阅读说明：本技术 用于对电驱动的陆运、水运、空运交通工具和/或作业机械和/或电池进行充电的快速充电站和方法 (Quick charging station and method for charging an electrically driven land, water, air vehicle and/or work machine and/or battery ) 是由 J·约伊斯滕-皮里茨 于 2020-03-10 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种快速充电站,其用于对电驱动的陆运交通工具、水运交通工具、空运交通工具和/或作业机械和/或电池进行充电,所述快速充电站包括至少一个内燃机和至少一个燃料箱和/或燃料电池和/或至少一个发电机和/或至少一个缓冲电池和/或至少一个高功率电容器和/或至少一个光伏元件和/或至少一个飞轮存储器和至少一个充电装置和/或电网接口。(The invention relates to a rapid charging station for charging an electrically driven land vehicle, water vehicle, air vehicle and/or work machine and/or battery, comprising at least one internal combustion engine and at least one fuel tank and/or fuel cell and/or at least one generator and/or at least one buffer battery and/or at least one high-power capacitor and/or at least one photovoltaic element and/or at least one flywheel storage device and at least one charging device and/or a power grid interface.)

1. A rapid charging station (1) for charging an electrically driven land, water, air and/or work machine (12) and/or battery, comprising at least one internal combustion engine (3) and at least one fuel tank and/or fuel cell and/or at least one generator (2) and/or at least one buffer battery (4) and/or at least one high-power capacitor (5) and/or at least one photovoltaic element and/or at least one flywheel storage and at least one charging device (6, 7) and/or a power grid interface.

2. The quick charging station according to claim 1, characterized in that it has at least one particle filter and/or at least one exhaust gas catalytic converter in the exhaust gas line.

3. A rapid charging station according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it can be operated with gas or hydrogen and/or gasoline or diesel.

4. Quick charging station according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has at least one roof (8).

5. Quick charging station according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that said top (8) is embodied openable and closable.

6. Quick charging station according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has at least one open-loop or closed-loop control unit.

7. Quick charging station according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has at least one antenna (9) which is connected with the open-loop or closed-loop control unit.

8. Quick charging station according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has at least one wireless data transmission means, such as a WLAN or GSM connection.

9. A quick charging station according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has at least one current or communication transport device (11) and that it is cascadable.

10. Method for charging an electrically driven land vehicle, water vehicle, air vehicle and/or work machine and/or battery, characterized in that a quick charging station according to one or more of the preceding claims is used.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a rapid charging station and a method for charging an electrically driven land vehicle, a water vehicle, an air vehicle and/or a work machine and/or a battery.

Background

At present, working machines are driven by internal combustion engines in the construction industry or agriculture.

Due to increasing environmental regulations in the field of noise and exhaust emissions, it is becoming increasingly difficult to operate such machines in densely populated areas.

In the case of small diesel engines, the expense for exhaust gas treatment systems demanded by legislators increases in an uneconomical proportion to the basic engine cost. Therefore, in the future, it becomes necessary to drive a work machine (for example, a small excavator, a wheel loader, a dump truck, a work table, a telescopic boom forklift, and the like) in a low power range only electrically. However, no charging facility is currently available for such devices. Therefore, the application of such machines is currently limited to areas with developed electricity. This results in low market acceptance of such devices, since the use area of the device is strongly limited.

The currently available operating time of such small work machines is not sufficient due to the lack of charging possibilities, or the required battery size makes the use of such devices uneconomical due to the costs for the electrical energy accumulator.

Disclosure of Invention

The object of the invention is to provide a self-contained rapid charging station which makes it possible to keep a fleet of small electrically driven work machines in operation continuously, and a method for this purpose.

The object of the invention is achieved by a rapid charging station for charging an electrically driven land vehicle, water vehicle, air vehicle and/or work machine and/or battery, comprising at least one internal combustion engine and at least one fuel tank and/or fuel cell and/or at least one generator and/or at least one buffer battery and/or at least one high-power capacitor and/or at least one photovoltaic element and/or at least one flywheel storage and at least one charging device and/or a power grid interface, and by a method according to claim 10. It is advantageous here that, irrespective of local conditions, a sufficient energy supply can always be ensured. Since the buffer battery, the high-power capacitor and the flywheel storage can be charged in this way if there is a sufficiently dimensioned mains interface, in order to subsequently charge the electric vehicle. If no or only an insufficiently dimensioned network interface is present, either the internal combustion engine and the generator coupled thereto or the photovoltaic element or the fuel cell charges the buffer battery, the high-power capacitor and the flywheel storage.

The quick charging device 1 called "power tree" (POWERTREE) advantageously enables simultaneous quick charging of work machines operating on a high current system.

The power tree can be configured with different implementation parameters depending on the requirements of the fleet of work machines to be powered, and also has inverters to be equipped for all voltage and frequency requirements. An internal combustion engine is used as the driving device, and a gas engine, a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, or a hydrogen engine is used according to emission requirements. Alternatively, a fuel cell may also be used in order to ensure noise-free and exhaust-free operation. Furthermore, the following alternatives exist: the power supply tree is integrated into the existing power grid and therefore the unit is operated completely emission-free on site as a purely electric charging station. The costs for the legally prescribed exhaust gas treatment of an internal combustion engine occur only once and are therefore distributed to an arbitrarily large number of working machines. The exhaust gas treatment can be perfectly coordinated with the purpose of use. Furthermore, it is advantageously provided that the rapid charging device has at least one particle filter and/or at least one exhaust gas catalytic converter in the exhaust gas line, so that the internal combustion engine used can always be operated at an optimized operating point. This results in a significant saving of fuel and reduced emissions, and requires only one exhaust gas management, and avoids the problem of regeneration of the soot filter due to low-load applications in small work machines, and is less of a problem whether or not the SCR-system should be used for cost reasons.

It is possible to run a complete fleet of electrically driven work machines at each arbitrary location without all the facilities.

Advantageously, the quick-charging device can be operated on gas or hydrogen and/or on gasoline or diesel. The desired fuel for the entire fleet of machines can be quickly changed by selecting the corresponding power tree. In a further advantageous development, it is provided that the quick-charging device has at least one top and that the top is designed to be openable and closable. This enables a protected charging process during the charging operation and an easier transport between the respective points of use.

In an advantageous further development, it is provided that the rapid charging station has at least one open-loop or closed-loop control unit which, on the one hand, records and evaluates the driving configuration of the electric vehicle in order to thereby provide the best possible charging interval depending on the transmitted operating state of the respective electric vehicle, which charging interval is displayed in the cockpit for each vehicle. In a further advantageous embodiment, provision is made for the vehicle to be autonomously called to the power tree for charging and parking by the open-loop or closed-loop control unit.

In a further advantageous development, the rapid charging station has at least one antenna, wherein the antenna is connected to the open-loop or closed-loop control unit, so that a smooth and cable-free or wireless communication can be carried out between the power supply tree and the electric vehicle.

In a further advantageous development, it is provided that the rapid charging station has at least one current or communication conductor and that the at least one current or communication conductor is cascadable. In this way, the installation can be expanded in a cost-effective manner according to the requirements on the site.

Advantageously, the electric working machine can be operated continuously in the manner described above.

The fast charging unit power tree is arbitrarily scalable and can therefore be adapted to the respective fleet size and power requirements.

The power supply tree can be operated completely emission-free using fuel cells.

All work machines to be powered are wirelessly connected to the charging management of the power tree. An optimized recharging time of the individual machine is determined from the respective charging state by means of fuzzy logic and is optimally included into the operating cycle of the individual machine.

The communication between the power tree and the battery of the vehicle or of the respective vehicle takes place in the following manner: transmitting the vehicle type, the vehicle identification number, the battery type, the battery identification number, the battery cell type, the cell connection, the construction date of the battery, the charge state of the individual cells of the battery, the maximum permissible charge current, the temperature of the battery, the minimum and maximum temperature of the individual cells, the minimum and maximum temperature of the battery cooling, the form of the battery cooling, the number of charge cycles of the battery, the form of the charging process (fast or standard or slow charging (schondung)), the detection of the load configuration of the battery on the construction site, the prediction of the charging demand by fuzzy logic on the basis of the mechanical travel cycle, the manual charging wish of the operator of the vehicle, the desired time, Desired charging form (quick charging, standard charging, current volume), charging desire with respect to the desired current volume in a predetermined unit of time, the current volume delivered, the time of current delivery, settlement data of current delivery, security code for settlement, form of charging plug, geographical position of charging plug for estimating distance to power supply tree, form of induction system, geographical position of induction system for estimating distance to power supply tree, geographical position of battery to be charged for estimating distance to power supply tree, geographical position of vehicle to be charged for estimating distance to power supply tree, time specification of charging process on vehicle for storage and further processing there or in cloud-based server for conversion into specific control instructions, Such as "the vehicle now travels to the power tree in the shortest route to charge the battery" and is transmitted to the vehicle by means of a wireless route. Furthermore, the power tree has a wireless remotely controllable aircraft, by means of which an overview of the construction site can be regularly produced and transmitted by means of a wireless path also to the power tree or to a controller or server of the power tree, in order to store and further process the overview there or in a cloud-based server. These redundant location information helps fine tune the overall system and record the progress of the job at the job site. And (5) block chains.

The "map" of the construction site and the transmitted data sets can be represented continuously by means of a blockchain technique which continuously presents an expandable list of data sets which are connected or "linked" to one another by means of an encryption method. In the world-wide known block chains (e.g. bitcoins), irreversible, unforgeable time stamps are generated and recorded with certificates that prove possession of the stored data and the exact content at this point in time.

The power tree 1 comprises generator units 2, which are driven by means of an internal combustion engine 3. Alternatively, a fuel cell is used or a feed is made to the available grid. Furthermore, there is a high current propertyAn intermediate memory in the form of a memory cell 4 and/or a high-power capacitor 5. This makes it possible to provide the energy density necessary for rapid charging of the respective work machine. Another embodiment provides that the quick-action charging station 1 has a flywheel accumulator which is either installed in the quick-action charging station 1 or is electrically coupled to the quick-action charging station 1 in a 20 "or 40" container to be provided, depending on the capacity requirement. In particular in urban environments, such flywheel storages can be used in the vicinity of urban railways or trams for the intermediate storage of the braking energy of these trains. In a further alternative embodiment, it is provided that the rapid charging station 1 has photovoltaic modules which are arranged or electrically coupled to the power supply tree or on the power supply tree and are arranged on the free surface available for use or on a container provided. Energy is transmitted to the device by means of the automatically coupled high-current connection 6 or alternatively by means of the inductive surface 7.

IEC62196 is an international standard for a range of plug types and charging modes for electric vehicles and is maintained by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Said standard is available in germany as DIN standard DIN EN 62196. Which consists of a plurality of sections passing in succession. The third part was disclosed in 6 months 2014. The standardization process for part 4 (plug connection for light electric vehicles) began in month 6 of 2015.

The standard is defined in IEC-61851 for signal pins that switch on the charging current-the charging station remains voltage-free until the electric vehicle is connected. The vehicle is then unable to operate during the charging process.

The part 1 definition for the signal pin and the IEC-62196-1 charging mode for the signal pin are incorporated into other specifications. In addition to the IEC60309 "CEE version" three-phase plug, the charging mode is also adopted for the SAE-J1772 interface in North America (designed by Miyazaki), the CHAdemo plug in Japan, and the Mennekes plug in Europe (VDE-AR-E2623-2-2). Each of these interfaces forms the basis of the network of power supply service stations of the energy provider.

IEC62196-1 relates to plug connectors (plugs), sockets, jacks and fitted cables for electric vehicles, which are used for cable-connected charging systems. In particular, an alternating voltage of 690V at 50 to 60Hz for rated currents up to 250A; for a rated current up to 600V dc voltage of 400A.

The charging mode is based on IEC61851-1 specification:

IEC61851-1 "mode 1" -slow charging on a household socket with protection contacts (Schuko);

IEC61851-1 "mode 2" -single-phase to three-phase charging is done by a fixed coded signal on the plug side,

IEC61851-1 "mode 3" -to charge with a specific charging plug system for an electric vehicle, which has a pilot contact and a control contact;

IEC61851-1 "mode 4" -with fast charging controlled by an external charging device.

The class 1 charging mode provides for a single-phase or three-phase alternating current with a current intensity of up to 16 amperes. The cable includes a phase, neutral and a protective ground. The pilot contact is not absolutely necessary here in order to be able to carry out the charging process. Plugs and cables that can withstand less than 16 amps are not reported by signaling, but rather provide for registering a maximum amperage on the device itself. There is no need to use IEC-60309 industrial plugs, but simpler plug systems, such as Schuko plug systems, can be used.

The class 2 charging mode is specified for device currents up to 32 amps, as is often the case not only in single-phase configurations but also in three-phase configurations. The signaling to the vehicle is limited to a fixed value and the pilot contacts for open charging can be bridged by plugging in. Industrial plugs according to IEC60309 ensure the current carrying capacity on the network side by means of the housing dimensions, which is signaled in the vehicle-side plug according to the different connection adapters for 16A or 32A. Other industrial plugs having a specification of 32A and above may also be used. When connected to Schuko, ICCB in the cable, which ensures class 2 signaling to the vehicle, is required for high charging power.

The class 3 charging mode is specified for fast charging up to 250A. A simple plug with a pilot contact according to class 2 may be used, however the charging current is limited to 32A. For higher charging currents, a suitable charging pattern must be identified. The reference IEC60309 standard uses physical parameters for corresponding charging systems up to 250A, such as cable diameter and pin diameter in plugs. The maximum allowed charging current or the availability of digital communication is coded by means of pulse width modulation. The availability of digital communication forms the basis for controlled charging of electric vehicles in order to influence the charging process in a targeted manner.

The class 4 charging mode is specified for rapid charging with direct current up to 400A. Appropriate signaling allows for the unsuitable charging plug to remain voltage-free.

In the IEC62196-1 standard section, reference is made to the plug type in IEC 60309. The plug type is also widely used as a charging plug for electric vehicles, and the following charging plug system is specifically created for use in the automotive field. It is sought to connect the battery management of the vehicle to the smart grid of the energy supplier.

The IEC62196-2 standard section describes the type of plug used for connecting to alternating current. ETSI and CEN-CENELEC started working at 6 months 2010 according to the commission of the european union committee for a unified charging plug. The committees expected to gain success in 2011. IEC62196-2 started to circulate at 12/2010 and at 20/2011/5. The completed IEC standard was published in 2011 on 10/13. This schedule becomes possible since the standard can be supported by the existing standardization of the charging patch system.

The following types are included in the list of charging plugs of the IEC62196-2 standard:

IEC62196-2 "class 1" -Single-phase vehicle couplers adopt the specification of SAE J1772/2009;

IEC62196-2 "class 2" -Single-phase and three-phase vehicle couplers adopt the VDE-AR-E2623-2-2 specifications;

IEC62196-2 "category 3" -single and three phase baffled vehicle couplers using the electric Plug Alliance (EV Plug Alliance) proposal.

Other plug types according to IEC62196-1 are the Framatome plug for EDF, the SCAME plug in Italy and the CEEplus plug variant in Switzerland.

Public charging stations according to IEC62196 with certain connection sockets (for example SAE J1772 or CEEplus) can also be used with other plug types by means of adapters — of course, the current is not activated until IEC-61851-compliant signal pins report the presence of an electric vehicle. Furthermore, the current is limited to 16A until a signal complying with IEC-62196 is identified, which opens a charging mode with a higher current intensity.

Drawings

Further advantageous embodiments of the invention result from the description of the figures, in which the exemplary embodiments shown in the figures are described in greater detail. In the figure:

fig. 1 shows a quick charging station together with two electric construction vehicles in charge;

fig. 2 shows three cascaded fast charging stations.

Detailed Description

The power tree has an extendable top 8, similar to the top of a sun umbrella, which protects an easily transportable quick charging unit from weather influences and which serves as a transport location for connecting high currents to the work machine. The power tree looks like a tree and is movable to move the power tree towards the vehicle if the electric vehicle becomes stationary.

Data transmission regarding the state of charge/cell management and the memory temperature of each work machine is performed bidirectionally, wirelessly, to a central data processing device of the power tree.

The cableless transmission method is a data transmission method that uses free space (air or vacuum) as a transmission medium. For the transmission, no cables in the form of electrical conductors (wires) or optical conductors are required — primarily, methods in the radio frequency range are therefore also referred to as wireless transmission methods.

Transmission is by means of directed or non-directed electromagnetic waves, wherein the frequency band used can range from a few hertz (low frequency) up to hundreds of terahertz (visible light), depending on the application and the technology used.

Cableless transport methods are used mainly in the field of applications of transport technology where cable connections cannot be used.

The non-medium connection conveying method mainly comprises the following steps:

bluetooth, WLAN, Zigbee, NFC, Wibree or WiMAX in the radio frequency range and IrDA and optical directional communication (FSO), RFID, mobile radio, GSM, UMTS and LTE in the infrared frequency range or the optical frequency range (GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRAN are used here as air interfaces), radio (in particular antenna television and satellite television and radio broadcasting).

A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is understood as an open land-based mobile radio network. One of the most well-known standardized PLMNs is the GSM network. Global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a line-switched cellular communication network in which two participants communicate with each other via an explicit (virtual) line.

The GSM network is divided into three different subsystems:

a Base Station Subsystem (BSS) contains components that provide the facilities for connecting between a network (or NSS) and a moving participant over an air interface. Important network elements are Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and Base Station Controllers (BSC).

A network subsystem (NSS), which is responsible for call switching and participant management, forms the central component of the GSM network. In addition to other mobile exchanges, a connection to a national fixed network or an international fixed network can also be established. The most important network element is the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) described below.

The intelligent network subsystem (IN), which consists of a database providing additional services, contains no subdivision of components. For example, the deposit may be managed in real time via a prepaid service.

The components are explained in more detail below.

A Mobile Station (MS), which is typically in the form of a mobile telephone, represents an end participant of a GSM network. The most important component of an MS is the SIM card. The SIM card contains primarily a password, which is important for authenticating the MS but is not transmitted.

Each participant is provided with a unique number, in addition to an integrated circuit card identification number (ICCID) that uniquely identifies the SIM card, which is used to uniquely identify the participant globally in a GSM network. This International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) consists of three components. The first three digits form a Mobile Country Code (MCC) that identifies the country to which it belongs (e.g., 262 in germany). The next two digits form a Mobile Network Code (MNC) that is used to identify the provider (e.g., 01 for T-Mobile). In germany, the federal network bureau decides to grant the belonging MNC to the respective operator.

On an international level, the decision is made by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) responsible for IMSI specification. The latter ten digits of the IMSI are individually provisioned to the participants by the respective providers and are referred to as Mobile Subscriber Identification Numbers (MSINs).

In addition to the IMSI, the MS is assigned a telephone number, i.e., a mobile subscriber ISDN number (MSISDN). Multiple phone numbers can be provisioned for one IMSI because the IMSI (and not the MSISDN) functions as the primary key. Thus, the telephone number can be changed at any time without replacing the SIM card, since the MSISDN is not fixedly stored on the SIM card. The MSISDN consists of the Country Code (CC) (e.g. 49 for germany) and the three digit area code of the network operator, the domestic destination code (NDC) (e.g. (0) 1622). A Base Transceiver Station (BTS) forms the interface between the cable connection and the air interface. The BTS can theoretically cover an area with a radius of up to 35 km. In most BTSs, especially in urban spaces, the radius is only 3 to 4km, in populated areas even only a few hundred meters, and this covered area is also referred to as a cell. During the connection, call data is sent via the BTS, which can be handed off in the course of the connection. The transmission power and thus also the range of action may vary depending on the density of the dwelling, wherein the terminal equipment is usually the limiting component. The cells have a unique ID (cell ID) and are usually configured as cells.

A plurality of (about 20) cells are combined into one Location Area (LA).

A location area is defined by a unique number, i.e. Location Area Identity (LAI), consisting of the MCC, MNC and a personalized identity, i.e. Location Area Code (LAC), as described above. The tasks of the BTS mainly include radio channel management, signal modulation, and data encryption and decryption. The antenna covers only an area of up to 180 °, so a plurality of antennas, often three antennas each having a coverage of 120 °, are usually mounted on one radio tower. There are over 52000 base stations in germany.

The Base Station Controller (BSC) forms the central unit of the BSS and centralizes the connections of all the BTSs connected thereto. Connection management is achieved via a switching matrix that schedules data from individual BTSs to MSCs (see below) and vice versa. The so-called a-bis interface (BTS & BSC) is mainly realized by means of 2Mbit lines, which are divided into virtual channels with a bandwidth of 64 kBit/s. In addition to controlling the BTS (e.g., through power adjustment), the role of the BSC primarily includes organizing cell changes (handovers). As long as the source BTS and the target BTS are located in the same BSS, the handover is only the task of the BSC.

If the two radio towers are located in different BSSs, the administrative responsibility for the handover is transferred to the MSC. In case the MS's signal strength is weak, the BSC is responsible for deciding which cell it should hand over to. The BSC also has a database in which is stored status information about the entire BSS, e.g. all cells of the location area of the BSS and all signal strengths of the participants.

This component is introduced in order to relieve the MSC of the burden, so that the network construction from the MSC up to the end participants can be represented as a tree topology.

A Mobile Switching Center (MSC) forms a main component of the NSS, which manages and controls a plurality of BSSs. The charging and authorization of the mobile station and its associated logging of call data is among the most important tasks of this component. Once the MS is turned on, the MS registers with the MSC and is reachable by other participants. The establishment of the connection and the forwarding of the SMS are controlled by the component. If the MS changes location areas, the MS must perform a location area update, i.e., inform the responsible MSC in which location area the MS is located. Thus, the MSC can search for an MS in the location area by sending a paging request to all cells (BTSs) located in the location area when a connection comes in. A large mobile radio network consists of tens or even hundreds of mutually independent MSCs. In order to forward and store a Short Message (SMS), there is a Short Message Service Center (SMSC) in addition to the MSC, which is responsible for sending and managing the SMS. The MSC uses a database, described below, to manage the mobile participants.

The Home Location Register (HLR) represents the most important database within a GSM network. The home location register is a static register which is permanently assigned to each participant by means of the IMSI as a primary key. The HLR contains the IMSI, basic services (e.g. phone, SMS, data service, FAX), additional services (e.g. CLIR5), provisioning of the IMSI with the calling number (MSISDN), an Authentication Center (AC) that stores authentication information (e.g. the key of the SIM card). The MSRN (mobile station roaming number) is a temporary ID used to find a foreign network participant.

Each MSC has its own database containing an excerpt from the HLR. Such a so-called Visitor Location Register (VLR) may be envisaged as a temporary HLR containing the participants registered with the "MSC's own" BTS. When checking whether the mobile station is within the reach of an MSC, it is now no longer necessary to query the global HLR but only the local VLR. This results in a higher performance connection being established and a lower load on the HLR.

The HLR stores static information, while the VLR mainly contains dynamic data such as IMSI, TMSI, telephone number (MSISDN), LAI (═ MCC + MNC + LAC), MSRN, handover number.

The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is a temporary ID, which is transmitted instead of the IMSI. In this way, the anonymity of the participants should be ensured and the movement configuration avoided.

The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) manages the hardware identification number of the mobile station, the so-called International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). Each mobile phone has such a globally unique hardware number.

The IMEI consists of a Type Assignment Code (TAC) which, in addition to the assignment mechanism (first two digits), also identifies the device type. The TAC is followed by a personalized Sequence Number (SNR) and then a checksum.

EIR is divided into three different lists: the "white" list contains all existing IMEIs, the "grey" list contains open IMEIs issued for tracking, and the "black" list contains IMEIs of stolen or blocked mobile phones. A stolen mobile phone can be queried via a black list and located if necessary, so that replacing the SIM card is not sufficient for concealing the theft. The change of the IMEI is difficult to be feasible on the software side, however the IMEI can be emulated with respect to the network. EIR is an additional database, the use of which depends on the provider.

The air interface or Um interface refers to the air interface between the mobile station and the BTS.

The air interface for GSM is divided into three layers set forth below.

Two different multiplexing techniques are used at the physical layer 1 of the Um interface in order to enable as many participants as possible to communicate simultaneously. The first method divides the frequency of each cell over multiple participants and is therefore referred to as Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). The second technique divides the channel into a plurality of time slots (bursts) and is referred to as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Thus, carrier frequencies each having a bandwidth of 200kHz can enable up to 8 participants to communicate simultaneously by means of TDMA. Thus, one TDMA frame consists of 8 time slots and is transmitted within 4.615 ms. Assuming that a BTS transmits radio on n different frequencies, 8n-2 time slots are obtained by subtracting 2 channels used for signaling on the first carrier frequency.

A GSM burst first includes a guard time, which is a time buffer in which no data is transmitted. This is due to the mobility of the participants, who have different distances from the BTS and therefore data may arrive with a time delay. In order for the receiver to be able to identify the beginning and end of the burst, a known bit pattern called "tail" (three zeros) is transmitted together. Always the same bit pattern is located in the middle of the burst, which is used for error correction. By means of such a model (also referred to as training sequence) signal distortions, for example due to reflection propagation/multiple propagation, can be compensated. There is then also a so-called stealing flag that gives whether the user data or signaling information is located in the data field. Each GSM burst lasts 577 mus and transmits 114Bit user data via the logical channel mentioned below.

The bursts have another format for synchronization, frequency correction and access. Since there are more signaling channels than time slots, 51 TDMA frames are combined in GSM into one continuously repeating multiframe in which it is determined which logical channels are transmitted in which burst (time slots 0 and 1 within one TDMA frame). In addition to this common configuration, only the first time slot may be used for a signaling channel in favor of a user data channel. The user data channel is arranged in repeated 26 multiframes, which extend in parallel with the 51 multiframes. The above-described division is only applicable to frames on the first carrier frequency. All other frequencies contain only 26 multiframes and therefore all 8 bursts can be used for user data.

The LAPDm protocol is used at the link layer (layer 2) of the air interface. The LAPDm protocol is a modification of the Link Access Procedure (LAPD) for the D channel of the ISDN D channel. m represents a modification (modified). There are three different formats for a 184Bit length LAPDm frame. If there is no user data to send, the A format is used as a "blank fill" frame. The B format is used for transmitting SDCCH, FACCH and SACCH, where the maximum length of user data depends on the channel. Finally there is also a Bbis format for transmission of BCCH, PCH and AGCH, i.e. downlink only. Since the messages of these channels are sent to all participants of a location area, no identification number is present in the Bbis frame. The structure of the ladcm frame is shown below in the B format as an example, in which SDCCH (e.g., transport short messages) can be located. The B-frame first includes a field that fills the frame to 184 bits because some channels transmit less signal data than other channels. The fields containing the frame length (including the segmentation information) of the signal data and the last field in each field each have a length of 8 bits. The control field describes the frame type and gives it an information frame, a monitoring frame (e.g. to inform it of readiness to receive) or an unnumbered frame (e.g. connection setup/connection release). There is no frame checksum as in LAPD for ISDN, since the first layer is already responsible for error correction.

The address field provides more accurate information about the frame. A 2Bit long Link Protocol Discriminator (LPD) encodes the Cell Broadcast Service (CBS) with 01 and is always 00 otherwise. The service access point identification number (SAPI) (3Bit) classifies signal data (e.g., 0 for CC/MM/RR (see below) or 3 for Supplementary Services (SS) and SMS), and the command or response (C/R) field encodes a command frame of 0 and a response frame of 1. Finally, the Extended Address (EA) field marks whether another address octet follows yet and therefore always has a value of 1 in LDAPm, since the address field is the last address octet.

The third layer of the air interface distinguishes message types, which are in turn divided into groups. The type ID contains Protocol Discriminators (PDs) that divide the notification or message into groups. Possible groups are radio resource management (RR) for PD 6, Mobility Management (MM) for PD 5, Call Control (CC) for PD 3, Supplementary Service (SS) for PD 8 independent of the call, SMS notification for PD 9. Each group is provided with a different message type. Thus, for example, the immediate assignment message type belongs to the RR group, the location update related message type belongs to the MM group, and the messages for call control (e.g., connect, disconnect) belong to the CC group.

The first ten messages for radio resource management (RR) are listed below as being most important for implementing a user data connection. The RR message also includes a classmark inquiry, a measurement report, an encryption mode command, an encryption mode complete, an assignment command, an assignment complete, a channel release, and a handover. Paging request 1 is a paging request directed to all BTSs within a location area. The receiver of the call or SMS is searched.

System information type 1 refers to which channels (cell assignments) the BTS reports it has. The channel is identified by ARFCN (absolute radio frequency channel number, uplink frequency and downlink frequency).

System information type 2 refers to the frequency of the neighboring cell (broadcast channel) that carries the BTS.

The system information type 3 refers to information on a cell, such as a cell ID, LAC, and parameters related to available channels.

System information type 4 refers to a part of the information containing previous GPRS related messages and channel properties.

System information type 5 refers to a channel into which the MS can log in during a call.

The system information type 6 means informing the MS where the MS is located (Cell-ID and LAC).

A channel request refers to a channel request of an MS including a cause, e.g. as a response to a paging request, an (emergency) call or a location update.

Immediate assignment refers to responding to a channel request and assigning a dedicated user data channel (see SDCCH in the channel overview).

The page response refers to negotiating parameters for setting up the call, such as which encryption algorithm the MS and MTS support, the power of the MS, and the possible frequency bands of the MS.

The communication between the mobile station and the BTS is divided into diverse logical channels (channels).

The combination in which the individual channels occur within a multiframe is different and depends on the network operator. The uplink is defined by the direction MS- > BTS and the downlink is therefore defined by the direction MS < -BTS.

The Broadcast Channel (BCH) uses the BTS for a point-to-multipoint channel to the corresponding MS. These channels are downlink channels.

The Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) contains a so-called frequency correction burst, which is an unmodulated signal that is used for synchronization (looking for the beginning of a 51-multiframe) and then for error correction of the frequency between the MS and the BTS.

With the help of the Synchronization Channel (SCH), the MS can find and synchronize to the cell or BCCH of the BTS.

A Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is used as an identification channel for a cell. Via this channel the Location Area Code (LAC), MCC, MNC, cell ID, uplink and downlink frequencies (ARFCN) and frequencies of neighbouring cells are mainly published. The following frame number, at which a request for PCH (see below) is sent or a request to send, also belongs to the information spectrum of the BCCH: which frame numbers are available for requests for RACH.

A Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH) is used to send specific information (e.g., news, weather, traffic) to all participants within the coverage area.

Although the CBCH appears logically as a broadcast channel, from a technical point of view the CBCH is classified as SDCCH (see below), within the time slot of which the CBCH is also transmitted. The notification sent by the channel is not acknowledged by the mobile phone.

The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is mainly used for establishing connections and in most cases involves multiple participants.

The Paging Channel (PCH) informs the MS of incoming data, such as a telephone call or SMS. A paging request is sent to all cells of the location area where the participant to be called is located. IMSI or TMSI is used as the call name.

The mobile station may send a communication request to the BTS via a Random Access Channel (RACH). The request typically contains an access request to a dedicated (dedicated) channel. For this, the MS transmits a channel request message. Uncontrollable collisions may occur because different participants are not synchronized with each other. The RACH is therefore a pure uplink channel.

After successful communication on the RACH, an authorization channel (AGCH) is accessed to inform the MS of the initial allocation to the SDCCH with an immediate assignment notification. The assignment of SDCCH and TCH is decided by the BSC.

Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH) are dedicated channels that involve only one participant. The dedicated control channel is similar to the ISDN's data channel, except for the TCH. All DCCHs are not only uplink channels but also downlink channels (MS < - > BTS).

A stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH) is used for signaling between the MS and the BTS and initial setup of the call, when therefore no TCH (see below) is available for the participants. Furthermore, the SDCCH contains signaling data that does not require a TCH, such as location updates or sending or receiving SMS.

A Fast Associated Control Channel (FACC) is a control channel that transmits emergency signal data, such as a handover command, during the existence of a connection. Since such urgent signaling messages occur relatively infrequently, the FACCH has no own burst to use. Instead, the burst is transmitted instead of user data and a stealing flag is set in the GSM burst. The bursts are implemented in time slots of a TCH (see below) and are associated with the TCH from a technical point of view.

The Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) contains in the uplink the signal measurements of the active cell and the neighbouring cells. Based on these results, handover or power adjustment may be set, for example. The power adjustment is transmitted in the downlink of SACCH together with timing information. Since these information relate to active connections, the SACCH is set up together with the TCH.

A Traffic Channel (TCH) is a talk channel or a user data channel and corresponds to a basic channel of the ISDN. GSM uses different types of TCH.

First a full rate voice traffic channel (TCH/FS) and a half rate traffic channel (TCH/HS) are distinguished. Based on this, TCH's of different transmission rates can be defined, e.g. TCH/F9.6 at 9.6Kb/s for TCH/F within DCCH, in order to prevent interference between adjacent cells. To operate frequency hopping, at least one of the following pieces of information is required:

-Cell Allocation (CA): a list of all available frequencies (ARFCNs) in the cell (transmitted by the BCCH);

-Mobile Allocation (MA): selecting a frequency from a CA list along with a frequency hopping sequence;

-frequency Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): giving a value between 0 and 63 of the hop distance;

-Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): frequency numbers, which are also between 0 and 63 (value range of MA). With this offset, the MS is distributed over all available frequencies within the TDMA frame.

-Frame Number (FN): including changing the value of a variable of a counter of the hopping sequence.

In the immediate assignment on AGCH, MAIO and HSN are also sent with the newly allocated SDCCH. During a voice connection, frequency hopping also pursues the following intentions: the connection is protected against attacks. It has been demonstrated that only slightly more computation and bandwidth are needed to bypass this protection.

The following example shall show the above channels and GSM components in use in the chosen scenario. Specific encryption and authentication aspects have not been considered in the following scenarios.

The following scenario describes the establishment of a talk channel on the call recipient side.

The BSC receives a paging request from the MSC with the IMSI, TMSI, and location area of the recipient. The BSC then sends a paging request to all BTSs within a given location area, and the BSC retrieves the location area from its database. All BTSs further convey the paging request to all participants in the active range via the PCH. The involved participants reply on RACH and get via AGCH (immediate assignment notification) the SDCCH allocating themselves on which the MS and MSC agree with each other regarding the establishment of voice connection. Where encryption or authentication is performed. Once this is done, the MSC sends an assignment request to the BSC along with instructions to set up the TCH. The BSC then activates the idle TCH in the BTS and informs the MS via the SDCCH about the assigned TCH. The MS then switches to the given TCH and acknowledges successful reception to the BTS via the FACCH, which is also acknowledged via the FACCH. Finally, the MS sends an assignment complete to the BSC via the bts (facch).

If a participant moves beyond the reach of one BTS, the participant must be handed over to a radio cell with better signal quality. This form of handoff is known as handover. Handover is initiated by the BSC based on the measured signal values via SACCH for the current cell and the neighboring cells. Based on these measurement data, the BSC may decide in which cell the MS should change. Before a replacement can be made, the BSC must activate the TCH in the new BTS. The BSC then sends the handover command over the FACCH via the old BTS. The command contains the new frequency and the time slot number of the new TCH. The MS may then synchronize with the new BTS by sending the handover access message in four consecutive bursts. In the fifth burst, the participant sends a SABM message (protected connection request) to the BTS, which sends an acknowledgement to the BSC with correct identification. Finally, the BSC must also release the old TCH. If the new cell is out of the BSC's reach, the responsible MSC must be joined for a successful handover since the BSCs are not connected to each other. In a handover during an active connection (as described herein), the MSC is eventually informally informed even if the handover occurs within one BSC.

WLANs may operate in different modes depending on the hardware equipment and the needs of the operator.

The WLAN infrastructure mode is similar in construction to a mobile radio network: the wireless access point (usually in the form of a router) is responsible for coordinating all clients and sending small packets, so-called "beacons" (in english "beacon light", see german "bat (beacon)"), to all stations in the reception area at adjustable intervals (usually ten times per second). The beacon mainly contains information such as the network name ("service set identification", SSID), a list of supported transmission rates and the encryption type.

The "beacon light" simplifies the connection setup very significantly, since the customer only needs to know the network name and optionally some parameters for encryption. Meanwhile, the continuous transmission of the beacon packet enables monitoring of the reception quality even in the case where no user data is transmitted or received. Beacons are always transmitted at the lowest transmission rate (1MBit/s), so successful reception of a "beacon" does not guarantee a stable connection to the network.

Devices conforming to the bluetooth special interest group standard transmit as short-range devices (SRDs) in the unlicensed ISM band (industrial, scientific and medical band) between 2.402GHz and 2.480 GHz. The device allows operation without permission on a global scale. However, interference may be caused, for example, by WLANs, cordless telephones (DECT telephones in europe have different frequency bands) or microwave ovens operating in the same frequency band. In order to achieve stability against interference, a Frequency hopping method (Frequency hopping) is used, in which a Frequency band is divided into 79 channels at intervals of 1MHz, and the channels are switched up to 1600 times in one second. However, there are also packet types (multi-slot packets) that do not switch frequencies as frequently. One band exists on the lower end and on the upper end each as a guard band (guard band) with respect to an adjacent frequency range. Theoretically, the data transmission rate can reach 706.25kbit/s during receiving and 57.6kbit/s during transmitting (asymmetric data transmission).

Starting from version 2.0 + EDR, data can be transmitted at an EDR (enhanced data rate) up to triple speed, i.e. at about 2.1 Mbit/s. Having started with version 1.1, bluetooth devices can simultaneously maintain up to seven connections, where participating devices must share the available bandwidth (shared medium).

Bluetooth supports the transmission of voice and data. However, most devices can only manage three participants in the piconet during the necessary synchronized transmission of speech.

The transmitted data may also be encrypted.

In addition to the transmission power, the actually achievable range of action depends on a number of parameters. This includes, for example, the sensitivity of the receiver and the design of the transmitting and receiving antennas used on the radio communication path. The characteristics of the environment may also affect the range of action, such as walls that act as obstacles within the radio communication path. Due to differences in length and security mechanisms, the type of data packet may also have an impact on the achievable coverage, which is between 10 and 100m outdoors.

In order to achieve higher transmission rates over the globally available 2.45-GHz-ISM band, the bluetooth alliance project Alternate MAC/PHY bluetooth extensions; here, bluetooth extends the PHY layer and MAC layer of the IEEE-802.11 specification.

A contactless, inductive charging plug system without open contacts, however cable-connected, charges the battery contactlessly by induction after inserting an inductive element into a slot on one of the vehicle side or the vehicle front or the vehicle rear. An electrically driven vehicle may be charged, for example, with a fixed 7 kilowatt charging device in 3 hours or with a 1.2 kilowatt charging device in approximately 15 hours. Higher charging currents result in shorter charging times.

One embodiment provides for the charging system for an electric vehicle to be installed in a roadway or on a construction site surface. Energy can be transmitted contactlessly by means of induction during driving or when parking. In a further embodiment, provision is made for inductive charging to take place in a parking position additionally provided for this purpose, which is driven by a fast charging station. In a further embodiment, a short overhead line section is provided at the parking position, which overhead line section is provided in such a way that it is reached by the electric vehicle with a pantograph that can be extended. Another embodiment provides that the energy is stored in the flywheel and/or in particular in the capacitor store in the power supply tree. For example, in urban areas, braking energy, for example of trams, can be transmitted electrically via overhead lines to a flywheel in a container located at the edge of a railway or at the edge of a construction site, in order to charge the vehicle at the construction site.

The method enables a well-planned short intermediate charge or short charging time and gives the following possibilities: the necessary battery capacity and therefore the vehicle cost are significantly reduced without limiting the autonomy of the vehicle too strongly.

The power tree has the main function of battery management 10 of the individual work machines 12 and allocates optimized charging times for the different work machines at the power tree or at cascaded accessories of the power tree, as this is disclosed in fig. 2. The control of the power tree determines the appropriate charging period based on the respective charging status of the electric vehicle 12, which is transmitted to the power tree by means of a wireless path, in order to keep the electric vehicle always ready for operation. The electric vehicle also transmits the air pressure of its tires, the state of charge of its battery, and the temperature of the battery. The power tree identifies the operating behavior and the time management of the individual work machines by means of fuzzy logic and continuously optimizes the charging process.

The energy reserve still available can thus be displayed at any time to the machine driver and an optimized charging time can be recommended. However, the machine driver may report to the power tree special requirements regarding charging time, and then consider the special requirements in the overall power management of all machines.

The modular design of the power supply tree makes it possible to advantageously extend the base module with other pure "current supply tree" costs, if necessary, by means of the current supply device or communication supply device 11, as is shown in fig. 2.

List of reference numerals

1 Power tree/quick charging station

2 Generator Unit/Generator

3 internal combustion engine/internal combustion engine

4 memory cell/buffer battery

5 high power capacitor

6 high current connecting/charging device

7 inductive surface/charging device

8 top part

9 aerial

10 data processing device (computer) battery management

11 communication conveying device

12 working machine