perpendicular to the light entry surface, wherein the confinement structure (150) is arranged to hold a damaged portion (131) of the light converter (130) having the thickness d perpendicular to the light entry surface in a position of mechanical failure of the light converter (130).

3. The light conversion device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the confinement structure (150) is arranged such that there is a gap between the confinement structure (150) and the light entry face or between the confinement structure (150) and the light emission face, wherein the gap has a width g perpendicular to the light entry face or the light emission face of less than 2 μm.

4. A light conversion device according to claim 3, wherein the gap is arranged such that there is mechanical contact and no optical contact between the confinement structure (150) and the light-in face or the confinement structure (150) and the light-emitting face.

5. A light conversion device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the confinement structure (150) comprises a substrate (115) and a confinement cap (140), wherein the light converter (130) is confined between the substrate (115) and the confinement cap (140).

6. The light conversion device of claim 5, wherein the substrate (115) is transparent over a range of wavelengths including the peak emission wavelength of the laser light, wherein the light incident face is disposed proximate to the substrate (115), wherein the light emitting face is different from the light incident face, and wherein the light emitting face is disposed proximate to a surface of the confinement cap (140).

7. The light conversion device of claim 6, wherein the substrate (115) is in mechanical contact with the light incident surface but not in optical contact.

8. The light conversion device of claim 6, wherein the containment hood (140) is in mechanical contact with the light emitting face but not in optical contact.

9. The light conversion device according to claim 5, wherein the substrate (115) is coupled to a reflective structure (137), wherein the reflective structure (137) is arranged to reflect laser light (11) and converted light (20) received via the entrance face of the light converter (130) to the emission face.

10. Light conversion device according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a failure sensor (210), wherein the failure sensor (210) is arranged to detect damage of the confinement structure (150).

11. The light conversion device according to claim 10, wherein the confinement structure (150) comprises a substrate (115) and a confinement cap (140), wherein the light converter (130) is confined between the substrate (115) and the confinement cap (140), and wherein the fault sensor (210) is arranged to detect a relative movement of the confinement cap (140) with respect to the substrate (115).

12. A laser-based light source, comprising:

-a light conversion device according to any of claims 1-11, and

-a laser (110) adapted to emit the laser light (10).

13. The laser-based light source according to claim 12, comprising the light conversion device according to claim 11, the laser-based light source further comprising a fault detector (200), wherein the fault detector (200) is coupled with the fault sensor (210), wherein the fault detector (200) is arranged to generate a control signal upon detection of damage of the confinement structure (150), and wherein the laser-based light source is arranged to switch off the laser (110) upon detection of the control signal during operation of the laser-based light source.

14. A vehicle headlamp comprising the laser-based light source of claim 12 or 13.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a light conversion device with a constrained light converter, a laser-based light source comprising such a light conversion device, and a vehicle headlamp comprising such a laser-based light source.

Background

In high brightness light sources, light conversion devices are often used which are excited by blue light emitted by a laser, for example. The phosphor of the light conversion device is adhered to the heat sink by means of a glue layer or a solder layer, which is placed between the heat sink and the phosphor. The high intensity of the laser, particularly the blue laser, and the high temperature caused by the light conversion by the phosphor may cause reliability and safety problems.

Disclosure of Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide a light conversion device with improved reliability.

According to a first aspect, a light conversion device is provided. The light conversion device includes a light converter having a light incident surface and a light emitting surface. The light converter is arranged to convert the laser light into converted light. The peak emission wavelength of the converted light is in a longer wavelength range than the laser peak emission wavelength of the laser light. The light conversion device further comprises a confinement structure encapsulating the light converter. The confinement structure is arranged to maintain the geometry of the light converter in case of a mechanical failure of the light converter, thereby improving the eye safety of the light conversion device.

Laser-based (white light) light sources for vehicles, in particular for headlights of cars, are currently under investigation because of their approximately 1 Gcd/m²Due to high brightness. In such laser-based light sources, the intense blue pump laser beam is sent to a light converter ("phosphor") that converts the intense blue pump laser beam to white light comprising about 75% (yellow) converted light and 25% (scattered) unconverted laser light. A well-known problem with such light sources is laser safety. In a fault situation, if the pump laser beam leaves the laser-based light source unscattered, it may cause eye damage. Therefore, the integrity of the converter must be guaranteed.

Ensuring the integrity of the light converter is most challenging, not for small converters in static light sources (ii)<1mm²) For large scale converters (-1 cm) in laser scanner systems²) In laser scanner systems, a pump laser beam is scanned over a light converter by a micromirror.

The confinement structure constrains or encapsulates the light converter such that the integrity of the light converter with respect to eye safety is not compromised even by material imperfections of the converter material that may cause the light converter to break during operation (e.g., caused by thermal loading during light conversion). The geometry of the light converter is substantially maintained. The integrity of the light conversion device may be determined by reference measurements after encapsulating the light converter in the confinement structure. For optical reasons, it may not be desirable to embed the light converter in the confinement structure such that there is an optical interface between the light converter and the material of the confinement structure (see below).

The light converter may further be arranged to convert the collimated laser light into converted light such that when the emission direction of the collimated laser light is perpendicularAt the light incident surface of the light converter, the light guide plate has a size of 10000 μm²The intensity of unconverted laser light emitted by surface elements of the light emitting face is less than a specified intensity percentage of the collimated laser light across the light emitting face. The confinement structure is arranged to confine the light converter therein such that, in case of mechanical failure of the light converter, the confinement structure is bounded by a dimension of 10000 μm²The intensity of the unconverted laser light emitted by the surface elements of the light emitting surface is less than 10% of the specified intensity percentage of the collimated laser light, more preferably less than 5% of the specified intensity percentage of the collimated laser light.

For example, the light conversion device may be arranged such that a prescribed 25% of the unconverted laser light is emitted by the light emitting face according to the above described example. The percentage depends on the intended color point and the converter material of the light converter. The specified percentage may be in the range between 18% and 32%, preferably between 20% and 30%, and most preferably between 22% and 28%. The light converter is constrained by a constraint structure such that relative movement between portions of the light converter is limited. From 10000 μm²The intensity of the unconverted laser light emitted by the reference surface, e.g. comprising a crack between two parts of the light converter due to relative movement between said two parts, is below 35%, preferably below 30%.

The light converter is characterized by a thickness d perpendicular to the light-in surface. The confinement structure is arranged to hold a broken portion of the light converter having said thickness d perpendicular to the light entry surface in a position of mechanical failure of the light converter.

The geometrical boundary conditions imposed by the constraint structure, which are necessary to guarantee eye safety, even in the event of a fatal failure of the light converter, may depend on the size, thickness and shape (e.g., rectangular or circular) of the light converter. Thus, the confinement structure may be arranged such that a broken portion of the material of the light converter is held close to its original position in the undamaged light converter. The thickness d may typically be between 20 and 100 microns.

For example, the confinement structure may be arranged to limit a lateral offset parallel to the entrance face of the damaged portion with respect to an initial position of the damaged portion in the light converter to less than 3 μm, preferably less than 2 μm, most preferably less than 1 μm. Avoiding or at least limiting the lateral offset reduces the maximum possible size of a slit or slit in the light converter through which unconverted laser light not scattered by the light converter can reach the subsequent optical device and ultimately enter the human eye.

The constraining structure may be arranged such that there is a gap between the constraining structure and the light-in face or between the constraining structure and the light-emitting face. The width of the gap perpendicular to the light-incident or light-emitting surface may be less than 2 μm, preferably less than 1 μm and most preferably less than 0.5 μm. The gap may optically decouple between the surface of the light converter and the adjacent surface of the confinement structure, thereby reducing optical loss. For example, the gap may be arranged such that there is mechanical contact but no optical contact between the constraining structure and the light-in surface or between the constraining structure and the light-emitting surface. By no or substantially no optical contact is meant that at least a micro gap exists between the confinement structure and the corresponding surface of the light converter. There may be mechanical contact, but the surface roughness of the corresponding surface of the confinement structure or the light converter avoids a smooth interface between the material of the light converter and the confinement structure that may simultaneously act as an optical device of the laser-based light source.

The confinement structure may include a base and a confinement cap. The light converter is constrained between the substrate and the confinement shield. Constraining the light converter between at least two separate components may simplify the mechanical and optical construction of the light conversion device. For example, the confinement shield may include an optical element, which may be a lens or the like, for optical manipulation of the converted and unconverted laser light. The optical element may be integrated into an optical arrangement of a laser-based light source, and in particular into an optical arrangement of a vehicle headlight. The optical arrangement may be arranged to image the converted and unconverted laser light on an image plane, which may be arranged at a distance of several meters away.

According to one embodiment, the substrate may be transparent at least in a wavelength range including a peak emission wavelength of the laser. The light incident surface may be disposed proximate to the substrate. In this embodiment, the light emitting surface is different from the light incident surface. The light emitting face is disposed proximate to a surface of the containment hood. In this transmission scheme, the light incident surface and the light emitting surface are separated. Laser light enters the light converter through an entrance face adjacent the substrate, and the converted and unconverted laser light generally exits the emission face after a single pass through the light converter. The light-incident surface and the light-emitting surface are generally parallel to each other.

As discussed above, the substrate may be in mechanical contact with the light-in surface but not in optical contact. Optical contact between the input surface and the substrate may increase light loss because back reflection of converted and, in particular, unconverted laser light, to the substrate may increase. Alternatively, the light-entering face may be covered by a mirror layer which is reflective in the wavelength range of the converted light and transmissive in the wavelength range of the laser light.

Alternatively or additionally, the optical element may be in mechanical contact with the light emitting face but not in optical contact with the light emitting face. In case of optical contact between the light converter and the optical element comprised by the confinement structure, the relatively high refractive index of the optical element compared to air may increase the emission numerical aperture of the light converter. Therefore, in the case of optical contact, the optical element needs to have a higher numerical aperture in order to avoid optical loss. Avoiding such optical contact thus enables an efficient (no optical losses) and cost-effective laser-based light source (requirement for a reduction of the numerical aperture of the optical device).

According to an alternative embodiment, the substrate of the light conversion device may be coupled to the reflective structure. The reflective structure is arranged to reflect laser light received through the entrance face of the light converter and the converted light. The light incident surface and the light emitting surface may be at least partially identical. In this embodiment, the light conversion device is arranged according to a so-called reflection scheme. A portion of the converted light and unconverted laser light may pass through the light converter at least twice. In such a reflective arrangement, the confinement shield may only provide part of the solution, as the integrity of the light converter is insufficient, compared to a transmissive solution. The pump laser light may still be deflected out of the light source due to, for example, offset pump optics (e.g., a lens arranged to focus the laser light to the light converter), or due to reflective particles on the light converter.

The light conversion device according to any of the embodiments described above may comprise a failure sensor. The failure sensor is arranged to detect damage to the constraint structure. For example, in the event of mechanical damage to the constraining structure, the fault sensor may be arranged to detect a change in resistance, capacitance or temperature. In contrast to the light converter, the confinement structure may for example comprise a strong transparent material, such as glass, in or on which the wires or metal surfaces can easily be provided.

For example, the fault sensor may be arranged to detect relative movement of the containment hood with respect to the base. The failure sensor may be arranged to detect relative movement of all sub-elements or sub-structures of the constraint structure to determine potential damage to the constraint structure and/or the light converter, which may be a risk to eye safety. A faulty sensor may have the following advantages: without imposing limitations on light emission, substantially all potential damage to the light conversion device can be detected.

According to yet another aspect, a laser-based light source is provided. The laser-based light source comprises a light conversion device as described above and at least one laser adapted to emit laser light.

The laser-based light source may comprise two, three, four or more lasers (e.g. arranged in an array) emitting e.g. blue laser light.

The laser-based light source may further comprise a fault detector. The fault detector is coupled to the fault sensor described above. The fault detector is arranged to generate a control signal upon detection of damage to the restraint structure. The laser based light source is arranged to switch off the at least one laser when a control signal is detected during operation of the laser based light source.

According to yet another aspect, a vehicle headlamp is provided. A vehicle headlamp comprisesAt least one laser-based light source as described above. The vehicle headlamp may comprise two, three, four or more laser-based light sources as described above. In this case, the light converter may include or comprise a garnet yellow phosphor (e.g., Y)_（3-0.4）Gd_0.4AL₅O₁₂: ce). A mixture of blue laser light and yellow converted light may be used to produce white light as described above.

It shall be understood that preferred embodiments of the invention may also be any combination of the dependent claims with the respective independent claims.

Further advantageous embodiments are defined below.

Drawings

These and other aspects of the invention are apparent from and will be elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

The invention will now be described by way of example based on embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In the drawings: fig. 1 shows a schematic sketch of a prior art laser-based light source.

Fig. 2 shows a schematic sketch of a first laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a first embodiment.

Fig. 3 shows a schematic sketch of a mechanical failure of a light converter.

Fig. 4 shows a schematic sketch of a second laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a second embodiment.

Fig. 5 shows a schematic sketch of a third laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a third embodiment.

Fig. 6 shows a schematic sketch of a fourth laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a fourth embodiment.

Fig. 7 shows a schematic sketch of a fifth laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a fifth embodiment.

Fig. 8 shows a schematic sketch of a top view of a light-converting device according to a fifth embodiment.

In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. The objects in the figures are not necessarily to scale.

Detailed Description

Various embodiments of the invention will now be described with the aid of the accompanying drawings.

Fig. 1 shows a schematic sketch of a prior art laser-based light source in which the optical converter 130 fails. Laser light 10 is directed by laser 110 to light converter 130 in a transmissive arrangement. The light converter 130 is adhered to the transparent substrate 115 through the coupling layer 120 (e.g., silicon gel) using the light incident surface. A portion 131 of the light converter 130 is damaged such that the intensity of the unconverted laser light 11 is locally increased compared to the converted light 20. In extreme cases, such a malfunction may cause the collimated beam of laser light 10 to pass through the light converter 130. The increased intensity of unconverted laser light 11 may not be acceptable for eye safety regulations.

Fig. 2 shows a schematic sketch of a first laser-based light source comprising a laser 110 and a light conversion device according to a first embodiment. The light converting device comprises a light converter 130 constrained by a constraining structure 150. The confinement structure 150 includes a transparent substrate 115 and a confinement cap 140. Laser light 10 is emitted by a laser 110 through a transparent substrate 115 and enters the light converter through the light entry surface. The light converter 130 is attached to the transparent substrate 115 by a coupling layer 120 (e.g., silicone). The confinement shield 140 comprises a transparent material such that the converted light 11 and unconverted laser light 20 can be transmitted through the confinement shield 140 to subsequent optics (not shown). The confinement cover 140 is attached to the substrate 115 such that the side surfaces of the light converter 130, e.g., rectangular, are tightly enclosed by the confinement cover 140. The side surface of the light converter 130 is in mechanical contact with the confinement shield 140. There is a small gap between the light emitting face of the light converter 130 and the confinement shield 140. This small gap may prevent optical contact between the light converter 130 and the confinement cap 140, thereby reducing light loss (back reflection of light to the light converter 130, e.g., due to total internal reflection). The surface of the confinement shield 140 through which the converted light 11 and unconverted laser light 20 exit the confinement structure 150 may be covered with an anti-reflection coating. The size of the gap in fig. 2 is exaggerated for clarity. The width of the gap perpendicular to the light emitting surface of the light converter 130 may be 0.5 μm. The size of the gap is so small that the damaged portion 131 of the light converter 130 is almost confined to its original position in the light converter 130. Thus, the local intensity of the unconverted laser light 20 is only slightly increased without exceeding the safety margin.

Fig. 3 shows a schematic sketch of a mechanical failure of the light converter 130. The illustration shows the worst case scenario where the light converter 130 is broken into two parts such that the damaged portion 131 is laterally offset compared to its original position in the light converter 130. The light converter 130 is characterized by a rectangular profile having a width L (e.g., between 100 μm and 2000 μm) and a thickness d (e.g., 50 μm) in the plane of fig. 3. The sheet of light converters 130 is encapsulated by a transparent confinement structure 150. The light incident surface of the light converter 130 is attached to the confinement structure 150. A gap of width g exists between the light emitting face of light converter 130 and confinement structure 150. The thickness of the damaged portion 131 is equal to the thickness d of the light converter 130. The lateral offset of the damaged portion 131, which is triangular in shape on one side, results in a narrow slit of width c that enables the unconverted laser light (not shown) to be transmitted through the light conversion device. The lateral extension of the triangle of the damaged portion 131 in the plane of fig. 3 is given by a, resulting in a maximum width c = a_maxG/d, wherein the maximum lateral extension of the damaged portion 131 is defined by a_maxAnd (= L-2 c). The shape of the spot of the laser light received by the light-in surface is generally rectangular (the exit surface of the laser diode is imaged) and is greatly enlarged. For example, the size of the light spot on the light incident surface may be 500 × 50 μm². The total optical power of the spot may be up to 3W. The laser spot may be stationary (non-scanning mode) in the worst case. The width of the narrow slit may be c =3 μm. Ignoring any diffraction of light at the narrow slit (which would increase the divergence of the laser beam), this would result in a total optical power emitted by the narrow slit of 18mW or 180mW, depending on the relative position of the rectangular spot with respect to the narrow slit. The additional divergence due to light diffraction at the narrow slit will be up to 7.5 ° (atPlane wave diffraction at a narrow slit with a width of 3 μm). This additional divergence may be sufficient to reduce the intensity to an acceptable level at the relevant distance (e.g., 5 m). The intensity at the relevant distance further depends on the subsequent optical arrangement of the laser-based light source. Therefore, the overall optical arrangement must be analyzed to determine the correct geometric boundary conditions imposed by the constraining structure 150.

The worst case is very unlikely. For example, polycrystalline materials commonly used for light converters (e.g., ceramic phosphor materials) are less likely to crack in the manner described in fig. 3. Since there is no such straight narrow slit as depicted in fig. 3, the laser light will typically be deflected further. Thus, in a real scenario, the width of the gap g may be larger, without a substantial risk of eye injury, than in the situation discussed with respect to fig. 3.

Fig. 4 shows a schematic sketch of a second laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a second embodiment. The second embodiment is very similar to the first embodiment described with reference to fig. 2. The light converter 130 is mechanically clamped between the transparent substrate 115 and the confinement cap 140. The transparent substrate 115 and the confinement cap 140 are coupled to each other such that the confinement cap 140 surrounds the light converter 130. In this case, the transparent substrate 115 is a light guide that guides the laser light 10 emitted by the laser 110 toward the light converter 130. The roughness of the light-entering surface and the light-emitting surface of the light converter 130 is arranged such that there is mechanical contact and substantially no optical contact between it and the optical fibers and the confinement shield 140. Any movement of the damaged portion 131 of the light converter 130 is substantially avoided by means of mechanical clamping of the optical fibers and the confinement shield 140.

Fig. 5 shows a schematic sketch of a third laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a third embodiment. The general configuration remains similar to that described with reference to fig. 2 and 4. In this embodiment, the constraint structure 150 includes a transparent substrate 115, a side constraint 141, and an optical element 143. An additional mechanical clamping mechanism (not shown) may be used to clamp the light converter 130 between the transparent substrate 115 and the optical element 143, with the side surfaces of the light converter 130 surrounded by the side restraints 141 (e.g., a ceramic or steel plate with holes arranged according to the shape and size of the light converter 130). The light conversion device further comprises a failure sensor 210, here a conductive track extending across the transparent substrate 115, the side constraint 141 and the optical element 143. The conductive track is coupled to a fault detector 200 of the laser-based light source, which is arranged to detect (e.g. by detecting a resistance) any defects of the conductive track that may be caused by relative movement between the transparent substrate 115, the side constraint 141 and the optical element 143. The conductive tracks may be arranged in a meandering pattern around the constraining structure 150 such that substantially every relative movement of the elements of the constraining structure 150 can be detected.

Fig. 6 shows a schematic sketch of a fourth laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a fourth embodiment. The light converter 130 is constrained by a constraining structure 150, the constraining structure 150 comprising a transparent substrate 115 (light guide), a side constraint 141 similar to that described with reference to fig. 6, and an optical element 143. The light converter 130 is thermally or reactively bonded to the optical element 143, in this embodiment the optical element 143 is a light out-coupling dome (e.g., a sapphire hemisphere). The side restraints are metal plates that closely match the lateral extension of the light converter 130. The optical fiber and the side constraint 141 are arranged such that a small gap of 2 μm exists between the optical fiber and the light converter 130. The small gap defines the damaged portion 131 of the light converter 130 almost at its original position in the light converter 130. The fault sensor 210 and fault detector 200 are provided in a similar manner to that discussed with reference to figure 5 so that small relative movements between the optical fibre, the side restraint 141 and the light out-coupling dome 143 can be detected. Alternatively or additionally, the fault sensor 210 may comprise a thermocouple disposed near the side constraint 141 to detect temperature changes during operation of the laser-based light source that may be caused by a fault of the light converter 130 and/or the confinement structure 150.

Fig. 7 shows a schematic sketch of a fifth laser-based light source comprising a light conversion device according to a fifth embodiment. The fifth embodiment is a reflective arrangement in which the light incident and light emitting surfaces of the light converter 130 are substantially identical. The light converter 130 is constrained between the substrate 115 and a constraint cap 140. The substrate 115 comprises a reflective structure 137, the reflective structure 137 being arranged proximate to the light converter 130 such that the unconverted laser light 11 and the converted light 20 are reflected by the reflective structure 137. The containment cap 140 in the containment structure 150 is adhered to the substrate 115 such that relative movement of the damaged portion 131 of the light converter 130 is substantially inhibited. The laser-based light source also includes a fault sensor 210 and a fault detector 200. The fault sensor 210 is arranged as a capacitor with one side of the capacitor arranged around the light converter 130 in the confinement shield 140. The other side of the capacitor is disposed within the substrate 115. As shown in fig. 8, the two plates of the capacitor are aligned with each other, and fig. 8 depicts a schematic sketch of a top view of a light conversion device according to a fifth embodiment. Displacement of the containment cap 140 relative to the substrate 115 results in a change in capacitance that can be detected by the fault detector 200.

While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive.

Other modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure. Such modifications may involve other features which are already known in the art, and which may be used instead of or in addition to features already described herein.

Variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality of elements or steps. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope.

List of reference numerals

10 laser

11 unconverted laser light

20 converted light

110 laser

115 substrate, transparent structure

120 coupling layer

130 light converter

131 damaged portion

137 reflection structure

140 restraining shield

141 side restraint

143 optical element

150 restraining structure

200 fault detector

210 fault sensor

a, transverse extent of (largest) damaged part of amax

c width of narrow slit caused by lateral offset of damaged portion

Thickness of d light converter

g width of gap between light emitting face of light converter and confinement structure

Lateral extension of the L-light converter