Super-wear-resistant hard carbon-based coating
阅读说明：本技术 一种超耐磨的硬质碳基涂层 (Super-wear-resistant hard carbon-based coating ) 是由 史旭 唐智 于 2019-11-07 设计创作，主要内容包括：基材上镀有多层膜,由以下顺序排列组成：(i)由ta-C组成的第一功能层；(ii)由ta-C组成的第二功能层；(iii)(a)由ta-C组成的第三功能层和包含一种基本元素碳化物的第一过渡层或者(b)由一种基本元素碳化物组成的第一过渡层和由一种基本元素组成的第二过渡层；其中ta-C涂层中氢含量少于10%并且sp<Sup>2</Sup>结构含量少于30%;其中(i)杨氏模量,或(ii)硬度,或(iii)杨氏模量和硬度按照涂层顺序都独立地保持稳定或者增加,比如(iii)(a)从第一过渡层到第一功能层,或者(iii)(b)从第二过渡层到第一功能层。(The substrate is plated with a multilayer film, and the multilayer film is composed of the following components in sequence: (i) a first functional layer consisting of ta-C; (ii) a second functional layer consisting of ta-C; (iii) (a) a third functional layer consisting of ta-C and a first transition layer comprising a carbide of a basic element or (b) a first transition layer consisting of a carbide of a basic element and a second transition layer consisting of a basic elementA transition layer; wherein the ta-C coating has a hydrogen content of less than 10% and sp 2 Less than 30% structural content, wherein (i) the young's modulus, or (ii) the hardness, or (iii) both the young's modulus and the hardness remain stable or increase independently in the coating order, such as (iii) (a) from the first transition layer to the first functional layer, or (iii) (b) from the second transition layer to the first functional layer.)
1. A substrate coated with a multilayer film layer comprises the following components in the following order:
(i) a first functional layer comprising ta-C;
(ii) a second functional layer comprising ta-C;
(iii) (ii) (a) a third functional layer comprising ta-C and a first transition layer comprising a carbide of a base element or (b) a first transition layer comprising a carbide of a base element and a second transition layer comprising a base element;
wherein the ta-C coating has a hydrogen content of less than 10% and sp2The structural content is less than 30%;
wherein (i) the young's modulus, or (ii) the hardness, or (iii) both the young's modulus and the hardness remain stable or increase independently in the coating order, such as (iii) (a) from the first transition layer to the first functional layer, or (iii) (b) from the second transition layer to the first functional layer.
2. The coated substrate according to claim 1, comprising the following sequence:
(i) a first functional layer comprising ta-C;
(ii) a second functional layer comprising ta-C;
(iii) (b) a first transition layer comprising a carbide of a base element and a second transition layer comprising a base element.
3. The coated substrate according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in (iii) (b) the coating comprises one or more ta-C containing functional layers between the second functional layer and the first transition layer.
4. The coated substrate obtained according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein in (iii) (b) the coating comprises one or more transition layers between the second transition layer and the substrate.
5. The coated substrate of claim 1 wherein in (iii) (a) the coating comprises one or more transition layers between the first transition layer and the substrate.
6. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the hydrogen content in ta-C is less than or equal to 5% and sp2The structural content is less than or equal to 20 percent.
7. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the hydrogen content in ta-C is less than or equal to 2% and sp2The structural content is less than or equal to 15 percent.
8. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the substrate is metallic, pure metal or an alloy, such as steel.
9. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the substrate is steel or a variety of steels (such as steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, tool steel and alloy steel).
10. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims 1-7, wherein the substrate is a ceramic.
11. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the basic element is W, Si, Cr, Ni or Ti.
12. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the base element is W.
13. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims 1-11, wherein the basic element is Ti.
14. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims 1-11, wherein the base element is Si.
15. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the second transition layer further comprises a second element different from the base element.
16. The coated substrate of claim 15 wherein the second element is W, Si, Cr, Ni or Ti.
17. The coated substrate of claim 16 wherein the second element is Cr, Ti or Si.
18. The coated substrate according to any of claims 15 to 17, comprising at least one third transition layer comprising an element between the substrate and the second transition layer.
19. The coated substrate of claim 18 wherein the third transition layer comprises a second element.
20. The coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the substrate is metallic and the transition layer in contact with the substrate is also metallic or comprises a metallic element.
21. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the young's modulus between the second transition layer and the first functional layer is either stabilized or increased in the coating order.
22. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the young's modulus is increased stepwise in a set of three layers connected in a coating.
23. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the young's modulus increases stepwise from the adhesion layer or sub-layer to the last uppermost functional layer.
24. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims 21-23, wherein the average increased young's modulus per layer is 10GPa or more.
25. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the coating hardness is at least 2000 HV.
26. The coated substrate obtained according to any preceding claim, wherein the coating hardness is at least 2500 HV.
27. The coated substrate obtained according to any preceding claim, wherein the coating hardness is at least 3000 HV.
28. The coated substrate obtained according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the coating hardness is at least 4000 HV.
29. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the hardness between the second transition layer and the first functional layer is either constant or increases in the coating order.
30. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the hardness is increased stepwise in any group of three consecutive layers in the coating.
31. Coated substrate obtained according to claim 29 or 30, wherein the average increased hardness per layer is at least 300 HV.
32. Coated substrate obtained according to claim 29 or 30, wherein the average increased hardness per layer is at least 400 HV.
33. The coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the hardness of the functional layer in contact with the first transition layer is 1200HV or more.
34. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the hardness of the functional layer in contact with the first transition layer is 1600HV or more.
35. The coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the hardness of the functional layer in contact with the first transition layer is 2000HV or more.
36. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the total coating thickness is 5um or less.
37. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the total coating thickness is 3um or less.
38. The coated substrate according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the total coating thickness is 2um or less.
39. The coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the thickness of each film is 1um or less.
40. The coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the thickness of each film is 0.7um or less.
41. The coated substrate obtained according to any preceding claim, comprising in the following order:
a first functional layer comprising ta-C having a hardness of 2000HV or more;
a second functional layer comprising ta-C having a hardness of 1200HV or more;
a second transition layer comprising WC;
a first transition layer comprising CrW;
and a further transition layer comprising Cr contacting the substrate;
wherein the first functional layer has a hardness at least 300HV higher than the second functional layer.
42. The coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the substrate is selected from tools, knives, moulds, industrial machines and components.
43. The coated substrate according to any preceding claim, wherein the substrate is an engine component.
44. The coated substrate according to claim 43 wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of piston rings, piston pins, camshafts, tappets, poppet valves and injection nozzles.
45. A coating process according to any preceding claim comprising providing a substrate and coating the substrate with:
(i) a first functional layer comprising ta-C;
(ii) a second functional layer comprising ta-C;
(iii) (ii) (a) a third functional layer comprising ta-C and a first transition layer comprising a carbide of a base element or (b) a first transition layer comprising a carbide of a base element and a second transition layer comprising a base element;
wherein the ta-C coating has a hydrogen content of less than 10% and sp2The structural content is less than 30%;
wherein (i) the young's modulus, or (ii) the hardness, or (iii) both the young's modulus and the hardness remain stable or increase independently in the coating order, such as (iii) (a) from the first transition layer to the first functional layer, or (iii) (b) from the second transition layer to the first functional layer.
46. The method of claim 45, comprising providing a substrate and coating the substrate with:
a first functional layer comprising ta-C;
a second functional layer comprising ta-C;
first transition layer containing carbide of a basic element
A second transition layer comprising a base element.
47. A method according to claim 45 or 46, wherein the transition layer is deposited by magnetron sputtering.
48. A coating scheme according to claims 45-46 wherein the functional layer is deposited by PVD, such as magnetron sputtering or CVA.
49. The method of claim 48 wherein the functional layer is deposited by the FCVA technique.
Technical Field
The invention relates to a hard carbon-based coating with excellent wear resistance and provides a preparation method for preparing the hard carbon-based coating with good wear resistance.
Background
The deposition methods used to coat the substrate are diverse. The vapor deposition technique is a common method for depositing application films with different functions, and the application field of the prepared films relates to the fields of microelectronics, heavy industry and the like. The deposition techniques can be divided into two broad categories. The first type of deposition method is Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). CVD generally refers to a process of preparation that deposits on a substrate via a chemical reaction. Examples of commonly used CVD processes are semiconductor silicon (Si) layer deposition, epitaxy, and thermal oxidation.
The second type of deposition method is commonly referred to as Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) technique. PVD generally refers to a process of depositing a thin film on a substrate surface using physical methods. The core of the PVD process is the process of depositing the material to be coated on the surface of a workpiece to form a film through direct material transfer. Thus, unlike chemical vapor deposition processes, physical vapor deposition techniques do not react chemically, and the thickness of the coating deposited is independent of the kinetics of the chemical reaction.
Sputtering is a typical physical vapor deposition technique, and refers to a process of bombarding the surface of a target material (also called a sputtering target) with functional particles under a vacuum condition, wherein atoms on the surface of the target material obtain enough energy to sputter atoms, ions or molecules, and the sputtered atoms or molecules are gathered on the surface of a substrate to form a thin film.
Another common physical vapor deposition technique is cathodic vapor arc deposition. The method adopts cold cathode electric arc evaporation, takes a solid plating material as a cathode, and evaporates an evaporation material on a workpiece under the bombardment action of gas ions or evaporation material ions.
The amorphous carbon film is a transition state carbon material without a fixed shape, and has no periodic crystal structure. Amorphous carbon films have various morphologies, generally according to the hydrogen content in the coating and sp 2: the carbon ratio in sp3 state classifies it.
With reference to the literature in the specialist field, amorphous carbon is classified into 7 classes (see table below, from Schich-und, Frounhf academy of Hough
Tetrahedral hydrogen-free amorphous carbon (ta-C) is typically characterized by being hydrogen-free or containing very little hydrogen (< 5% molar, usually < 2% molar), with a high content of sp3 hybridized carbon atoms (usually > 80% of carbon atoms in the sp3 state).
While the term "diamond-like carbon" (DLC) is sometimes a collective term for all forms of amorphous carbon material, DLC is referred to herein as other amorphous carbon materials other than ta-C. The conventional DLC production method is a chemical reaction deposition of hydrocarbons (e.g. acetylene). Therefore, the DLC coating has a higher hydrogen content than ta-C films (the starting material is typically hydrogen-free high purity graphite).
In other words, DLC is typically amorphous carbon with > 50% sp2 carbon and > 20% hydrogen content. The DLC may be undoped amorphous carbon, or may be doped with metallic or non-metallic amorphous carbon (see table above).
Conventional DLC coatings have a hardness of up to about 2000HV (vickers hardness) and a thickness of up to about 3 μm or more. Typical examples are the DLC coatings used by Oerlikon Balzers, HEF USA and IHI ion bond AG for automotive (e.g. engine) parts. However, their DLC coatings have limited range of hardness and thickness values, limiting their wider application, especially in the field of precision equipment.
DLC has suitable hardness and coefficient of friction for use as a coating material for cutting tools and other abrasive articles. The hardness of the DLC coatings for tools currently on the market is about 2000HV vickers and a thickness of about 3 microns. Such thickness may limit its application in certain precision devices. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a diamond-like carbon film that is thinner but also resistant to abrasion to meet the market demand.
US 2004/0038033 a1 patent relates to a composite coating of a substrate coated with a metal/silicon tie layer, a metal carbide/silicon carbide transition layer and a DLC functional layer. In the examples of this patent, metallic chromium is used as the tie layer.
WO 2007/020138 mentions a coating layer comprising a substrate, an intermediate layer and a tetrahedral carbon layer wherein the young's modulus of the tetrahedral carbon layer must be larger than the young's modulus of the intermediate layer.
US 2015/240944 discloses a multilayer composite coating with an intermediate layer of carbide or nitride and a functional layer of DLC.
US 2010/186834 discloses a novel composite coating comprising a substrate of alumina, a primer layer of titanium and an outer carbon layer of at least 40% tetrahedral amorphous carbon.
To achieve higher hardness values, ta-C may be selected to replace DLC, but high hardness ta-C is generally brittle and prone to delamination from the substrate. The hard and thin ta-C coating can have good bonding force with a matrix, and the coating is not prepared on a large scale at present. There is an urgent need in the market for thinner and more abrasion resistant carbon coatings.
The present invention aims to provide an improved carbon coating that can replace the conventional DLC.
Disclosure of Invention
The innovation of the invention is that a coating which has good wear resistance and is not easy to delaminate is prepared by increasing the hardness by selecting a proper middle layer as a connecting layer of ta-C and a substrate. Compared with the traditional DLC coating preparation method, the method can prepare a thin and high-hardness coating.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a multilayer coated substrate, wherein the coating comprises:
(i) the first functional layer is ta-C;
(ii) the second functional layer is ta-C;
(iii) the third functional layer is ta-C, wherein the first intermediate layer consists of a first element carbide or the first intermediate layer consists of a first element carbide and the second intermediate layer consists of a first element.
The coated substrate as described above, wherein the ta-C has a hydrogen content of less than 10% and sp2 has a carbon content of less than 30%;
the coated substrate as described above, wherein the young's modulus or hardness of the coating layer is maintained or gradually increased from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. Or the young's modulus and hardness of the coating layer each individually remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
Further, in certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a multilayer coated substrate, the coating comprising:
the first functional layer is ta-C;
the second functional layer is ta-C;
or ta-C random combinations of one or more functional layers;
the first intermediate layer is a carbide of a first element;
the second intermediate layer is a first element;
or a random combination of one or more intermediate layers with the substrate.
The coated substrate as described above, wherein the young's modulus or hardness of the coating layer is maintained or gradually increased from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. Or the young's modulus and hardness of the coating layer each individually remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
Additionally, in certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a coating for a substrate, the coating comprising:
the first functional layer is ta-C;
the second functional layer is ta-C;
or ta-C random combinations of one or more functional layers;
the first intermediate layer is a carbide of a first element;
the second intermediate layer is a first element;
or a random combination of one or more intermediate layers with the substrate.
The coating as described above, wherein the young's modulus or hardness of the coating layer remains constant or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. Or the young's modulus and hardness of the coating layer each individually remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
Further, the present invention provides a coating for a substrate, involving a deposition process on the substrate, said coating comprising:
(i) the first functional layer is ta-C;
(ii) the second functional layer is ta-C;
(iii) the third functional layer is ta-C, wherein the first intermediate layer consists of a first element carbide, or the first intermediate layer consists of a first element carbide, and the second intermediate layer consists of a first element.
The coating as described above, wherein the hydrogen content in ta-C is less than 10%, and the carbon content in sp2 is less than 30%;
the coating as described above, wherein the young's modulus or hardness of the coating remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. Or the young's modulus and hardness of the coating layer each individually remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
Still further, the present invention provides a coating for a substrate, involving a deposition process on the substrate, said coating comprising:
the first functional layer is ta-C;
the second functional layer is ta-C;
or ta-C random combinations of one or more functional layers;
the first intermediate layer is a carbide of a first element;
the second intermediate layer is a first element;
or a random combination of one or more intermediate layers with the substrate.
The coating as described above, wherein the young's modulus or hardness of the coating layer remains constant or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. Or the young's modulus and hardness of the coating layer each individually remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
As with the coatings described above, where there is often an intermediate transition layer between the bottom layer adjacent the substrate to the uppermost functional layer, progressively increasing the young's modulus and hardness of the transition layer is effective to ensure that the hardcoat adheres more firmly to the substrate. The transition layer typically comprises at least 4 layers, and even consists of more layers; in the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the coating comprises at least 5 or 6 layers.
The present invention is therefore directed to providing a substrate coated with a relatively thin coating having high hardness and ultra-wear resistance, as described in more detail in the test examples of the practice of the invention described below.
Drawings
The invention relates to the description of the figures referred to, in which:
fig. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of a reference coating 1 (not to scale).
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of a reference coating 2 (not to scale).
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of a reference coating 3 (not to scale).
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the structure of a reference coating 4 (not to scale).
FIG.5 is a schematic of the structure of coating A (not to scale) prepared according to the present invention.
FIG.6 is a schematic of the structure of coating B (not to scale) prepared according to the invention.
Detailed Description
As mentioned above, the term "tetrahedral amorphous carbon" (ta-C or TAC) referred to in this patent refers to amorphous carbon having a low hydrogen content and a low sp2 carbon content.
Ta-C is a dense amorphous material composed of disordered sp3 state carbons interconnected by strong covalent bonds and structurally similar to disordered diamond. (see Neuville S, "New application prospects for tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings", QScinence Connect 2014:8, http:// dx.doi. org/10.5339/Connect 2014.8). Due to its structure similar to diamond, ta-C is also a very hard material, typically with hardness values greater than 30 GPa.
For example, the ta-C coating may have a hydrogen content of less than 10%, typically a hydrogen content of less than or equal to 5%, and most preferably as low as 2% and less (e.g., less than or equal to 1% hydrogen content). It is noted that the hydrogen content percentage referred to herein is a mole percentage, not a mass percentage of hydrogen. the amount of sp2 carbon in the ta-C coating may be less than 30%, typically less than or equal to 20%, and most preferably as low as 15% and less. The most preferred ta-C structure is composed of a hydrogen content of less than or equal to 2% and a sp2 carbon content of less than or equal to 15%. the ta-C coating may not need to be doped with other materials (metals or non-metals).
For effective differentiation, the term "diamond-like carbon" (DLC) as referred to in this patent refers to amorphous carbon other than ta-C. Thus, the DLC coating contains a higher hydrogen content and a higher sp2 carbon content. For example, the hydrogen content in the DLC coating can be greater than or equal to 20%, typically greater than or equal to 25%, and can even be as high as 30% and above. The hydrogen content percentages referred to herein also refer to mole percent, not mass percent of hydrogen. The SP2 carbon content in the DLC coating can be greater than or equal to 50%, typically 60% and above. DLC may be a carbon material that is undoped or doped with a metal or a non-metal.
The innovation of the invention is to provide a method for depositing a thin ta-C coating with high hardness and ultra-wear resistance.
The coated substrate of the present invention, wherein the coating is comprised of a plurality of layers comprising:
(i) the first functional layer is a ta-C,
(ii) the second functional layer is a ta-C,
(iii) (a) the third functional layer is ta-C, wherein the first intermediate layer consists of a first element carbide, (b) or the first intermediate layer consists of a first element carbide and the second intermediate layer consists of a first element.
The coated substrate as described above, wherein the ta-C has a hydrogen content of less than 10% and sp2 has a carbon content of less than 30%;
the coated substrate as described above, wherein the young's modulus or hardness of the coating layer is maintained or gradually increased from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. Or the young's modulus and hardness of the coating layer each individually remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
The coated substrate as described above, wherein the (iii) (a) coating layer may consist of one or more intermediate layers between the first intermediate layer and the substrate.
The coated substrate as described above, wherein said (iii) (b) coating may comprise one or more functional layers ta-C between the second functional layer and the first intermediate layer.
The coated substrate as described above, wherein the (iii) (b) coating layer may consist of one or more intermediate layers between the second intermediate layer and the substrate.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a coated substrate as defined in claim (iii) (b), wherein the coating is comprised of a plurality of layers including:
the first functional layer is ta-C;
the second functional layer is ta-C;
or ta-C random combinations of one or more functional layers;
the first intermediate layer is a carbide of a first element;
the second intermediate layer is a first element;
or a random combination of one or more intermediate layers with the substrate.
Further, a preferred embodiment is consistent with the above (iii) (a), wherein the coating is comprised of a plurality of layers, the layers comprising:
the first functional layer is ta-C;
the second functional layer is ta-C;
the third functional layer is ta-C;
the first intermediate layer is composed of a first element carbide, (b) or the first intermediate layer is composed of a first element carbide, and the second intermediate layer is composed of a first element.
The coated substrate as described above, wherein the functional layer comprises ta-C, and preferably consists of ta-C. The functional layer may be composed of a plurality of ta-C layers having the same young's modulus or hardness value or increasing layer by layer, and typically the uppermost functional layer outside the substrate has the highest young's modulus or hardness value. Coating hardness testing (as exemplified below) of the coated substrate was performed on the final samples prepared. It is theoretically possible to perform the tests of young's modulus and hardness of the individual layers on unfinished samples before depositing the previous layer or forming the final product. the total thickness of the functional layers of ta-C is generally less than or equal to 3 μm, preferably less than or equal to 2 μm, even 1 μm or less.
The first intermediate layer may be referred to as a "transition layer" which is one of the intermediate layers or intermediate layers between the ta-C layer and the substrate. The first element in the base coating may be W, Si, Cr, Ni or Ti or a mixture of two or more thereof. Thus, the first intermediate layer comprises one or more elements and typically consists of a first element carbide. If the first element is a metal, the first intermediate layer may consist of a first metal carbide. The preferred first metal is W, as used in the examples shown in this patent. Another preferred metal is Ti, as described in the examples. The first element may also be a non-metal and another preferred first element is Si, as described in other embodiments. Other elements may be used as the first element if they satisfy a gradient distribution of the Young's modulus and hardness of the coating. The total thickness of the first intermediate layer is generally less than or equal to 1 μm, or less than or equal to 0.5 μm, even as thin as 0.2 μm and less.
The second intermediate layer contains a first element, exemplified by the first element being a metal, the first element being contained in the first and second intermediate layers, being present in the carbide form in the first layer, and being present in the non-carbide form in the second layer. The continuity between these intermediate layers ensures good matching between young's modulus and hardness, while contributing to good bonding between the tie layers. Therefore, in a typical coating, a second element different from the first element is also introduced into the second intermediate layer. The second intermediate layer is typically comprised of a compound of the first and second elements, or a compound of the first and second elements with a third gaseous element, such as nitrogen or oxygen. The second element may be W, Si, Cr, Ni or Ti, and preferably the element is Cr, Ti or Si or a compound of two or more elements. The element employed in the examples described below is Cr. The total thickness of the second intermediate layer is generally less than or equal to 1 μm, or less than or equal to 0.7 μm, even as thin as 0.5 μm and less.
The second intermediate layer (and optionally the third or further intermediate layers if present) may be deposited on the substrate as a tie layer or as a primer layer. It is important that the intermediate layer has a good bond to the substrate and experiments have found that intermediate layers that maintain a good bond to the substrate generally do not have the highest hardness or young's modulus, which requires that the properties of the underlying layer in the coating should be as close as possible to the properties of the substrate. The present invention is directed to providing a solution to gradually increase the hardness and young's modulus of the coating by introducing a transition layer, giving the overall coating good adhesion and excellent properties.
Although the second intermediate layer may be deposited directly on the surface of the substrate, coating the substrate will typically involve the introduction of a third intermediate layer between the substrate and the second intermediate layer, the third intermediate layer containing at least one element, such as a metal element. Continuity between the layers is essential and, therefore, the third intermediate layer will generally contain the elements of the second intermediate layer. The second element can be W, Si, Cr, Ni or Ti; the third intermediate layer may be a compound of another different element (e.g., N, W, Si, Cr, Ni, or Ti); the third intermediate layer contains at least one element or two elements. The total thickness of the third intermediate layer is generally less than or equal to 1 μm, or less than or equal to 0.5 μm, even as thin as 0.3 μm and less.
When the substrate is a metal substrate (e.g., steel), the intermediate layer bonded to the substrate is preferably a metal or metal-containing element, and the coating is designed to provide good metal bonding strength between the metal substrate and the intermediate layer.
In an embodiment of the invention, the young's modulus of the coating between the second intermediate layer and the first functional layer is kept constant or increases layer by layer. The Young's modulus between any three adjacent layers in the coating is increased, and even the Young's modulus of the functional layer from the transition layer or the bottom layer to the outermost layer is increased in sequence. The Young's modulus of each layer increases on average by greater than or equal to 10GPa, or greater than or equal to 15GPa, even up to 20GPa and above. As will be exemplified below, the Young's modulus increase for each layer is approximately 15, 18, 22, 32 and 41GPa (e.g., a coating Young's modulus increase of 45GPa, then an average Young's modulus increase of 15GPa for each layer, since there are 3 intermediate layers on the first layer).
The invention aims to provide a hard coating which is widely applied to the fields of tools, engine parts and the like. The hardness of the substrate coating according to the invention is at least 2000HV, or greater than or equal to 2500HV, or greater than or equal to 3000HV, or greater than or equal to 3500HV, even up to 4000HV and above. Coatings have been prepared with a wide range of hardness values (see examples shown below) up to 5000 HV. For different end use products, different suitable hardness will sometimes be chosen according to the needs of the user. Although the hardness of the coating may be up to 5000HV, for some applications (e.g. applications where wear resistance is more important than hardness), a thicker coating but lower hardness may be chosen. To achieve the final hardness, the hardness of the coating is gradually increased by the method shown above. In general, the ta-C layer in the functional layer adjacent to the first intermediate layer, i.e. the ta-C layer closest to the substrate, is a softer ta-C layer, providing a hardness transition from the bottom/intermediate layer to the uppermost ta-C layer. The hardness of the ta-C layer closest to the substrate is approximately 1000 HV. The structural design of the coating layer facilitates further improvement of the hardness of the coating layer through the functional layer on the upper layer. The coating hardness can be suitably increased by varying the deposition parameters of ta-C, for example by adjusting the substrate bias during the coating process using FCVA deposition techniques. The ta-C layer adjacent to the first intermediate layer may also have a hardness greater than or equal to 1200HV, or greater than or equal to 1600HV, or greater than or equal to 2000HV, or even 2300HV and above.
In the embodiments of the invention, the hardness of the coating remains the same or increases from the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. In addition, the Young's modulus between any adjacent three layers in the coating is increased, and even the Young's modulus of the functional layer from the transition layer or the bottom layer to the outermost layer is increased in sequence. The average increase in young's modulus of each layer is greater than or equal to 200HV, or greater than or equal to 300HV, or greater than or equal to 350HV, even up to 400HV and above. As will be exemplified below, to increase the total hardness of the ta-C layers to over 1200HV, the hardness of each layer needs to be increased by at least 600 HV. The average increase in hardness per layer varies with the total number of layers and the hardness of the outermost layer of the top layer, ta-C. In the examples so far, the increase in the average hardness per layer was 416, 362, 350, 569 and 813 HV.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention (specific example described below), the young's modulus and hardness from the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer are kept constant or increased from layer to layer. The best solution is to increase the young's modulus and hardness from the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
Examples of specific embodiments of coated substrates according to the present invention are A-C:
(A)
the coated substrate according to the present invention, the coating comprising:
the first functional layer is ta-C;
the second functional layer is ta-C;
or ta-C random combinations of one or more functional layers;
the first intermediate layer is tungsten carbide;
the second intermediate layer is tungsten;
or one or more intermediate layers.
(B)
The coated substrate according to the present invention, the coating comprising:
the first functional layer is ta-C;
the second functional layer is ta-C;
or ta-C random combinations of one or more functional layers;
the first intermediate layer is titanium carbide;
the second intermediate layer is titanium;
or one or more intermediate layers.
(C)
The coated substrate according to the present invention, the coating comprising:
the first functional layer is ta-C;
the second functional layer is ta-C;
or ta-C random combinations of one or more functional layers;
the first intermediate layer is silicon carbide;
the second intermediate layer is silicon;
or one or more intermediate layers.
The coated substrate as described above, wherein the young's modulus or hardness of the coating layer is maintained or gradually increased from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. Or the young's modulus and hardness of the coating layer each individually remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
Further, a coated substrate according to the present invention, the coating comprising:
the ta-C layer has a hardness of 3000-6000HV,
the hardness of the ta-C layer is 2000-2999HV,
the first intermediate layer is tungsten carbide with hardness of 1340-1832HV,
the second intermediate layer is tungsten chromium carbide (CrWC) with the hardness of 900-1280HV,
the intermediate layer adjacent to the substrate is chromium with a hardness of 750 and 950 HV.
Further, a coated substrate according to the present invention, the coating comprising:
the hardness of the ta-C layer is 3200-3800 HV,
the hardness of the ta-C layer is 2901-3199HV,
the hardness of the ta-C layer is 2700-,
the intermediate layer close to the substrate is silicon carbide with the hardness of 500-900 HV.
In the first intermediate layer according to the specific embodiment of the present invention, WC is used as the first intermediate layer, CrW is used as the second intermediate layer, and Cr is used as the third intermediate layer (or the bottom layer).
The coated substrate according to the present invention, the coating comprising:
the ta-C layer has a hardness of 2000HV or more,
the ta-C layer has a hardness of 1200HV or more,
the first intermediate layer is made of tungsten carbide,
the second intermediate layer is chromium tungstate,
the intermediate layer adjacent to the substrate is chromium,
wherein the first functional layer has a hardness at least 300HV higher than the second functional layer.
Another specific example embodiment of the present invention is where the first intermediate layer is SiC, the second intermediate layer is Si3N4, the third intermediate layer is CrSi, and the fourth intermediate layer (or underlayer) is Cr.
The film thickness of the coating related to the invention is adjustable, and the ta-C has higher hardness compared with the conventional DLC coating with the same or thinner thickness. The total thickness of the coating may be 5 microns, or 3 microns, or even 2 microns. Some of the better hardcoats may have higher hardness at < ═ 1.5 microns. The thickness of each individual functional layer in the coating is 2 microns, or 1.5 microns, or 1 micron, or 0.7 microns, or 0.5 microns, or 0.3 microns, and the film thickness of the functional layer can be reduced to be thinner even in order to reduce the overall thickness. The thickness of each individual functional layer is > 0.02 microns, or > -0.05 microns, or > -0.1 microns, or > -0.2 microns, depending on the overall thickness of the overall coating. The film thickness between the intermediate or primer layers is usually quite close and the layer thickness between the ta-C layers is similar as the young's modulus or hardness increases.
Furthermore, the present invention relates to providing a method for coating a substrate. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of coating a substrate, wherein it is concerned with depositing onto the substrate a coating comprising:
the first functional layer is a layer ta-c,
the second functional layer is a ta-c,
or one or more of the functional layers ta-C,
the first intermediate layer is a carbide of a first element,
the second intermediate layer is a first element,
or one or more intermediate layers are coated on the substrate,
the coated substrate as described above, wherein the young's modulus or hardness of the coating layer is maintained or gradually increased from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer. Or the young's modulus and hardness of the coating layer each individually remains the same or increases stepwise from the first intermediate layer or the second intermediate layer to the first functional layer.
The present invention relates to a deposition method for depositing one or more of an intermediate layer (if present), a second intermediate layer comprising a first element, a first intermediate layer comprising a carbide of the first element, and a ta-C functional layer. The specific and selective deposition coating methods mentioned in the present invention are directed to the coatings to which the present invention relates.
The selection range of the substrate is wide, and various materials can be used as the substrate for coating. The substrate is typically metallic, including metals and alloys. Steel is a commonly used substrate and includes steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, tool steel and alloy steel. Ti and alloys, Al and alloys, ceramics (e.g. Al2O3, ZrO2, Si3N4, SiC) and plastics (e.g. PEEK, POM, LCP, ABS, PC) can also be used as substrates in general, after which the coatings according to the invention are deposited.
Conventional CVD and PVD methods, particularly the CVA and FCVA techniques, which are well known, can be used to coat a variety of substrates. The method is also suitable for coating different substrates. Both conductive and non-conductive solid substrates can be used for coating, and the bottom layer and the connecting layer in the coating are beneficial to improving the binding force and strength of the coating and are convenient for coating the surface of a material more easily. Substrates made of metals, alloys, ceramics and mixtures thereof can be used as substrates for coating. The metal and the composite material matrix thereof can also be used for coating films, in particular various steels and parts, tools, components and the like made of the steels. These substrates are used in applications such as tools, dies, industrial machines and parts thereof. Furthermore, base materials for engine parts, such as piston rings, piston pins, camshafts, tappets, poppet valves, oil injectors or other parts, are also included.
The coatings to which the present invention relates are multilayer composite films, each of which can be prepared separately by well-known conventional deposition methods, including CVD, PVD, magnetron sputtering and multi-arc ion plating. Sputtering is particularly suitable for a coating method of an intermediate layer (including a primer layer). PVD is suitable for functional layer coating, e.g. sputtering; in the examples of this patent the functional layer is applied by CVA coating. The CVA process is generally referred to as a Filtered Cathode Vacuum Arc (FCVA) process, as described in this patent. FCVA coating methods and apparatus are well known and form part of the coating method of the present invention. FCVA coating apparatus generally include a vacuum chamber, an anode, a cathode assembly that generates a plasma from a target, and a bias power supply that applies a specified voltage value to the substrate. The principle of FCVA is classical theory and is not part of the present invention.
Young's modulus is commonly used to explain its mechanical properties and to characterize the stiffness of solid materials. It represents the relationship between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) of a material in a linear elastic state of uniaxial deformation. Characterization is usually performed using standard methods and measuring instruments, such as nanoindenters (Oxford university Press, Oxford, UK, 2000 and TribolLett (2017)65:23DOI 10.1007/S11249-016-0805-5).
Hardness can be measured by a Vickers hardness tester (developed in 1921 by Robert L.Smith and George E, Inc.; Standard testing is described in ASTM E384-17). This test method is applicable to all metals and has the widest scale in the hardness test. The hardness units given by the test are called vickers conicity values (HV) and can be converted into pascal units (GPa). The hardness values were determined from the load values on the surface areas of the indentations used in the tests. For example, martensite is a steel with a hardness of about 1000HV, while diamond has a hardness value of about 10000HV (about 98 GPa). The hardness of diamond varies with the crystal structure and the degree of orientation, and is typically between 90-100 GPa.
The hardness or Young's modulus values referred to herein may be one value or a series of values or values within a specified range. In some cases, the hardness or Young's modulus values are measured directly on the finished coated substrate, as is the case in this patent with respect to hardness or Young's modulus values. The hardness or young's modulus of each layer of a multilayer coating generally refers to the hardness or young's modulus of a single layer of film deposited on a steel substrate at a given deposition condition. Hardness or Young's modulus generally refers to the hardness or Young's modulus of a coating deposited on a seed layer (usually chromium) on a substrate if the coating has poor adhesion to the substrate. The hardness or Young's modulus values shown are the hardness and/or Young's modulus values of the individual layers of the multilayer coating.
The invention has the advantage of providing a high-hardness and wear-resistant ta-C carbon-based coating. ta-C has a thinner film thickness and higher hardness than the DLC coating well known on the market, and is a carbon material of high hardness and super abrasion resistance. To achieve excellent wear resistance, the thickness of the coating can be reduced to less than or equal to 2 microns, and the hardness of the coating can be greater than or equal to 2500HV, and even as high as about 4000HV and above.